CALCITONIN PRODUCTION BY RAT THYROID TUMOURS

1975 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. TRIGGS ◽  
R. D. HESCH ◽  
J. S. WOODHEAD ◽  
E. D. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Human Calcitonin ◽  
Immunoradiometric Assay ◽  
C Cells ◽  
Green Fluorescence ◽  
Sandwich Technique ◽  
C Cell ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rat Thyroid ◽  
Mean Concentration

SUMMARY Immunolocalization techniques have been used to study 16 rat thyroids containing C cell tumours and ten rat thyroids in which no tumours or hyperplasias were found. All rats in these groups were at least 2 years old. An indirect ('sandwich') technique was used which involved rabbit or goat anti-human calcitonin antiserum and either fluorescein or peroxidase-labelled anti-rabbit or anti-goat IgG. Plasma calcitonin levels were measured in these animals and in a further group of ten young normal rats by means of an immunoradiometric assay using goat antiserum against synthetic human calcitonin. Both normal C cells and C cell tumours showed either apple-green fluorescence or positive peroxidase staining. The intensity of staining in the tumours varied from one cell to another but was in general less than that found for normal C cells. Calcitonin in the blood was detectable in most animals. The mean concentration found in young normal animals was 265 pg/ml (range < 100–600 pg/ml), in old normal animals 160 pg/ml (range < 100– 400 pg/ml) and in rats with small C cell tumours 470 pg/ml (range 100–1200 pg/ml). The mean concentration in this latter group differed significantly from those of both normal groups (P < 0·05). One animal with an invasive C cell tumour had a greatly increased calcitonin concentration (> 5 ng/ml) in the circulation. The results showed that calcitonin was present in normal rat C cells and that C cell tumours both contained and secreted calcitonin, underlining the similarity between these tumours and human medullary carcinomata.

scholarly journals Estimation of the C-cell numbers in rat thyroid glands using the optical fractionator.

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 997-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
R E Feinstein ◽  
E Westergren ◽  
E Bucht ◽  
H E Sjöberg ◽  
L Grimelius
Keyword(s):  
Serum Levels ◽  
C Cells ◽  
Stereological Method ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
C Cell ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Optical Fractionator ◽  
Rat Thyroid ◽  
Rat Thyroid Gland

We estimated the total number of calcitonin-immunoreactive C-cells in rat thyroid gland using the optical fractionator, the unbiased stereological method for estimation of numbers. It was necessary first to use a fixative composed of formalin, acetic acid, and ethanol to distinctly visualize the C-cells. The 40-microm-thick sections had to adhere to chromalum-gelatin-coated Superfrost Plus glass slides, and the immunostaining technique had to stain the C-cells evenly throughout the whole sections. Because the C-cells were irregularly distributed in the thyroid tissues, their counting required screening of about 500 fields per lobe, but the number of C-cells counted need not be high, about 90 per lobe. We estimated that rats have 185,000 +/- 42,000 C-cells (mean +/- SD; n - 7). The C-cell population did not differ significantly between the two lobes of a given rat, but it varied markedly among rats. The biological differences among the animals contributed 83% to the observed variability, whereas the methodological uncertainty contributed 17%. The serum levels of calcitonin and calcium were not closely correlated to the C-cell numbers. Our results indicate that variability in C-cell experiments can be reduced most effectively by increasing the number of animals used. However, the similar C-cell frequency found in the two thyroid lobes of each rat allows the use of one uniformly sampled lobe for quantification and the other lobe for further analysis.

Multiple calcium currents in a thyroid C-cell line: biophysical properties and pharmacology

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (6) ◽  
pp. C1253-C1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Biagi ◽  
J. J. Enyeart
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Calcium Currents ◽  
C Cells ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
C Cell ◽  
Dependent Inactivation ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Rat Thyroid ◽  
Ca2 Channels

