Evaluation of tongue posture & dimensions in relation to skeletal Class I and Class II patterns- A cephalometric study

Association of tongue posture with dental and facial skeletal pattern have been suggested in past. This study was undertaken to assess tongue posture and dimensions in Class I and Class II Dentoskeletal patterns to determine whether any correlation exists between tongue posture and skeletal pattern of an individual. Cephalograms of 150 individuals (aged 18-23 years), taken in Natural Head Position (NHP) and tongue at rest were divided into three groups i.e. Group 1 – Class I Normal occlusion, Group 2 – Class II Division 1 Normodivergent and Group 3 – Class II Division 1 Hypodivergent, consisting of 50 samples each. To ensure the rest position of tongue, patient was asked to relax for 30 seconds after coating the tongue with barium sulphate in midline and then to swallow, and the X-ray was taken at the end of swallowing. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to sex. Groups were constituted according to the Frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMA) angle. The subjects who had skeletal Class II pattern due to mandibular retrusion and not due to maxillary prognathism were only included in the study group. Statistical analysis was done using the software SPSS version 21.0. The statistical tests used were unpaired t-test and One-way ANOVA test with post-hoc bonferroni test. The p-value was considered significant if less than 0.05.The dorsum of the tongue was higher at back and lower in front in Class II Division 1 Hypodivergent group as compared to Class I Normal occlusion group (P<.05). Tongue height and tongue length were significantly reduced in Class II Division 1 Normodivergent and Class II Division 1 Hypodivergent malocclusion groups when compared to Class I control group (P<.05).The study supports the existence of a relationship between posture & dimensions of the tongue with Class I and Class II skeletal patterns.

Evaluation of possible reasons for asymmetries associated with Class II subdivision, Class II division 1 and normal malocclusion

: To evaluate and compare the asymmetries in subjects with two malocclusions that is Class II subdivision, Class II div 1 and normal occlusion.: 90 subjects ranging from 15 to 30 years divided into 3 groups A, B, C. Group A – Class II subdivision, Group B – Class II division I, Group C – Normal Class I occlusion. Angular, linear paired, linear unpaired measurements were calculated based on the Van De Coppell analysis using PA views.: Asymmetry was found in all the three groups where Group A patients showed greater degree of asymmetry near maxillary buttress and piriform aperture areas compared to the three groups. Group C patients showed greater degree of asymmetry in the occlusal plane angle. All the three malocclusions that is Class II div 1 Subdivision, Class II div 1 and Class I malocclusions showed equal amounts of asymmetry. Class II subdivision patients showed greater asymmetry near maxillary buttress area and piriform aperture. Class I malocclusion showed deviation in occlusal plane angle. Along with the lower third involving mandible, maxillary area also can equally show asymmetry in both skeletal and dental parameters.

A Cephalometric Evaluation of Soft Tissue Following Maxillary Incisors Retraction

Background: Class 2 Division 1 is the most prevalent type of malocclusion affecting about 32% of Pakistani population. With upper maxillary premolar extraction is one of most frequent treatment choice. Aim: To evaluate the effects of these extractions on soft tissue show variable results depending upon the sex, ethnicity, maxillary arch crowding and pretreatment structure of lips. Methods: In this study pretreatment cephalograms of 106 Class 2 div 1 patients were taken whose treatment plan include extraction of maxillary 1st premolar. Then the second and final cephalograms were taken when retraction of incisors was completed. Mean changes in the position of upper and lower lip were measured with respect to Ricketts E-line before and after completion of retraction of maxillary incisors. Results: After the extraction of premolars there is a significant (P value=0.000) reduction in the lip protrusion of -2.033mm±1.148mm and -1.695mm±1.628mm in both upper and lower lip respectively. Conclusion: Extraction of maxillary premolars cause significant reduction of lip prominence and achieve facial esthetic balance. Keywords: Class 2 div 1, lip position, Premolar Extraction

The Effect of Training, Compensation and Work Discipline on Job Satisfaction that Impacts Employee Performance PT. Astra Honda Motor

This study aims to determine the effect of training, compensation, and work discipline on job satisfaction that has an impact on the performance of employees of PT. Astra Honda Motor. This research uses a case study method with a quantitative research methodology that uses 200 respondents from PT. Astra Honda Motor in the Engineering Plant Division 1 to Plant 5, Purchasing Division (P & PC) Plant 2, Procurement Plant 2 Division, PPIC Plant 1 Division to Plant 5. In this study, the Likert scale was used to model the questionnaire. The statistical testing technique in this study is multiple linear regression and hypothesis testing using the SPSS series 22 program. Meanwhile for mahalanobise distance test, path analysis, and trimming use the Amos series 22 program.

