Mechanistic perspectives in sociological metatheorizing

2019 ◽  
pp. 143-159
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Rakhmanov
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Analytical Sociology

The paper analyses the prospects for sociological metatheorising with regard to social mechanisms and mechanism-based explanations of social reality. The author has done a critical review of the most important works concerning a mechanism-based approach to social phenomena. The following points have been brought into focus: the basic principles of social mechanisms, examples of their use in sociological theories and prospects for their integration into analytical sociology. As analytical constructs, social mechanisms help to draw hypothetical connections between observable events. However, due to multiple definitions of social mechanisms it seems problematic to combine different interpretations of the mechanism-based approach in order to develop a common metatheory. Particular attention is given to J. Coleman’s mechanistic scheme of changes at the macro-level and to the mechanisms of democratisation in Ch. Tilly’s interpretation.

V. M. ZHIRMUNSKY AS A FOLKLORIST. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL TYPOLOGY METHODS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 108-128
Author(s):  
Anna I. Kovalevskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Theory ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Successful Search ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
High Regard ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Further Development

The article considers the main stages in formation of the method for the comparative historical typology the first steps of which were made by A.N. Veselovsky in the second half of the 19 th century. For example, the point elaborated upon in “Historical Poetics” concerning consequential evolution of genres and poetic forms that reflect social reality became the starting point for the further development of that method. Work in this direction was continued later on by V.M. Zhirmunsky. At the beginning of his career in academia he dwelled upon the issues of literary theory and – while keeping “Historical Poetics” in high regard – continued Veselovsky’s work in the field of literary studies. However, turning to folklore material, he managed to develop the basic principles of the comparative historical method: first of all, he had analysed and systematised the extensive epic material, what allowed him to reveal in the folklore work the national and the general, for the successful search and analysis of which the method was necessary. The author analysis of the works of Zhirmunsky, that contain his main ideas, and considers not only his suggestions on how to work with folk material, and also the features of the comparative typological method, as well as the development of Zhirmunsky’s ideas in the works of his students, followers and scientists who came to a similar result on their own (for example, V.Ya. Propp) and influenced further refinement of the methods of comparative typology.

scholarly journals Emulation and Competition as the Forms of Interaction of the Subjects of Professional Activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
L. Yemel’yanova ◽  
S. Kazantsev
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Socialist Competition ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Social Competition ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Socialist Emulation

The Object of the Study. Competition and CompetitionThe Subject of the Study. Competition and competition as a form of interaction between subjects of professional activityThe Purpose of the Study. Competition and competition as a form of interaction between subjects of professional activityThe main Provisions of the Article.The authors reveal the features of manifestation of socialist emulation and competition in connection with the social structure of the state and the system of social relations existing in it and generating them. The distinctive characteristics of socialist emulation and competition as two social phenomena and forms of interaction between subjects of professional activity have been studied. The great importance of socialist emulation in solving important tasks for the state is shown, in the intensification of labour, the achievement of better results in the production of material and spiritual goods, the development of socialist society as a whole, the realization of the interests of society and each of its participants. In the particular the features of socialist emulation are revealed: its essence, functions, forms, basic principles and types of stimulating its participants.Besides the work reveals the social aspects of competition, its manifestations in society and professional activity in comparison with the socialist emulation. The main approaches to the study of competition as an interdisciplinary phenomenon are presented. The author's understanding of the essence of competition of subjects of professional activity as one of the types of social competition is given. The structure of competition of collective subjects of professional activity, its positive and negative functions, the nature of the course, the main approaches to its management are presented. As the main differences between socialist competition and competition of subjects of professional activity, their differences in motivation, behavior, methods used by them and means of achieving victory are examined. Competition and competition are manageable, both by the state itself, and by the subjects themselves.The features of the manifestation of socialist competition and competition are connected with the system of social relations existing in the state, which give rise to them. Competition and competition are the most important forms of interaction and relationships between the subjects of professional activity, but having their own manifestations.

