scholarly journals Relationship between soil oxidizable carbon and physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of umbric ferralsols

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Adriano Marques ◽  
Márcia Regina Calegari ◽  
Pablo Vidal-Torrado ◽  
Peter Buurman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Mineralogical Properties ◽  
Extractable Al

The occurrence of Umbric Ferralsols with thick umbric epipedons (> 100 cm thickness) in humid Tropical and Subtropical areas is a paradox since the processes of organic matter decomposition in these environments are very efficient. Nevertheless, this soil type has been reported in areas in the Southeast and South of Brazil, and at some places in the Northeast. Aspects of the genesis and paleoenvironmental significance of these Ferralsols still need a better understanding. The processes that made the umbric horizons so thick and dark and contributed to the preservation of organic carbon (OC) at considerable depths in these soils are of special interest. In this study, eight Ferralsols with a thick umbric horizon (UF) under different vegetation types were sampled (tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal forest and savanna woodland) and their macromorphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties studied to detect soil characteristics that could explain the preservation of high carbon amounts at considerable depths. The studied UF are clayey to very clayey, strongly acidic, dystrophic, and Al-saturated and charcoal fragments are often scattered in the soil matrix. Kaolinites are the main clay minerals in the A and B horizons, followed by abundant gibbsite and hydroxyl-interlayered vermiculite. The latter was only found in UFs derived from basalt rock in the South of the country. Total carbon (TC) ranged from 5 to 101 g kg-1 in the umbric epipedon. Dichromate-oxidizable organic carbon represented nearly 75 % of TC in the thick A horizons, while non-oxidizable C, which includes recalcitrant C (e.g., charcoal), contributed to the remaining 25 % of TC. Carbon contents were not related to most of the inorganic soil variables studied, except for oxalate-extractable Al, which individually explained 69 % (P < 0.001) of the variability of TC in the umbric epipedon. Clay content was not suited as predictor of TC or of the other studied C forms. Bulk density, exchangeable Al3+, Al saturation, ECEC and other parameters obtained by selective extraction were not suitable as predictors of TC and other C forms. Interactions between organic matter and poorly crystalline minerals, as indicated by oxalate-extractable Al, appear to be one of the possible organic matter protection mechanisms of these soils.

scholarly journals Impacts of vinasse and methods of sugarcane harvesting on the availability of K and carbon stock of an Argisol

Revista CERES ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudinei Alberto Cardin ◽  
Carlos Henrique dos Santos ◽  
Marcos Antonio Escarmínio
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Soil Carbon Stock

ABSTRACT Soils of tropical regions are more weathered and in need of conservation managements to maintain and improve the quality of its components. The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of K, the organic matter content and the stock of total carbon of an Argisol after vinasse application and manual and mechanized harvesting of burnt and raw sugarcane, in western São Paulo.The data collection was done in the 2012/2013 harvest, in a bioenergy company in Presidente Prudente/SP. The research was arranged out following a split-plot scheme in a 5x5 factorial design, characterized by four management systems: without vinasse application and harvest without burning; with vinasse application and harvest without burning; with vinasse application and harvest after burning; without vinasse application and harvest after burning; plus native forest, and five soil sampling depths (0-10 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 cm), with four replications. In each treatment, the K content in the soil and accumulated in the remaining dry biomass in the area, the levels of organic matter, organic carbon and soil carbon stock were determined. The mean values were compared by Tukey test. The vinasse application associated with the harvest without burning increased the K content in soil layers up to 40 cm deep. The managements without vinasse application and manual harvest after burning, and without vinasse application with mechanical harvesting without burning did not increase the levels of organic matter, organic carbon and stock of total soil organic carbon, while the vinasse application and harvest after burning and without burning increased the levels of these attributes in the depth of 0-10 cm.