The Effect of COVID-19 Infection on the Aerobic Capacity of Professional Soccer Players.

This investigation assessed the effect of COVID-19 on the aerobic capacity of professional soccer players who have tested positive. Twenty-one division-1 elite soccer players (age 24.24±5.75 years, height 178.21±5.44 cm, weight 74.12±5.21 kg) participated in this study. This observational study compared the same players' aerobic capacity pre-, and 60-days post COVID-19 recovery. The statistical analysis demonstrated that the infected players had significantly lower VO2max values [t(20)=5.17, p<0.01, d=0.613 (medium effect)], and significantly lower VO2 values at RC [t(20)= 2.97, p<0.05, d= 0.39 (small effect)] after recovery. Furthermore, results indicated a significantly lower running time (RT) on the treadmill [t(20)=4.84, p<0.01, d=0.46 (small effect)] when compared to the results that were obtained before they got infected. In addition, velocity at VO2max (VVO2max) was significantly lower [t(20)=2.34, p<0.05, d=0.41 (small effect)] and the heart rate values at LT [t(20)= -2.79, p<0.01, d= 0.55 (medium effect)] and RC [t(20)= -3.72, p<0.01, d= 0.52 (medium effect)] were significantly higher post recovery. The aforementioned findings indicate that post COVID-19 soccer players may not reach full recovery at two months. Therefore, our results should alert practitioners and fitness coaches of the risk of longer-duration silent symptoms even in athletes that experience mild to moderate manifestations.

Dentoskeletal effects of Twin Block appliance in patients with Class II malocclusion

Background and aim. Class II malocclusions are most commonly seen in orthodontic practice and in the recent times Twin Block appliance has been the most popular and widely used among removable functional appliances for the correction of Class II malocclusion in growing patients. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the dentoskeletal effects produced by the Twin Block appliance for the correction of Class II division 1 malocclusion with retrognathic mandible. Methods. Pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) lateral cephalograms of 30 patients treated with Twin Block appliance (mean age = 10.8 ± 1.2 years) for the correction of class II division 1 malocclusion were compared with the 30 untreated class II control patients (mean age 11.2 ± 0.8 years) who did not undergo any treatment during this period. Both the groups were evaluated for the dentoskeletal changes using 24 angular and linear cephalometric measurements. The differences between the pre and post-treatment were calculated using a paired t-test. Results. The cephalometric analysis revealed that the Twin Block appliance stimulated mandibular growth and statistically significant differences were found between the two groups. Twin Block patients showed a statistically very high significant (p<0.001) increase in mandibular length (6.02 mm) compared with the control group (0.3 mm). ‘Headgear effect’ on the maxilla, increase in lower anterior facial height, significant reduction of overjet, overbite and Class I molar relationship was achieved in the Twin Block group. However, no significant changes appeared in the control group. Conclusion: The results of the present study conclude that the Twin Block appliance is effective in the treatment of Class II malocclusion and this is due to a combination of skeletal and dentoalveolar changes in both the arches.

Class II correction by maxillary molar distalization with pendulum appliance - A case report

24 year male patient presented with skeletal class II base with prognathic maxilla and orthognathic mandible. Angles class II division 1 subdivision malocclusion with proclined upper and lower anteriors, increase overjet, increased overbite, spacing with upper and lower anteriors, scissor bite with 35, class I molar and canine relation on right side, end on molar and canine relation on left side. Distalization was planned in maxillary arch to correct end on molar relation on left side and upper incisor proclination. Unilateral Pendulum appliance was used to distalize upper left molar. Post treatment Class I molar relationship was achieved bilaterally within 2-4 months with incisor proclination reduced. The total treatment ended in 18 months.