The whole cell version of the patch-clamp technique was used to characterize voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the calcitonin-secreting rat thyroid C-cell line 6-23 (clone 6). Three types of Ca2+ channels could be distinguished based on differences in voltage dependence, kinetics, and pharmacological sensitivity. T-type current was half-maximal at -31 mV, showed steady-state voltage-dependent inactivation that was half-maximal at -57 mV, inactivated with a voltage-dependent time constant that reached a minimum of 20 ms at potentials positive to -20 mV, and deactivated with a single time constant of approximately 2 ms at -80 mV. Reactivation of inactivated channels occurred with a time constant of 1.26 s at -90 mV. T current was selectively blocked by Ni2+ at concentrations between 5 and 50 microM. La3+ and Y3+ blocked the T current at 10- to 20-fold lower concentrations. Dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type current was half-maximal at a test potential of -3 mV and was approximately doubled in size when Ba2+ replaced Ca2+ as the charge carrier. Unlike L-type Ca2+ current in many cells, this current in C-cells displayed little Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation. N-type current was composed of inactivating and sustained components that were inhibited by omega-conotoxin. The inactivating component was half-maximal at +9 mV and could be fitted by two exponentials with time constants of 22 and 142 ms. A slow inactivation of N current with a time constant of 24.9 s was observed upon switching the holding potential from -80 to -40 mV. These results demonstrate that, similar to other neural crest derived cells, thyroid C-cells express multiple Ca2+ channels, including one previously observed only in neurons.

Free thyroxin and free triiodothyronine as measured by equilibrium dialysis and analog radioimmunoassay in serum of patients taking phenytoin and carbamazepine.

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1993-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Liewendahl ◽  
S Tikanoja ◽  
T Helenius ◽  
H Majuri
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Equilibrium Dialysis ◽  
Immunoradiometric Assay ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Free Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Incremental Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract We measured free thyroxin (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in serum of patients taking the anti-epileptic drugs phenytoin and carbamazepine, both by equilibrium dialysis procedures and analog-type radioimmunoassays. By either assay, the mean concentration of FT4 was significantly decreased in patients receiving either drug, whereas their FT3 concentrations were normal or only slightly decreased. Adding therapeutic concentrations of these drugs in vitro to control sera had a small or no incremental effect on FT4 and FT3 as measured by either method, but adding greater concentrations of the drugs in vitro markedly increased the concentrations of the free hormones. These results indicate that the main mechanism of the decrease in concentrations of free thyroid hormones in serum during therapy with anticonvulsant drugs is not the displacement of hormones from their binding to plasma proteins. We also determined, using a new and sensitive immunoradiometric assay, that patients taking carbamazepine, but not those taking phenytoin, had significantly less thyrotropin in the serum.

Simultaneous measurement of total and IgA-conjugated alpha 1-microglobulin by a combined immunoenzyme/immunoradiometric assay technique.

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 766-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
D D DeMars ◽  
J A Katzmann ◽  
T K Kimlinger ◽  
J D Calore ◽  
R P Tracy
Keyword(s):  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Immunoradiometric Assay ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Normal Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Beta 2 Microglobulin ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Urine Specimens ◽  
Serum And Urine

Abstract alpha 1-Microglobulin (alpha 1m), a glycoprotein (Mr = 30,000) found in serum and urine, is also present in serum conjugated to monomeric IgA (alpha 1-m-IgA). We have developed a simultaneous enzyme-linked immunoenzyme/immunoradiometric assay that involves three different monoclonal antibodies. Assay of serial dilutions of serum and urine demonstrated parallelism. Normal mean concentrations in serum (n = 75) were: total alpha 1m, 2.33 mumol/L; alpha 1m-IgA, 1.24 mumol/L; unconjugated (free) alpha 1m, 1.09 mumol/L; molar ratio (alpha 1m-IgA/total alpha 1m), 0.53. The mean concentration of alpha 1m in eight urine specimens from normal individuals was 0.19 mumol/L, with no detectable alpha 1m-IgA. A low urinary pH does not significantly affect assay results, unlike assays of beta 2-microglobulin. In patients with myeloma-related renal disease, total and free alpha 1m values for serum correlated well with values for creatinine and beta 2-microglobulin in serum.

Instant 99mTc-Labelled Glucoheptonate Kit for Kidney Imaging

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Al-Hilli ◽  
H. M. A. Karim ◽  
M. H. S. Al-Hissoni ◽  
M. N. Jassim ◽  
N. H. Agha
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Stable Complex ◽  
Scintillation Camera ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Kidney Imaging ◽  
Mean Concentration

Gelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc, 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc-chelate in a 99mTc-glucoheptonate (GH) preparation. A stable high labelling yield of 99mTc-GH complex in the radiopharmaceutical has been obtained with a concentration of 40-50 mg of glucoheptonic acid-calcium salt and not less than 0.45 mg of SnCl2 2 H2O at an optimal pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The stability of the complex has been found significantly affected when sodium hydroxide solution was used for the pH adjustment. However, an alternative procedure for final pH adjustment of the preparation has been investigated providing a stable complex for the usual period of time prior to the injection. The organ distribution and the blood clearance data of 99mTc-GH in rabbits were relatively similar to those reported earlier. The mean concentration of the radiopharmaceutical in both kidneys has been studied in normal subjects for one hour with a scintillation camera and the results were satisfactory.

