scholarly journals Composition and structure of regrowth forests on abandoned agricultural land

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 436-442
Author(s):  
Irina Volkova ◽  
Alexander Solodunov ◽  
Larisa Kondratenko
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Dog Rose

Overgrowing of agricultural land by forest in Russia is a large-scale process. This study aims to examine the composition and structure of forests that took over abandoned agricultural lands in Belorechensky district, Krasnodar Krai (Russia). The research on 4 farmland plots was carried out in 2018. At the time of observation agricultural land has been abandoned for 7 to 8 years. Research methodology was developed to determine parameters such as tree and shrub density per ha, height and age at 50 m and up to 100 m from the forest. Two study sites were dominated by mesophytes, whilst the other two sites were invaded by xerophytes. Xerophytic landscapes were co-dominated by downy oaks and dog roses. The stand density of examined plants was 1.7 times lower at 51 to 100 m than near the forest (P ≤ 0.05). There were 3.3 times as many dog roses as downy oaks. The stand density of common ash stand at 51 to 100 m from the forest edge was 10 times lower than that of dog rose (P ≤ 0.01). Mesophytic landscapes were co-dominated by black poplars and crack willows. Black poplar was 4.3 times more frequent than dog rose (P ≤  0.002) and 130 times more common than elm (P ≤ 0.0001). Natural overgrowth or succession can affect vast areas of land. It was established that dog roses and downy oaks regenerate xerophytic fields within 6 to 7 years, whereas mesophytic fields become dominated by black poplars and crack willows within 5 to 7 years.

LAND CONCENTRATION PROCESSES ON THE BASIS OF STATE LAND RESOURCES ON DOLNY ŚLĄSK

2018 ◽  
Vol XIX (6) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Tomasz Berbeka
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Total State ◽  
Transformation Processes

The object of this study was evaluation of state land concentration in farms within 1992-2015. After economy transformation processes the agricultural public sector was opened for private ownership land turnover. The purpose of new law legislations was to distribute land to family farms with lighter accessible to agricultural land. From the other hand since 1992 existed law regulation promoted large scale farms functioning on the basis of sale and land lease. In the region of Lover Silesia small share of land contrahents (2.74%) purchased or leased 53.6% of total State Land in transactions over 100 ha. This confirms large scale of land concentration and lower accessible for family farms. Current legal regulations improved small and medium size farm situation by introducing new grade- points system and memorandum for State Land purchase.

scholarly journals An investigation of the thermo-mechanical fusing process of innovative textile materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (06) ◽  
pp. 601-605
Author(s):  
SNEZHINA ANDONOVA ◽  
ALEKSEY STEFANOV ◽  
IVAN AMUDZHEV
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Continuous Feedback ◽  
The Relationship

The process of thermo-mechanical fusing (TMF) is one of the major technological processes in the sewing industry. The quality of the sewing article as a whole depends largely on the effective implementation of this process. The good appearance of the finished product and the preservation of the shapes given during the operation of the product depend on the proper choice of the parameters for the TMF. It is therefore important to carry out research to optimize this process. On the other hand, new and different textile materials (TM) with more complex structure and multicomponent composition have appeared in recent years. This determines the different properties of each TM. Therefore, it is extremely important to conduct numerous preliminary studies and analyses to determine the specific effective values for defining the TMF process for a particular type of TM. This is especially important namely for large-scale companies. In the context of the above, it is of particular interest to study the TMF process for an innovative TM (with complex structure and multicomponent composition) registered with a patent for an invention in recent years. The purpose of the present work is to investigate and analyse the nature of the change in temperature between basic and adhesive TM in TMF of innovative /complex in composition and structure/TM. As a result of the performed research and analysis, a method for establishing continuous feedback with the processed textile materials at TMF has been proposed. The nature of the temperature change of the treated innovative TM has been defined. The relationship between the time for conducting the TMF process and the temperature of the pressing plate for the respective innovative TM has been established.