scholarly journals Dyskursy psychoterapii a rozumienie rzeczywistości społecznej

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-221
Author(s):  
Barbara Józefik
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Discourse ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The One

Complex and changing social conditions engender the need to find a language to describe the phenomena and to elucidate their mechanisms. One possibility is the language of psychotherapy, which in itself is complex because it combines the various currents which have emerged in psychotherapy’s more than one hundred years of history. The author’s aim is to analyze the relations between culture, social reality (including Poland’s), and psychotherapy. On the one hand, she attempts to view psychotherapy as a cultural discourse, and on the other, to understand culture and social phenomena from the perspective of a psychotherapy office.

scholarly journals The Performative Practices in Politics

Symposion ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Dmytro Shevchuk ◽  
Maksym Karpovets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Performance Theory ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Democratic Ideals

Performance theory is one of the methods that can explain dynamic and unpredictable social phenomena. The basics of our research are to be found in the artistic practices that destroyed previous classical patterns in art, while overcoming its boundaries. Accordingly, performance as a practical phenomenon has become the basis for a theoretical explanation of different political processes with carnival nature that influence and change social reality. This article proves that the Maidan in Kiev had a performative nature as well, which developped spontaneously due to its active involvement of the human body and the release of unconscious elements. It is claimed that the use of performative practices inside the Maidan allowed to overcome the totalitarian vertical logic of power, realizing democratic ideals and overcoming nihilism. Therefore, we suggest that performative theory can be applied to similar carnival political, social, and cultural phenomena, revealing their procedural and creative substance.

Military Enterprises and Entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-44
Author(s):  
Sanya Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Military Families ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Parent Organizations

The main aim of this chapter is to advance a structure for understanding the notion of military-run enterprise/entrepreneurship. The chapter appraises the macro-level of military entrepreneurship rather than the micro-level (e.g., veteran, military families, or military intrapreneurs) to uncover the paradoxes underpinning this genre of military entrepreneurship. Through a critical review of literature, the presence of “extrepreneurship,” which represents a crossbreed idea located between the concepts of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship, is revealed. Extrepreneurs manage/operate for-profit spin-off organizations on behalf of their non-profit parent organizations to generate incomes/profits, among other requirements.

scholarly journals THE POSITIVISTIC PARADIGM RELEVANT IN RESEARCH RURAL SOCIOLOGY

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Irwan Irwan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Rural Sociology ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Sociological Studies ◽  
Pragmatic Paradigm

The scientific research in sociology has several paradigms namely positivistic, social constructivism, advocacy, participatory and pragmatic paradigm (Creswell, 2010). Positivistic paradigm considers the social reality that occurs as empirical, observed clearly and can be proven scientifically. In order to study the phenomenon in society that the positivistic paradigm has great contribution. Therefore, a question arises whether the positivistic paradigm has a major influence on the study of society? is it relevant that the positivistic paradigm used in rural sociology research? The positivistic paradigm of social phenomena is understood from an outside perspective based on the understanding of established theories. The Social reality is a phenomenon whose existence is determined by other social phenomena (interrelated variables) and its existence can be described into symbols that have been established in society. The problems in society in particular can not only be explained in constructivist paradigm but there is social phenomenon which surely needs to be explained in other paradigm such as positivistic paradigm. The positivistic paradigm is in the position of answering the problem of seeing the level and influence of social reality. Therefore, the positivistic paradigm is highly relevant to the study of rural sociology, where the phenomena occurring is unlimited and to simplify social phenomena, therefore statistics analysis is needed as a basis for concluding the data obtained from the field. In rural sociological studies, various social phenomena are associated with stratification, education, status, religion and so on. To answer the problems that occur in rural communities need a positivistic paradigm.

