Global distribution of malocclusion traits: A systematic review

Abstract Objective: Considering that the available studies on prevalence of malocclusions are local or national-based, this study aimed to pool data to determine the distribution of malocclusion traits worldwide in mixed and permanent dentitions. Methods: An electronic search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar search engines, to retrieve data on malocclusion prevalence for both mixed and permanent dentitions, up to December 2016. Results: Out of 2,977 retrieved studies, 53 were included. In permanent dentition, the global distributions of Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion were 74.7% [31 - 97%], 19.56% [2 - 63%] and 5.93% [1 - 20%], respectively. In mixed dentition, the distributions of these malocclusions were 73% [40 - 96%], 23% [2 - 58%] and 4% [0.7 - 13%]. Regarding vertical malocclusions, the observed deep overbite and open bite were 21.98% and 4.93%, respectively. Posterior crossbite affected 9.39% of the sample. Africans showed the highest prevalence of Class I and open bite in permanent dentition (89% and 8%, respectively), and in mixed dentition (93% and 10%, respectively), while Caucasians showed the highest prevalence of Class II in permanent dentition (23%) and mixed dentition (26%). Class III malocclusion in mixed dentition was highly prevalent among Mongoloids. Conclusion: Worldwide, in mixed and permanent dentitions, Angle Class I malocclusion is more prevalent than Class II, specifically among Africans; the least prevalent was Class III, although higher among Mongoloids in mixed dentition. In vertical dimension, open bite was highest among Mongoloids in mixed dentition. Posterior crossbite was more prevalent in permanent dentition in Europe.

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Prevalence of malocclusions in schoolchildren with mixed dentition in the city of Piracicaba, Brazil

Revista de Odontologia da Universidade Cidade de São Paulo ◽

10.26843/ro_unicid.v24i2.361 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 96 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fábio Lourenço Romano ◽

Maria Beatriz Borges de Araújo Magnani ◽

José Tarcísio Lima Ferreira ◽

Denise De Souza Matos ◽

Rodrigo Alexandre Valério ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Class Ii ◽

Open Bite ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Class I ◽

Class Iii ◽

Anterior Open Bite ◽

Socioeconomic Condition ◽

The Public ◽

The City

Introduction: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of Class I, Class II and Class III Angle’s malocclusions and the associated problems open bite, cross-bite, anterior and posterior crowding, in schoolchildren of the public schools of Piracicaba’s city – São Paulo’s state. Methods: Four hundred and sixteen children were examined, 7 to 12 years of age, boys and girls, independent of the ethnic group and the socioeconomic condition. The children were examined in their own school by a professional graduated in Dentistry, are properly gagged. In the clinical exam wood spatulas were used to move away the check to facilitate the view of patient’s occlusal characteristics. Results: The examined scholars (86,6%) showed occlusal problems: 55,7% with Class I malocclusion, 19,7% with Class II-1ª division, 5,2% with Class II-2ª division and 6,0% with Class III. In relation to the associated problems, 16,5% showed anterior open bite, 3,3% anterior cross-bite , 15,8% posterior cross-bite, 3,6% anterior and posterior cross-bite and 52,6% anterior and inferior crowding.

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Comparison of the population occlusal characteristics in 3 Brazilian regions

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8586 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. e1839108586

Author(s):

Marcio da Costa Almeida ◽

Paula Cotrin ◽

Fabricio Pinelli Valarelli ◽

Rodrigo Hermont Cançado ◽

Ricardo Cesar Gobbi de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Class Ii ◽

Open Bite ◽

Class I ◽

Class Iii ◽

Chi Square ◽

Posterior Crossbite ◽

Individual Traits ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of individual traits of malocclusion in a sample of three Brazilian regions orthodontic patients and to detect interregional population differences in the prevalence of certain occlusal characteristics. The present study was based on the examination of dental casts, intraoral photographs and panoramic radiographs of 947 orthodontic patients from 3 cities: 363 from Fortaleza (CE), 270 from Maringá (PR) and 314 from Bauru (SP), respectively, representing the Northeast, South and Southeast Brazilian regions. The relationship of the first maxillary and mandibular molars according to Angle’s classification, overjet, overbite, crowding, posterior crossbite and maxillary median diastema were examined. The chi-square and ANOVA tests were used to determine potential differences in the distribution of malocclusion when stratified Brazilian regions. Class I malocclusion was found in 499 (52.69%), Class II in 395 (41.71%) and Class III malocclusion in 53 (5,59%) subjects of all examined. Deep overbite (3.59%), midline diastemas (5.17%) and posterior crossbite (4.75%) were observed more frequently in Bauru; however, in Maringá, normal overbite (13.3%) and open bite (4.75%) were more prevalent. The results of this study showed that Class I malocclusion was the most prevalent, followed by Class II and Class III malocclusions. These occlusal relationships evaluated in the three Brazilian regions follow the same pattern of frequency as the result presented by the general population of the sample.