scholarly journals Assessment of novel Lehmann’s Funnel Entry Trap prototypes performance to control malaria mosquito populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Sanou ◽  
Hamidou Maïga ◽  
Etienne M. Bilgo ◽  
P. Simon Sawadogo ◽  
Bazoumana D. Sow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Mosquito Density ◽  
Malaria Mosquito ◽  
Killing Effect ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract BackgroundThere is a global consensus that new intervention tools are needed to make the final steps toward malaria elimination/eradication. In a recent study in Burkina Faso, the Lehmann Funnel Entry Trap (LFET) has shown promising results in the reduction of mosquito densities, even in areas where insecticide resistance is as high as 80%. The LFET requires no chemicals and is self-operated. However, one of the issues with the original LFET is the size of the funnel, which often occupies too much space within users’ homes. Here, we compared the performance of three new, smaller-sized LFET prototypes that combine a screening and killing effect on mosquitoes. MethodsThe study was carried out over three months during the rainy season in low and high malaria vector density sites, Soumousso and Vallée du Kou, respectively. The original LFET (or ‘Prototype 1’/’P1’) was modified to produce three new prototypes, which we will refer to as Prototype 2 (‘the Medium’ or ‘P2’), Prototype 3 (P3) and Prototype 4 (P4). Each of the new prototypes was tested on eight days per month over the three-month period to assess their effectiveness in trapping and killing mosquitoes entering houses through the windows compared to the original LFET. ResultsOverall, 78,435 mosquitoes (mainly Anopheles gambiae s.l.) were collected in the two study sites, both in the traps and in the houses. A total of 56,430 (72%) mosquitoes were collected from the traps. In Vallée du Kou, the original LFET caught a greater number of mosquitoes than the Medium (prototype 2), whereas no difference was observed between the other new prototypes (3 and 4) and the Medium. In Soumousso, the original and Medium LFETs both collected significantly greater numbers of mosquitoes compared to prototypes 3 and 4. ConclusionThis study has shown that the new LFET prototypes are effective in trapping mosquitoes in high mosquito density settings. A large-scale study with one of the prototypes will be needed to assess community acceptance of the traps and their ability to control malaria vectors.

German Administration in Southern Togo

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. K. Amenumey
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Peculiar Nature

Superficially, the nature of German rule in Togo differed from that of the other German colonies. For example, right from the start, it was administered by Imperial officials. It thereby escaped some of the worst abuses of Chartered Company rule. Again because of the peculiar nature fo the country—it was very small, not particularly suitable for European settlement and much of its agricultural land was already under peasant cultivation, to which it was best suited—Togo escaped the large-scale expropriation of the subject peoples' land that was characteristic of German rule elsewhere.

scholarly journals Assessment of novel Lehmann’s Funnel Entry Trap prototypes performance to control malaria mosquito populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Sanou ◽  
Hamidou Maïga ◽  
Etienne M. Bilgo ◽  
Simon P. Sawadogo ◽  
Bazoumana D. Sow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Mosquito Density ◽  
Malaria Mosquito ◽  
Killing Effect ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.L ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Background: There is a global consensus that new intervention tools are needed to make the final steps toward malaria elimination/eradication. In a recent study in Burkina Faso, the Lehmann Funnel Entry Trap (LFET) has shown promising results in the reduction of mosquito densities, even in areas where insecticide resistance is as high as 80%. The LFET requires no chemicals and is self-operated. However, one of the issues with the original LFET is the size of the funnel, which often occupies too much space within users’ homes. Here, we compared the performance of three new, smaller-sized LFET prototypes that combine a screening and killing effect on mosquitoes. Methods: The study was carried out over three months during the rainy season in low and high malaria vector density sites, Soumousso and Vallée du Kou, respectively. The original LFET (or ‘Prototype 1’/’P1’) was modified to produce three new prototypes, which we will refer to as Prototype 2 (‘the Medium’ or ‘P2’), Prototype 3 (P3) and Prototype 4 (P4). Each of the new prototypes was tested on eight days per month over the three-month period to assess their effectiveness in trapping and killing mosquitoes entering houses through the windows compared to the original LFET. Results: Overall, 78,435 mosquitoes (mainly Anopheles gambiae s.l.) were collected in the two study sites, both in the traps and in the houses. A total of 56,430 (72%) mosquitoes were collected from the traps. In Vallée du Kou, the original LFET caught a greater number of mosquitoes than the Medium (prototype 2), whereas no difference was observed between the other new prototypes (3 and 4) and the Medium. In Soumousso, both the original and Medium LFETs collected significantly greater numbers of mosquitoes compared to prototypes 3 and 4. Conclusion: This study has shown that the new LFET prototypes are effective in trapping mosquitoes in high mosquito density settings. A large-scale study with one of the prototypes will be needed to assess community acceptance of the traps and their ability to control malaria vectors.