Relationships between extractable Al, selected soil properties, pH buffer capacity and lime requirement in some acidic Queensland soils

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Ph Buffering ◽  
Ph Buffer ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Chloride Salts ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The objectives of this study were to examine (1) interrelationships between various forms of extractable A1 and selected soil properties, (2) the contribution of extractable A1 to pH buffer capacity, and (3) investigate the use of extractable A1 to predict lime requirement. Aluminium was extracted from each of 60 Queensland soils with a range of chloride salts: 1 M KCl (AlK), 0.5 M CuCl2 (AlCu), 0.33 M LaCl3 (AlLa) and 0.01 M CaCl2 (AlCa). The amounts of A1 extracted were in the order AlCu > AlLa > Alk > AlCa. Little or no A1 was extracted by KC1 or Lac13 in soils with pHw values greater than 5.5 , whereas CuCl2 extracted some A1 irrespective of soil pH. The greater amounts of A1 extracted by CuCl2 were attributed mainly to A1 from organic matter, even though all of the soils were mineral soils (organic carbon 54.7%). Both AlCu and AlLa, were significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with organic carbon, whereas none of the extractable A1 measures was correlated with clay content. AlK and A~L, were poorly correlated to pH buffer capacity. The linear relationship between AlCu and pH buffer capacity (r2 = 0.49) obtained in this study supports the view of previous researchers that the hydrolysis of A1 adsorbed by organic matter is a source of pH buffering in soils. However, the change in CEC with pH accounted for 76% of the variation in pH buffer capacity, indicating that other mechanisms such as deprotonation of organic groups and variable charge minerals are also involved in pH buffering. The ability of CuCl2 and LaCl3extractable Al to estimate lime requirement depended on the target pH. The results suggest that lime requirements based on neutralization of AlLa would be sufficient to raise pHw to around 5.5, whereas requirements based on neutralization of AlCu substantially overestimated the actual lime requirement to pHw 5.5, but gave a reasonable estimation of the lime requirement to pHw 6 5.

Surfactant Effects on Picloram Adsorption by Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Gaynor ◽  
V. V. Volk
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cationic Surfactant ◽  
Anionic Surfactant ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Surfactant Solution ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Adsorption Sites ◽  
Surfactant Solutions ◽  
Extractable Al

The effects of soil organic matter, clay, extractable Al, cation exchange capacity, and pH on the adsorption of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) from aqueous and surfactant solutions were investigated. Linear adsorption isotherms for the soils were obtained with the Freundlich equation. Of the five soil properties investigated, Freundlich K values correlated with extractable Al and clay content. Picloram adsorption from aqueous solutions and from the non-ionic and anionic surfactant solutions was greater on the soils at pH 5 than at pH 7. The anionic surfactant competed with picloram for adsorption sites on the soils at pH 5. Picloram adsorption from solutions containing 0.1 and 1% cationic surfactant was greater than that from aqeuous and anionic and nonionic surfactant solutions. Picloram adsorption from the 10% cationic surfactant solution was similar on soils with pH 5 and 7 and increased with decreased organic matter content.

scholarly journals Soil Infrastructure, Interfaces & Translocation Processes in Inner Space ("Soil-it-is"): towards a road map for the constraints and crossroads of soil architecture and biophysical processes

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1485-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. de Jonge ◽  
P. Moldrup ◽  
P. Schjønning
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Pore Network ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Road Map

Abstract. Soil functions and their impact on health, economy, and the environment are evident at the macro scale but determined at the micro scale, based on interactions between soil micro-architecture and the transport and transformation processes occurring in the soil infrastructure comprising pore and particle networks and at their interfaces. Soil structure formation and its resilience to disturbance are highly dynamic features affected by management (energy input), moisture (matric potential), and solids composition and complexation (organic matter and clay interactions). In this paper we review and put into perspective preliminary results of the newly started research program "Soil-it-is" on functional soil architecture. To identify and quantify biophysical constraints on soil structure changes and resilience, we claim that new approaches are needed to better interpret processes and parameters measured at the bulk soil scale and their links to the seemingly chaotic soil inner space behavior at the micro scale. As a first step, we revisit the soil matrix (solids phase) and pore system (water and air phases), constituting the complementary and interactive networks of soil infrastructure. For a field-pair with contrasting soil management, we suggest new ways of data analysis on measured soil-gas transport parameters at different moisture conditions to evaluate controls of soil matrix and pore network formation. Results imply that some soils form sponge-like pore networks (mostly healthy soils in terms of agricultural and environmental functions), while other soils form pipe-like structures (agriculturally poorly functioning soils), with the difference related to both complexation of organic matter and degradation of soil structure. The recently presented Dexter et al. (2008) threshold (ratio of clay to organic carbon of 10 kg kg−1) is found to be a promising constraint for a soil's ability to maintain or regenerate functional structure. Next, we show the Dexter et al. (2008) threshold may also apply to hydrological and physical-chemical interface phenomena including soil-water repellency and sorption of volatile organic vapors (gas-water-solids interfaces) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (water-solids interfaces). However, data for differently-managed soils imply that energy input, soil-moisture status, and vegetation (quality of eluded organic matter) may be equally important constraints together with the complexation and degradation of organic carbon in deciding functional soil architecture and interface processes. Finally, we envision a road map to soil inner space where we search for the main controls of particle and pore network changes and structure build-up and resilience at each crossroad of biophysical parameters, where, for example, complexation between organic matter and clay, and moisture-induced changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic surface conditions can play a role. We hypothesize that each crossroad (e.g. between organic carbon/clay ratio and matric potential) may control how soil self-organization will manifest itself at a given time as affected by gradients in energy and moisture from soil use and climate. The road map may serve as inspiration for renewed and multi-disciplinary focus on functional soil architecture.