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The correlation between malocclusions and morphofunctional aspects: analysis of patients aged from 7 to 12 years old

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2016.v19i4.1304 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 90

Author(s):

Regiane Almeida Da Silva ◽

Renato Morales Jóias ◽

Erika Josgrilberg ◽

Sigmar De Mello Rode ◽

Luiz Renato Paranhos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Tests ◽

Class Ii ◽

Open Bite ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Class I ◽

Class Iii ◽

Anterior Open Bite ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significance Level ◽

Important Correlation

Objective: To classify the malocclusions and their occlusal and morphofunctional aspects in order to establish possible correlations. Material and Methods: The present observational and analytical study was performed within 432 dental records of patients. The patients were aged between 7 and 12 years old (228 males and 204 females) from an Educational Institute in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The data regarding the malocclusions and the related associations underwent parametric statistical tests for quantitative and qualitative analysis (ANOVA, Tukey test and Chi-square) considering the significance level at 5%. Results: Most of the patients had permanent dentition (58.6%), followed by mixed dentition. Angle’s Class II malocclusion was the most prevalent (67.2%), followed by Class I and III. Overbite and anterior open bite represented, respectively, 47% and 7.2% of the vertical discrepancies. The average overbite was 3.08mm, while the average overjet was 4.67mm. Approximately 43,1% of the sample presented moth breathing. Atypical swallowing reached 78.7% of the patients. Statistically significant correlations were observed associating Angle’s Class III malocclusion with anterior cross bite and bilateral posterior cross bite; as well as between Angle’s Class II with overbite, and Angle’s Class I with overbite and atypical swallowing. A correlation was observed between atypical swallowing; the use of pacifiers; and predominant mouth breathing (p<0.001). Conclusion: An important correlation was found between the type of malocclusions and the morphofunctional aspects of occlusion in patients aged from 7 to 12 years old, indicating the need for immediate intervention once the diagnosis is established. Keywords: Applications of epidemiology, Malocclusion, Child.

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Pattern of Dental Malocclusion in Orthodontic Patients in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, A Retrospective Study

Annual Research & Review in Biology ◽

10.9734/arrb/2019/v34i430156 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Hasan Sabah Hasan ◽

Ayshan Kolemen

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Class Ii ◽

Open Bite ◽

Class I ◽

Kurdistan Region ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Normal Occlusion ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Dental Malocclusion

Aim: Aims of this study were to assess the pattern of malocclusion in Erbil City, Kurdistan region- Iraq. Methods: A retrospective study includes 1212 patients (589 males and 623 females) that attended orthodontic department at the khanzad polyclinic teaching center / Erbil city, Iraq, aged 11-17 years old with a mean age of 13.49 ±1.02 years that randomly selected. The normal occlusion, malocclusion, overjet, overbite, spacing, crowding, cross bite, midline shifting and midline diastema were examined. Results: Study demonstrated that 309 (25.5%) of patients had normal occlusion. Class I malocclusion was found in 655 (72.5%), class II was found in 176 (19.5%), and class III malocclusion 72 (8.0%) patients of all examined. Crowding and midline shifting were observed more frequently in females, however, normal bite and posterior open bite were observed more frequently in males and normal crossbite more frequently in both genders. Conclusion: Results of this study showed class I molar relationship was the most prevalent type of occlusion in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq area and the most prevalent malocclusion was crowded.