scholarly journals Assessment of novel Lehmann’s funnel entry trap prototypes performance to control malaria mosquito populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Sanou ◽  
Hamidou Maïga ◽  
Etienne M. Bilgo ◽  
Simon P. Sawadogo ◽  
Bazoumana B. D. Sow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Mosquito Density ◽  
Malaria Mosquito ◽  
Killing Effect ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Background There is a global consensus that new intervention tools are needed for the final steps toward malaria elimination/eradication. In a recent study in Burkina Faso, the Lehmann Funnel Entry Trap (LFET) has shown promising results in the reduction of mosquito densities, even in areas where insecticide resistance is as high as 80%. The LFET requires no chemicals and is self-operated. However, one of the issues with the original LFET is the size of the funnel, which often occupies too much space within users’ homes. Here, the performance of three new, smaller-sized LFET prototypes that combine a screening and killing effect on mosquitoes was assessed. Methods The study was carried out over three months during the rainy season in low and high malaria vector density sites, Soumousso and Vallée du Kou, respectively. The original LFET (or ‘Prototype 1’/‘P1’) was modified to produce three new prototypes, which were referred to as prototype 2 (‘the Medium’ or ‘P2’), prototype 3 (P3) and prototype 4 (P4). Each of the new prototypes was tested on eight days per month over the three-month period to assess their effectiveness in trapping and killing mosquitoes entering houses through the windows compared to the original LFET. Results Overall, 78,435 mosquitoes (mainly Anopheles gambiae sensu lato) were collected in the two study sites, both in the traps and in the houses. A total of 56,430 (72%) mosquitoes were collected from the traps. In Vallée du Kou, the original LFET caught a greater number of mosquitoes than the medium (prototype 2), whereas no difference was observed between the other new prototypes (3 and 4) and the medium. In Soumousso, both the original and medium LFETs collected significantly greater numbers of mosquitoes compared to prototypes 3 and 4. Conclusion This study has shown that the new LFET prototypes are effective in trapping mosquitoes in high mosquito density settings. A large-scale study with one of the prototypes will be needed to assess community acceptance of the traps and their ability to control malaria vectors.

scholarly journals Assessment of novel Lehmann’s funnel entry trap prototypes performance to control malaria mosquito populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Sanou ◽  
Hamidou Maïga ◽  
Etienne M. Bilgo ◽  
Simon P. Sawadogo ◽  
Bazoumana D. Sow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Mosquito Density ◽  
Malaria Mosquito ◽  
Killing Effect ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Background There is a global consensus that new intervention tools are needed for the final steps toward malaria elimination/eradication. In a recent study in Burkina Faso, the Lehmann Funnel Entry Trap (LFET) has shown promising results in the reduction of mosquito densities, even in areas where insecticide resistance is as high as 80%. The LFET requires no chemicals and is self-operated. However, one of the issues with the original LFET is the size of the funnel, which often occupies too much space within users’ homes. Here, the performance of three new, smaller-sized LFET prototypes that combine a screening and killing effect on mosquitoes was assessed. Methods The study was carried out over three months during the rainy season in low and high malaria vector density sites, Soumousso and Vallée du Kou, respectively. The original LFET (or ‘Prototype 1’/’P1’) was modified to produce three new prototypes, which were referred to as Prototype 2 (‘the Medium’ or ‘P2’), Prototype 3 (P3) and Prototype 4 (P4). Each of the new prototypes was tested on eight days per month over the three-month period to assess their effectiveness in trapping and killing mosquitoes entering houses through the windows compared to the original LFET. Results Overall, 78,435 mosquitoes (mainly Anopheles gambiae sensu lato) were collected in the two study sites, both in the traps and in the houses. A total of 56,430 (72%) mosquitoes were collected from the traps. In Vallée du Kou, the original LFET caught a greater number of mosquitoes than the Medium (prototype 2), whereas no difference was observed between the other new prototypes (3 and 4) and the Medium. In Soumousso, both the original and Medium LFETs collected significantly greater numbers of mosquitoes compared to prototypes 3 and 4. Conclusion This study has shown that the new LFET prototypes are effective in trapping mosquitoes in high mosquito density settings. A large-scale study with one of the prototypes will be needed to assess community acceptance of the traps and their ability to control malaria vectors.