scholarly journals Twenty-Five Years of Radiocarbon Dating Soils: Paradigm of Erring and Learning

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Scharpenseel ◽  
Peter Becker-Heidmann
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Earthworm Casts ◽  
Initiation Point ◽  
Organic Matter Fractions ◽  
Soil Dating

Soil organic matter sequesters close to three times the carbon existing totally in the living biomass and nearly the same for the total carbon in the atmosphere. Models, such as Jenkinson's or Parton's Century model, help to define soil organic matter fractions of different functions, based on residence time/14C age. Rejuvenation of soil carbon was felt to be the principal impediment to absolute soil dating, in addition to the ambiguity of the initiation point of soil formation and soil age. Recent studies, for example, of Becker-Heidmann (1989), indicate that a soil 14C age of >1000 yr cannot have >0.1% rejuvenation in the total soil organic matter compartments/fractions to be possible and sustainable. Always problematic in earlier observations were age vs. depth increases, in 14C profile curves showing an inflection of reduced age in the deepest samples, i.e., from the rim of the organic matter containing epipedon. We attribute this phenomenon, in mollic horizons, to earthworm casts in the terminal part of the escape tube. Becker-Heidmann (1989) has shown, in thin layer soil profile dating, a highly significant correlation between the highest 14C ages and the highest clay content. Thus, optimization of soil dating is, to a lesser degree, related to the applied extracting solvent system than to soil texture fractions. Such observations allow us to mitigate error ranges inherent in dating dynamic soil systems.

Physico-chemical structure of the benthic environment of a Galician ría (Ría de Ares-Betanzos, north-west Spain)

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sánchez-Mata ◽  
M. Glémarec ◽  
J. Mora
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Sediment Type ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Sediment Distribution ◽  
North West ◽  
Inorganic Content

In a preliminary study of the marine benthos of Ría de Ares-Betanzos, 50 stations covering the quadrant delineated by the coordinates 43°26′42″N–43°20′42″N and 08°18′54″W–08°10′12″W were sampled and sediment samples analysed for particle-size composition, sand, silt and clay content, degree of sorting, median diameter and grain-size diversity of sediments. Organic and inorganic content, total carbon and nitrogen, carbonates, organic carbon/total nitrogen ratio and bathymetric data were also collected. On a smaller scale a few stations were sampled for sediment redox potential and pH measurement. The salinity, temperature and oxygen content of the overlying water was also assessed.Cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis methods were used to describe seabed heterogeneity and the pattern of sediment distribution within the ría, and to relate the environmental variables to each sediment type. Sediments were predominantly fine to very fine sands, and exhibited a direct depth-related gradient, i.e. with the finer grades, higher organic carbon and silt and clay occurring at the shallower areas of Pontedeume, Ares and Redes inlets and Ría de Betanzos sector where terrigenous input was important. Carbonate, organic carbon and organic matter maxima occurred in the central sector of the ría where most mollusc recruitment takes place: revealing the chiefly bioclastic origin of sediments. Taking into account the geological and hydrographic processes, explanations for the formation of the sedimentary bottoms in Ría de Ares-Betanzos are provided.

scholarly journals Microbial carbon recycling: an underestimated process controlling soil carbon dynamics – Part 2: A C<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>4</sub> vegetation change field labelling experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 6291-6299 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Basler ◽  
M. Dippold ◽  
M. Helfrich ◽  
J. Dyckmans
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Labelling Experiment