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Prevalence of Malocclusions in Autistic Patients in Isfahan

Journal of Isfahan Dental School ◽

10.18502/ijds.v17i3.7536 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zahra Ali Mehtari ◽

Mehdi Rafiei ◽

Saeed Azarbayjani ◽

Neda Ahmadi Rouzbehani ◽

Amir Hossain Moeini

Keyword(s):

Class Ii ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Open Bite ◽

Class I ◽

Dental Student ◽

Class Iii ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deep Bite ◽

Normal Occlusion ◽

Age Range

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders diagnosed by impairments in social interaction and communication with repetitive and restrictive stereotyped behavioral patterns. The Prevalence of autism has been reported to be increased in recent years. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of different types of malocclusion among ASD patients in Isfahan in 2018. Materials & Methods: In a descriptive and cross-sectional trial, 92 ASD patients were studied in the age range of 7-18 years at the center for autism patients in Isfahan. Clinical oral examinations of patients are taken to assess the involved malocclusions (Cl I, Cl II and Cl III malocclusions) and malocclusion traits (deep bite, open bite and cross bite) by an educated dental student under the supervision of an orthodontist under natural light. The data are reported using frequency and percentage indices. Results: Class I malocclusion had the highest prevalence 54.3% (50) among ASD patients and the prevalence of class II and class III were found to be 19.6% (18) and 7.6% (7) respectively. The frequency of malocclusions traits of deep bite, cross bite and the open bite were 27.2% (25), 18.5% (17) and 7.6% (7) respectively. Among of the total patients, 65.2% (60) showed normal bite and 18/5% (17) showed Normal occlusion. Conclusion: ASD patients showed class I, class II and class III malocclusions from the most to least frequency and the most frequent malocclusion traits were also deep bite, cross bite and open bite respectively.

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Prevalence of malocclusion and occlusal traits in the early mixed dentition in Shanghai, China

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.6630 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e6630

Author(s):

Xin Yu ◽

Hao Zhang ◽

Liangyan Sun ◽

Jie Pan ◽

Yuehua Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Schools ◽

Sagittal Plane ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Open Bite ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Class Iii ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Anterior Crowding ◽

Posterior Crossbite

BackgroundEpidemiological data on malocclusion among Chinese children are scant. The aim of this study was to provide detailed information on the prevalence of malocclusion in early mixed dentition children in Shanghai, China.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted from September 2016 to April 2017, and 2,810 children aged 7- to 9- years were selected from 10 primary schools by cluster random sampling. Several occlusal parameters, including Angle molar relationship, overjet, overbite, open bite, anterior and posterior crossbite, midline displacement, scissors bite, and teeth crowding and spacing, were clinically registered by five calibrated orthodontic dentists.ResultsWe found that 79.4% children presented one or more occlusal anomalies. Angle Class I, Class II and Class III molar relationship were recorded in 42.3%, 50.9% and 5.9% of the sample, respectively. The proportion of Class III increased from 5.0% at age 7 to 7.8% at age 9. In the sagittal plane, increased overjet >3 mm was observed in 40.8% subjects, while the prevalence of severe overjet (>8 mm), anterior edge-to-edge (zero overjet) and anterior crossbite were 5.2%, 8.1% and 10.5%, respectively. Vertically, deep overbite >2/3 overlap was found in 6.2% of the children and open bite in 4.3%. Boys exhibited a higher rate of overbite than girls. For the transversal occlusal anomalies, 36.1% of the children had a midline displacement, which was followed by posterior crossbite (2.6%) and scissors bite (1.0%). Teeth space discrepancies were also common anomalies and anterior crowding (>2 mm) affecting 28.4% of the children, while anterior spacing (>4 mm) affecting 9.5%. Girls showed a higher prevalence of anterior crowding and a lower frequency of teeth spacing than boys.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that malocclusion is prevalent among children in the early mixed dentition, and more health resources should be warranted to meet the challenge of prevention or early intervention of malocclusion.

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Prevalence of malocclusion among school Children of Kathmandu, Nepal

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v9i1.25693 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 59-62

Author(s):

Manju Bajracharya ◽

Sunanda Sundas ◽

Resina Pradhan ◽

Surendra Maharjan

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Class I ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Normal Occlusion ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Study Population

Introduction: this study was carried to understand Prevalence of malocclusion among the school children of Kathmandu, Sorakhutte residing near school during mixed dentition period. A sample of 600 children ; 365 male, 235 female in age group of 6-13yrs was selected randomly from different school of Kathmandu city. The aim of our study is to find out prevalence of malocclusion among the mixed detention children of Kathmandu. Materials & Method: Data was collected using direct observation of the subjects, Descriptive cross-sectional study method was used in this research. Occlusal assessment were done according to angle’s classification and dewey’s modification type of class I, class III malocclusion. Result: Subjects with normal occlusion was found to be 59.3% and with malocclusion was found to 40.7%. Among them class I malocclusion was majority of (57%) of study population, crowded incisors and significant difference was observed between male and female in the study. Conclusion: This study helps to access the prevalence malocclusion and need of orthodontic treatment for the mixed dentition period children.

