scholarly journals Experimental assessment of the annual growth ring’s impact on the mechanical behavior of temperate and tropical species

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 4282-4293
Author(s):  
Claude Feldman Pambou Nziengui ◽  
Jonas Turesson ◽  
Rostand Moutou Pitti ◽  
Mats Ekevad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Massif Central ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
The Impact

An innovative experimental protocol is presented, linking a nondestructive (on computed tomography scanner) and destructive approach (bending test on electrostatic press). This study aimed to evaluate the annual growth ring’s impact on the mechanical behavior of wood. The tests were carried out on temperate specimens (Pseudotsuga menziesii and Abies alba Mill) from the Massif Central Region of France and tropical specimens (Aucoumea klaineana Pierre, Milicia excelsa, and Pterocarpus soyauxii) from Gabon. The connection between the mechanical parameters, taken from these tests and their structural characteristics, are also highlighted. Based on these results, a database was formed of the annual growth ring’s impact on the mechanical characteristics of these species. A link was found between the annual growth ring and the mechanical and physical characteristics of the species. The number and width of the earlywood ring and its mechanical properties were also investigated for each type of species. This comparison and the link highlighted was possible due to the study of the impact of dry density’s specimens, considered in this work as an adjustment parameter on the study of the mechanical behavior of these species.

Evaluation of Holman-Digimicrometer

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Richard Clarke ◽  
H. Gary Murchison
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Operational Range

Tests of Holman-digimicrometer linear digitizer showed that it is statistically accurate and precise within the manufacturer's description. An operational bias in the order of 0.1 percent was found, but is considered insignificant for practical purposes. This bias remained constant over the operational range of the digitizer. Precision was in the order of 0.01 mm for mean annual growth ring readings for Boreal forest species.

Comparison of the wood anatomy and fibers derived from Indonesian Toona sinensis Roem. and Toona sureni Merr

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 4769-4779
Author(s):  
J. Jayusman ◽  
Luthfi Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Toona Sinensis ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Anatomical Properties ◽  
Physical Features

In terms of their anatomy, there is confusion in differentiating between Toona sinensis (Juss.) Roem. and Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. In order to validate the identification of both species, reconfirmation of the primary character differences is required. The objectives of this study are the reconfirmation of the anatomical properties to confirm their differences and the evaluation of the fiber morphology in terms of pulp and paper raw material quality. The results show that there were differences in the gross physical features of the bark and the color of the wood. The wood color of T. sinensis is red-brown and darker, while T. sureni is white-yellow, leading to the nomenclature red and white surian, respectively. An anatomical view of T. sinensis shows that the annual growth ring has indistinct boundaries as a primary distinguishing anatomical feature, while T. sureni shows that the annual growth ring boundaries are distinct. The annual growth ring allows the establishment of intra-annual past and present structure-function relationships as well as its sensitivity to environmental variability. Based on the results, both species have different anatomical properties, and both species are suitable to be used as a raw material for pulp and paper production.

Phloem development, growth markers, and sieve-tube longevity in two Neotropical trees

IAWA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Veronica Angyalossy ◽  
Marcelo R. Pace ◽  
Carmen R. Marcati ◽  
Ray F. Evert
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Sieve Tubes

Abstract This study provides a detailed analysis of phloem anatomy, development, the formation of cell types, differentiation, and sieve-tube element’s longevity in two tropical arboreal species, Cedrela fissilis (Meliaceae, Rosid) and Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae, Asterid), growing in natural populations in the semi-deciduous Atlantic Rainforest. We periodically collected samples from the main stem at breast height (1.3 m), during both the dry and the wet seasons. Differences in the cells produced at these different seasons suggest that annual growth increments in the phloem are present in both species, marked by files of terminal narrow sieve-tube elements radially grouped in Cedrela fissilis, and in assemblages of narrow sieve tubes and axial parenchyma in Cytharexylum myrianthum, both appearing at the end of the wet season. In Cedrela fissilis, where fiber bands are present, each fiber band marks the end of the early phloem, acting as an indirect annual growth ring marker. Sieve-tube element longevity varied for both species from 4–26 months, a result similar to that obtained in temperate species.