Signaling

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Gambetta
Keyword(s):  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Signaling Theory ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Thorstein Veblen ◽  
Analytical Sociology ◽  
Differential Costs

This article examines signaling theory as an element of analytical sociology, and particularly as an analytic framework for accounting for irrational behaviors. It first provides an overview of the basic principles of signaling theory, focusing on the distinction between signs and signals as well as the concepts of differential costs and differential benefits. It then considers various sources of signal costs, including receiver’s independent cost, receiver-dependent cost, and third party-dependent cost, along with multiple sources of cost and signals that cost nothing to honest signalers. It also takes a look at a number of applications for signaling theory and concludes with an assessment of the genealogy of the theory, from Thorstein Veblen and Marcel Mauss to Pierre Bourdieu, Michael Spence, and Alan Grafen.

scholarly journals QIRÂ’AH MUBÂDALAH APPROACH TO THE QUR’AN: The Interpretation of Q.S. al-Nisâ’ [4]: 34

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-288
Author(s):  
Wahyu Fahrul Rizki
Keyword(s):  
Basic Problem ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Entire Universe

This writing is the author’s reflection on one of social phenomena. When a Khatib (preacher), in his preach, quotes al-Nisâ’ [4]: 34, he says that “A wife can be hit if she disobeys or shows ill-conducts (nushûz) to husband’s command”. This statement is attention-grabbing because it is not just him, even the latest scholar still defines ḍaraba as a hitting, so does in the 2020 edition of the Quran translation published by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. This surely confronts with Quran basic principles itself that address fairness, equality, and mercy for the entire universe. Hence, the basic problem in this writing is that how to precisely understand or interpret the word ḍaraba in that verse, thus, the author proposes a mubâdalah (reciprocal) approach. The main argument in this writing is the word ḍaraba in al-Nisâ’ [4]: 34 does not mean a hitting but "going" to ask other people’s help to solve their household problems. In addition, ḍaraba is not just for nushûz wife, but also applied to husband.

scholarly journals Comparison and Contrast between Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice and Shamsul’s Two Social Reality Approach in the Portrayal of Identity

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 293-304
Author(s):  
Sharon Regina Vega ◽  
Sivamurugan Pandian ◽  
Nur Hafeeza Ahmad Pazil
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Theory Of Practice ◽  
Analytical Tools

This paper analyses Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice, the concept field and habitus and Shamsul Amri’s Two Social Reality, the concept everyday- defined and authority-defined as both theories that function as analytical tools and have similar narratives based on the macro/micro and structure/agency linkage. A comparison and contrast of both theories were analysed to further understand the use of each theory. Findings within the article show both theories have a structural or authoritative emphasis however the theories differ in functionality with Bourdieu’s “Theory of Practice” focusing on power dynamics and social class through direct link between the habitus, field and capital whereas Shamsul’s Two Social Reality focuses on the formation of identity and ethnic dynamics in Malaysia based on the effect of colonialism in the authority-defined and everyday-defined sphere. The main goal of this paper serves to highlight both theories and its application when analysing and tackling different social phenomena and narratives in future research.

scholarly journals Editorial

Collectivus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Adriano Díez Jiménez ◽  
Adriana Consuegra Ascanio
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Panoramic Vision ◽  
The Social ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Different Parts

Este nuevo número de la revista Collectivus, presenta una gran diversidad en los temas abordados en cada uno de los artículos trabajados por autores desde distintas partes del Cono Sur, de modo que, el volumen 4, número 2 ofrece una visión panorámica en la comprensión de los contextos y fenómenos sociales que confluyen en el escenario sudamericano, acompañada de un ejercicio reflexivo profundo y pertinente acerca de la realidad social en América Latina. AbstractThis new issue of the magazine Collectivus, presents a great diversity in the topics addressed in each of the articles worked by authors from different parts of the Southern Cone, so that, volume 4, number 2 offers a panoramic vision in the understanding of the contexts and social phenomena that converge in the South American scenario, accompanied by a deep and pertinent reflective exercise about the social reality in Latin America. 

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