Abstract. The mean residence times (MRT) of different compound classes of soil organic matter (SOM) do not match their inherent recalcitrance to decomposition. One reason for this is the stabilization within the soil matrix, but recycling, i.e. the reuse of "old" organic material to form new biomass may also play a role as it uncouples the residence times of organic matter from the lifetime of discrete molecules in soil. We analysed soil sugar dynamics in a natural 30-year old labelling experiment after a wheat-maize vegetation change to determine the extent of recycling and stabilization by assessing differences in turnover dynamics between plant and microbial-derived sugars: while plant-derived sugars are only affected by stabilization processes, microbial sugars may be subject to both, stabilization and recycling. To disentangle the dynamics of soil sugars, we separated different density fractions (free particulate organic matter (fPOM), light occluded particulate organic matter (≤ 1.6 g cm−3; oPOM1.6), dense occluded particulate organic matter (≤ 2 g cm−3; oPOM2) and mineral-associated organic matter (> 2 g cm−3; mineral)) of a silty loam under long-term wheat and maize cultivation. The isotopic signature of neutral sugars was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HPLC/IRMS), after hydrolysis with 4 M Trifluoroacetic acid. While apparent MRT of sugars were comparable to total organic carbon in the bulk soil and mineral fraction, the apparent MRT of sugar carbon in the oPOM fractions were considerably lower than those of the total carbon of these fractions. This indicates that oPOM formation was fuelled by microbial activity feeding on new plant input. In the bulk soil, MRT of the mainly plant-derived xylose were significantly lower than those of mainly microbial-derived sugars like galactose, rhamnose, fucose, indicating that recycling of organic matter is an important factor regulating organic matter dynamics in soil.

Free soil colloids and colloidal building units of soil aggregates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Tang ◽  
Nina Siebers ◽  
Erwin Klumpp
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
20 Nm

&lt;p&gt;Nanosized mineral particles and organic matter (&lt;100 nm) ,as well as their associations, belong to the most important ingredients for the formation of the soil aggregate structure being a hierarchically organized system. Colloids (&lt; 220 nm) including nanoparticles can be occluded as primary building units of soil aggregates. Nevertheless, a large proportion of these colloids is mobile and presents in the solution phase (as &amp;#8220;free&amp;#8221;) within the soil matrix. However, the differences between &amp;#8220;free&amp;#8221; and occluded colloids remain unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, both occluded and free colloids were isolated from soil samples of an arable field with different clay contents (19% and 34%) using wet sieving and centrifugation. The release of occluded colloids from soil macroaggregates (&gt;250 &amp;#181;m) was carried out with ultrasonic treatment at 1000 J mL&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. The free and occluded colloidal fractions were then characterized for their size-resolved elemental composition using flow field-flow fractionation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and organic carbon detector (FFF-ICP-MS/OCD). In addition, selected samples were also subjected to transmission electron microscopy as well as pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Both, free and occluded colloids were composed of three size fractions: nanoparticles &lt;20 nm, medium-sized nanoparticles (20 nm&amp;#8211;60 nm), and, fine colloids (60 nm&amp;#8211;220 nm). The fine colloid fraction was the dominant size fraction in both free and occluded colloids, which mainly consist of organic carbon, Al, Si, and Fe, probably present as phyllosilicates and associations of Fe- and Al- (hydr)oxides and organic matter. However, the organic matter contents for all three size fractions were higher for the occluded colloids than for the free ones. The role of OM concentration and composition in these colloids will be discussed in the paper.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Soil Infrastructure, Interfaces and Translocation Processes in Inner Space (''Soil-it-is''): towards a road map for the constraints and crossroads of soil architecture and biophysical processes

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 2633-2678 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. de Jonge ◽  
P. Moldrup ◽  
P. Schjønning
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Pore Network ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Road Map