The Effect of Growth Rate on the Structure and Compressive Properties of Cork

IAWA Journal ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Pereira ◽  
José Graça ◽  
Cecília Baptista
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Compressive Properties ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Lower Strength ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Cell Dimensions

Cork samples with an age of 9 years and with different growth rates, corresponding to calibre classes 'small', 'medium' and 'large', were observed by scanning electron microscopy and tested mechanically in compression. Differences in calibre correspond to different widths of annual growth rings; widths differ because both the number of cells produced per year and cell dimensions differ. For instance, small and large calibre cork had, respectively, 50 and 151 cells in one row of an annual growth ring, with an average prism height of 32.6 and 39.8 )µm. The stress-strain curves obtained in compression parallel to the three main directions showed that cork with the higher growth rate (large calibre) has lower strength in compression for all strains and lower Young's moduli.

Assessing wood quality by spatial variation of elastic properties within the stem: Case study of Pinus pinaster in the transverse plane

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pereira ◽  
J. Xavier ◽  
J. Morais ◽  
J. Lousada
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Annual Growth Rings

The wood quality of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) is discussed in view of spatial variability of density, annual growth ring characteristics, and transverse elastic properties within and among five basal logs. X-ray microdensitometry measurements are carried out to assess both average (Dmean) and local (DEW, DLW) densities of annual growth rings, as well as the respective dimensions (EWW, LWW) and fractions of earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) layers. Mechanical tensile tests on a set of specimens with different ring orientation are proposed. Transverse elastic properties are determined by coupling an inverse identification strategy with full-field deformation measurements provided by digital image correlation. For a suitable range of off-axis angles, this method allows the simultaneous characterisation of the four orthotropic elastic properties in the RT plane: ER, ET, νRT, and GRT. These results are found in agreement with reference values. From the sampled specimens among logs, ER and GRT are robustly identified in all cases and therefore are selected for further analysis of structure-properties relationships. Correlations between Dmean and ER and GRT are positive and statistically significant. Furthermore, other parameters also show significant correlations with the elastic constants, especially Dmin, LWW, and DEW.

scholarly journals The age and growth of the scallop, Pecten maximus (L.), in Manx waters

1957 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Mason
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Pecten Maximus ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Annual Growth Ring ◽  
Spawning Periods

Growth-rings on the shell of the scallop (Pecten maximus) are laid down annually, in spring, and so can be used to determine the age.Scallops grow from spring to December, and cease growing in winter. The resumption of growth in the spring is marked by the appearance of the annual growth-ring at the edge of the shell.The first year's growth is of one of two types. A few scallops have shells which show a large first year's growth, 28 mm or more wide, while the great majority have shells which show a small first year's growth, less than 28 mm wide. These two types probably depend on the two principal spawning periods of the scallop, most of the former arising from the spring spawning and most of the latter from the autumn one.The growth curve of P. maximus is of a type characteristic of lamellibranch shells. The annual growth is greatest in the first two or three years of life, after which it decreases steadily.Scallops grow more quickly in shallow water than in deeper water.Possible causes of the annual cessation of growth are discussed.A paucity of young scallops was noted in the dredge samples, as previous workers have reported. No reason can be given.

scholarly journals Otoliths morphology and age-record in Bagre panamensis (Siluriformes: Ariidae) inhabiting at the southeast of Gulf of California

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-417
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Maldonado-Coyac ◽  
Rebeca Sánchez-Cárdenas ◽  
Jorge Saúl Ramírez-Pérez ◽  
Luis Antonio Salcido Guevara ◽  
Karla Paola Valdez-Núñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Mexican Pacific ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
The Core ◽  
Applied Method ◽  
Annual Growth Ring

Among Bagre genera, there is a high variation in the estimation of age, a concern due to overexploitation risk in fisheries because of age underestimation. Bagre panamensis is an important fishery resource of the Mexican Pacific and the Gulf of California. Its age is known from otoliths, but its accuracy needs to be confirmed, and the periodicity of the otoliths record validated. The external morphology, some microstructure attributes, and age record of B. panamensis' otoliths were described from 371 specimens collected southeast of the Gulf of California. The lapilli otoliths were larger than the sagittae and asterisci otoliths. The lapilli otoliths present aragonite crystals with a prismatic shape, and their growth is radial, from the core to the otolith edge. The lapilli otoliths form an annual growth ring, defined by the slowdown in the growth that occurs during April to July, during the breeding season. The ages of the individuals ranged from 1 to 15 years, and the applied method is considered adequate and accurate for its estimation (otolith cross-sectioning and red-neutral staining).

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