Birlikte Yaşama Kültürü Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye Politikaları: Suriyelilere Yönelik Tutumun Sultanbeyli Örneği Üzerinden Değerlendirilmesi

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-61
Author(s):  
Pelin Sönmez ◽  
Abulfaz Süleymanov
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Turkish People

Türkiye, Cumhuriyet tarihinin en yoğun zorunlu göç dalgasını 2011 yılından bu yana süren Suriye Savaşı ile yaşamaktadır. Suriye vatandaşlarının geçici koruma statüsü altında Türkiye toplumuna her açıdan entegrasyonları günümüzün ve geleceğin politika öncelikleri arasında düşünülmelidir. Öte yandan ülkeye kabul edilen sığınmacıların kendi kültürel kimliğini kaybetmeden içinde yaşadığı ev sahibi topluma uyumu, ortak yaşam kültürünün gelişmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu makalede, "misafir" olarak kabul edilen Suriyeli vatandaşların Türk toplumunca kabul edilmeleri ve dışlanma risklerinin azaltılmasına yönelik devlet politikaları ortaya konularak, üye ve aday ülkelere göçmenlerin dışlanmasını önlemek için Avrupa Birliği (AB) tarafından sunulan hukuki yapı ve kamu hizmeti inisiyatifleri incelenmekte, birlikte yaşam kültürü çerçevesinde Suriyeli vatandaşlara yönelik  toplumsal kabul düzeyleri ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır: göçmen ve sığınmacılara karşı toplumsal dışlanmayı engellemek için benimsenen yasa ve uygulamaların etkisi ve İstanbul-Sultanbeyli bölgesinde Suriyeli sığınmacılarla ilgili toplumsal algı çalışmasının sonuçları. Bölgede ikamet eden Suriyelilere yönelik toplumsal kabul düzeyinin yüksek olduğu görülürken, halkın Suriyelileri kendilerine  kültürel ve dini olarak yakın hissetmesi toplumsal kabul düzeyini olumlu etkilemektedir. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHAn evaluation of the European Union and Turkish policies regarding the culture of living togetherThis article aims to determine the level of social acceptance towards Syrians within the context of cohabitation culture by evaluating EU’s legal structure and public service initiatives in order to prevent Syrian refugees from being excluded in member and candidate countries and by revealing government policies on acceptance of Syrians as “guest” by Turkish society and minimizing the exclusion risks of them. This article consists of two main parts, one of which is based on the effects of law and practices preventing refugees and asylum seekers from social exclusion, and the other is on the results of social perception on Syrians in Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul. At the end of 5-years taking in Syrian War, it is obvious that most of more than 3 million Syrian with unregistered ones in Turkey are “here to stay”. From this point of view, the primary scope of policies should be specified in order to remove side effects of refugee phenomenon seen as weighty matter by bottoming out the exclusion towards those people. To avoid possible large-scale conflicts or civil wars in the future, the struggle with exclusion phenomenon plays a crucial role regarding Turkey’s sociological situation and developing policies. In the meaning of forming a model for Turkey, a subtitle in this article is about public services for European-wide legal acquis and practices carried out since 1970s in order to prevent any exclusion from the society. On the other hand, other subtitles are about legal infrastructure and practices like Common European Asylum and Immigration Policies presented in 2005, and Law on Foreigners and International Protection introduced in 2013. In the last part of the article, the results of a field survey carried out in a district of Istanbul were used to analyze the exclusion towards refugees in Turkey. A face-to-face survey was randomly conducted with 200 settled refugees in Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul, and their perceptions towards Syrian people under temporary protection were evaluated. According to the results, the level of acceptance for Syrians living in this district seems relatively high. The fact that Turkish people living in the same district feel close to Syrian refugees culturally and religiously affect their perception in a positive way: however, it is strikingly seen and understood that local residents cop an attitude on the refugees’ becoming Turkish citizens.