Abstract. Soil functions and their impact on health, economy and the environment are evident at the macro scale but determined at the micro scale, based on interactions between soil micro-architecture and the transport and transformation processes occurring in the pore and particle networks and at their interfaces. Soil structure formation and its resilience to disturbance are highly dynamic features affected by management (energy input), moisture (matric potential), and solids composition and complexation (organic carbon, OC, and clay interactions). In this paper we review and put into perspective preliminary results of the newly started research program ''Soil-it-is'' on functional soil architecture. To identify and quantify biophysical constraints on soil structure changes and resilience, we claim that new paradigms are needed to better interpret processes and parameters measured at the bulk soil scale and their links to the seemingly chaotic soil inner space behavior at the micro scale (soil self-organization). As a first step, we revisit the soil matrix (solids phase) and pore system (water and air phases), constituting the complementary and interactive networks of soil infrastructure. For a field-pair with contrasting soil management, we suggest new ways of data analysis on measured soil-gas transport parameters at different moisture conditions to evaluate controls of soil matrix and pore network formation. Results imply that some soils form sponge-like pore networks (mostly healthy soils in terms of environmental functions), while other soils form pipe-like structures (poorly functioning soils), with the difference related to both complexation of organic matter and degradation of soil structure. The recently presented Dexter threshold (ratio of clay to organic carbon of 10 g g−1) is found to be a promising constraint for a soil's ability to maintain or regenerate functional structure. Next, we show the Dexter threshold may also apply to hydrological and physical-chemical interface phenomena including soil-water repellency and sorption of volatile organic vapors (gas-water-solids interfaces) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (water-solids interfaces). However, data for differently-managed soils imply that energy input, soil-moisture status, and vegetation (quality of eluded organic matter) may be equally important constraints together with the complexation and degradation of organic carbon in deciding functional soil architecture and interface processes. Finally, we envision a road map to soil inner space where we search for the main controls of particle and pore network changes and structure build-up and resilience at each crossroad of biophysical parameters, where, for example, complexation between organic matter and clay, and moisture-induced changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic surface conditions can play a role. We hypothesize that each crossroad (e.g. between OC/clay ratio and matric potential) may initiate breakdown or activation of soil self-organization at a given time as affected by gradients in energy and moisture from soil use and climate. The road map may serve as inspiration for renewed and multi-disciplinary focus on functional soil architecture.

scholarly journals Modern Landfills as Potential Feed Back Processes to Counteract Global Warming

2017 ◽  
pp. 780-787
Author(s):  
Torleif Bramryd ◽  
Michael Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Total Carbon Content

Provided that produced biogas is effectively collected, landfills are important sinks for organic carbon compensating for emissions of CO2 from burning of fossil fuels. Sequestrating of long-lived organic carbon in the landfill itself is the most pronounced factor, but also other processes during landfill management will increase the capture and binding of CO2.. Compost produced in connection to the landfills and applied as soil improvement, is another important sink for organic carbon.The landfills in the World have been estimated to accumulate around 100 x 106 metric tons of C. Normally about 25-40 percent of the total carbon content in the waste can be converted into biogas in traditional landfills. During landfilling most of the organic carbon in fossil derived products, like plastics, synthetic rubber, textiles and other synthetic materials, As these products take part in the methane gas production, the landfill gas (biogas) can be regarded as a true biofuel. In contrast to incineration, high moisture content in the waste will not decrease the yield of energy per ton of waste. In a reactor landfill treating approximately 100 000 tons of waste per year, a longlived organic fraction corresponding to about 45 000 metric tons of carbon dioxide is longterm accumulated each year. This compensates for the annual carbon dioxide emissions from about 15 000 – 20 000 cars, provided that each one runs 15 000 km per year with fossil fuel. The technique for effective collection of landfill gas, and new techniques to upgrade and liquefy the biogas, have decreased the risk for emissions to the atmosphere. Modern bioreactor landfills have been estimated to have less than 10% diffuse biogas emissions to the atmosphere. Also in Sweden (Helsingborg), plants are built to convert landfill gas to upgraded, liquefied motor fuel. This will lead to strongly reduced diffuse emissions of landfill gas to the atmosphere. The utilization of leachates as forest fertilizer results in an improved biomass production and increased accumulation of soil organic matter. Increased tree and field layer productivity also means that the potential for water evaporation (eg. evapotranspiration) increase, reducing the costs for waste-water treatment or the risk for diffuse ground water pollution. Also in the mineral soil, increased long-lived fractions of humus normally are found. This should be added to the carbon accumulating effect of the landfill itself, where long-lived organic matter, mainly derived from lignin and from fossil fractions as plastics and synthetic textiles is long-term accumulated. In this respect the landfill system has similar effects compared to natural peatlands and lake and sea sediments, Ifproduced biogas is collected effectively, the landfill thus can be an important factor to counteract the “green-house effect” and climate change.

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