PROGESTERONE IN THE HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN THE PREOVULATORY PERIOD OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1967 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benno Runnebaum ◽  
Josef Zander
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
Graafian Follicle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

ABSTRACT Progesterone was determined and identified in human peripheral blood during the preovulatory period of the menstrual cycle, by combined isotope derivative and recrystallization analysis. The mean concentration of progesterone in 1.095 ml of plasma obtained 9 days before ovulation was 0.084 μg/100 ml. However, the mean concentration of progesterone in 1.122 ml of plasma obtained 4 days before ovulation was 0.279 μg/100 ml. These data demonstrate a source of progesterone secretion other than the corpus luteum. The higher plasma-progesterone concentration 4 days before ovulation may indicate progesterone secretion of the ripening Graafian follicle of the ovary.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Inflammation Markers (CRP, IL-6, sCD40L) and Colorectal Cancer Stage, Grade, Size and Location

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1382
Author(s):  
Olga Martyna Koper-Lenkiewicz ◽  
Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska ◽  
Anna Justyna Milewska ◽  
Justyna Zińczuk ◽  
Joanna Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Grade Group ◽  
Who Grade ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The aim of the study was the evaluation whether in primary colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (n = 55): age, sex, TNM classification results, WHO grade, tumor location (proximal colon, distal colon, rectum), tumor size, platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), mean platelet component (MCP), levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen (CA 19-9), as well as soluble lectin adhesion molecules (L-, E-, and P-selectins) may influence circulating inflammatory biomarkers: IL-6, CRP, and sCD40L. We found that CRP concentration evaluation in routine clinical practice may have an advantage as a prognostic biomarker in CRC patients, as this protein the most comprehensively reflects clinicopathological features of the tumor. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that in CRC patients: (1) with an increase in PLT by 10 × 103/μL, the mean concentration of CRP increases by 3.4%; (2) with an increase in CA 19-9 of 1 U/mL, the mean concentration of CRP increases by 0.7%; (3) with the WHO 2 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases 3.631 times relative to the WHO 1 grade group; (4) with the WHO 3 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases by 4.916 times relative to the WHO 1 grade group; (5) with metastases (T1-4N+M+) the mean CRP concentration increases 4.183 times compared to non-metastatic patients (T1-4N0M0); (6) with a tumor located in the proximal colon, the mean concentration of CRP increases 2.175 times compared to a tumor located in the distal colon; (7) in patients with tumor size > 3 cm, the CRP concentration is about 2 times higher than in patients with tumor size ≤ 3 cm. In the multivariate linear regression model, the variables that influence the mean CRP value in CRC patients included: WHO grade and tumor localization. R2 for the created model equals 0.50, which indicates that this model explains 50% of the variance in the dependent variable. In CRC subjects: (1) with the WHO 2 grade, the mean CRP concentration rises 3.924 times relative to the WHO 1 grade; (2) with the WHO 3 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases 4.721 times in relation to the WHO 1 grade; (3) with a tumor located in the rectum, the mean CRP concentration rises 2.139 times compared to a tumor located in the distal colon; (4) with a tumor located in the proximal colon, the mean concentration of CRP increases 1.998 times compared to the tumor located in the distal colon; if other model parameters are fixed.

Evaluation of heavy metals content in the canned/packed fruit juices from local and imported origin in Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazeefa Fatima ◽  
Munazza Khan ◽  
Muhammad Shuaib Kabeer
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

This study was conducted to determine the mean concentration of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) in canned/packed fruits juices, collected from various stores in Lahore in a period of three months. These juices were categorized into four groups; local packed and canned and also imported packed and canned products. Every group consisted of ten samples. By using the di-acid digestion method, the collected samples were digested and analyzed under Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results indicated that the mean values of 7 out of 9 tested heavy metals including Pb, Mg, Ni, Fe, Cr, Se and Mn were above permissible limits (set by WHO) in all four understudy groups. Therefore, it was concluded that commercially available fruit juices are not all safe according to their heavy metals content for the human consumption despite their nutritive values.

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