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Cranial base characteristics in anteroposterior malocclusions: A meta-analysis

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/032315-186.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 668-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Aixiu Gong ◽

Jing Li ◽

Zhendong Wang ◽

Yuan Li ◽

Fang Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meta Analysis ◽

Class Ii ◽

Cranial Base ◽

Class I ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Base Length ◽

Class Iii ◽

Class Iii Malocclusion ◽

Base Angle ◽

Statistical Heterogeneity

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate cranial base characteristics in malocclusions with sagittal discrepancies. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. A fixed- or random-effect model was applied to calculate weighted mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to statistical heterogeneity. Outcome measures were anterior, posterior, and total cranial base length and cranial base angle. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were conducted. Results: Twenty studies that together included 1121 Class I, 1051 Class II, and 730 Class III cases qualified for the final analysis. Class III malocclusion demonstrated significantly reduced anterior (95% CI: −1.74, −0.53; P < .001 vs Class I; 95% CI: −3.30, −2.09; P < .001 vs Class II) and total cranial base length (95% CI: −3.33, −1.36; P < .001 vs Class I; 95% CI: −7.38, −4.05; P < .001 vs Class II). Further, Class II patients showed significantly greater anterior and total cranial base length than did Class I patients (95% CI: 0.51, 1.87; P < .001 for SN; 95% CI: 2.20, 3.30; P < .001 for NBa). Cranial base angle was significantly smaller in Class III than in Class I (95% CI: −3.14, −0.93; P < .001 for NSBa; 95% CI: −2.73, −0.68; P = .001 for NSAr) and Class II malocclusions (95% CI: −5.73, −1.06; P = .004 for NSBa; 95% CI: −6.11, −1.92; P < .001 for NSAr) and greater in Class II than in Class I malocclusions (95% CI: 1.38, 2.38; P < .001 for NSBa). Conclusions: This meta-analysis showed that anterior and total cranial base length and cranial base angle were significantly smaller in Class III malocclusion than in Class I and Class II malocclusions, and that they were greater in Class II subjects compared to controls.

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The prevalence of orthodontic treatment need and malocclusion problems in 8–9-year-old schoolchildren: A study in the south of Thailand

APOS Trends in Orthodontics ◽

10.25259/apos-3-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 99-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sirate Rapeepattana ◽

Angkana Thearmontree ◽

Supanee Suntornlohanakul

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Class Ii ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Class I ◽

Class Iii ◽

The South ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Treatment Need ◽

Normal Occlusion

Aims This study aims to find the prevalence of orthodontic treatment need and malocclusion problems in 8–9-year-old schoolchildren in the south of Thailand. Materials and Methods A number of 202 children (100 boys and 102 girls) samples were randomly selected from all schools in Hat Yai District, Songkhla Province, Thailand. A cross-sectional survey of dental health component (DHC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and malocclusion problems was investigated by clinical examination and dental model. Results Levels 4 and 5 of orthodontic treatment need according to DHC of IOTN of the sample were presented in 18.8% and 1.49%, respectively. Children who need orthodontic treatment (Grade 2–4) showed more than one highest DHC problem that indicated the level of treatment need (39.68%). Normal occlusion was found at 6.43%. Malocclusions such as Class I, Class II division 1, Class II division 2, and Class III malocclusion were observed in 78.71%, 7.92%, 3.47%, and 3.47%, respectively. Reversed overjet and overjet >9 mm were detected in 5.64% and 1.58%, respectively. Approximately half of the children (46.67%) had overbite >3.5 mm. Conclusions High percentage of children in mixed dentition period who need orthodontic treatment was found in this study. Some children who presented with the orthodontic treatment need Grade 2–4 had more than one DHC problem which identified the grade of treatment need. Class I malocclusion was most frequently found in this group of children.

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