Partnerships Generate Co-Benefits in Agricultural Stream Restoration (Canterbury, New Zealand)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Febria ◽  
Maggie Bayfield ◽  
Kathryn E. Collins ◽  
Hayley S. Devlin ◽  
Brandon C. Goeller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Ecosystem Integrity ◽  
Riparian Management ◽  
Scale Change ◽  
Large Scale Change

In Aotearoa New Zealand, agricultural land-use intensification and decline in freshwater ecosystem integrity pose complex challenges for science and society. Despite riparian management programmes across the country, there is frustration over a lack in widespread uptake, upfront financial costs, possible loss in income, obstructive legislation and delays in ecological recovery. Thus, social, economic and institutional barriers exist when implementing and assessing agricultural freshwater restoration. Partnerships are essential to overcome such barriers by identifying and promoting co-benefits that result in amplifying individual efforts among stakeholder groups into coordinated, large-scale change. Here, we describe how initial progress by a sole farming family at the Silverstream in the Canterbury region, South Island, New Zealand, was used as a catalyst for change by the Canterbury Waterway Rehabilitation Experiment, a university-led restoration research project. Partners included farmers, researchers, government, industry, treaty partners (Indigenous rights-holders) and practitioners. Local capacity and capability was strengthened with practitioner groups, schools and the wider community. With partnerships in place, co-benefits included lowered costs involved with large-scale actions (e.g., earth moving), reduced pressure on individual farmers to undertake large-scale change (e.g., increased participation and engagement), while also legitimising the social contracts for farmers, scientists, government and industry to engage in farming and freshwater management. We describe contributions and benefits generated from the project and describe iterative actions that together built trust, leveraged and aligned opportunities. These actions were scaled from a single farm to multiple catchments nationally.

HOME VISITS DURING THE FIRST MONTH OF DELIVERY FOR RECENTLY DELIVERED WOMEN IN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1189
Author(s):  
Dr. Tridibesh Tripathy ◽  
Dr. Umakant Prusty ◽  
Dr. Chintamani Nayak ◽  
Dr. Rakesh Dwivedi ◽  
Dr. Mohini Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
The Other ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Action Group ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Impact

The current article of Uttar Pradesh (UP) is about the ASHAs who are the daughters-in-law of a family that resides in the same community that they serve as the grassroots health worker since 2005 when the NRHM was introduced in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states. UP is one such Empowered Action Group (EAG) state. The current study explores the actual responses of Recently Delivered Women (RDW) on their visits during the first month of their recent delivery. From the catchment area of each of the 250 ASHAs, two RDWs were selected who had a child in the age group of 3 to 6 months during the survey. The response profiles of the RDWs on the post- delivery first month visits are dwelled upon to evolve a picture representing the entire state of UP. The relevance of the study assumes significance as detailed data on the modalities of postnatal visits are available but not exclusively for the first month period of their recent delivery. The details of the post-delivery first month period related visits are not available even in large scale surveys like National Family Health Survey 4 done in 2015-16. The current study gives an insight in to these visits with a five-point approach i.e. type of personnel doing the visit, frequency of the visits, visits done in a particular week from among those four weeks separately for the three visits separately. The current study is basically regarding the summary of this Penta approach for the post- delivery one-month period.     The first month period after each delivery deals with 70% of the time of the postnatal period & the entire neonatal period. Therefore, it does impact the Maternal Mortality Rate & Ratio (MMR) & the Neonatal Mortality Rates (NMR) in India and especially in UP through the unsafe Maternal & Neonatal practices in the first month period after delivery. The current MM Rate of UP is 20.1 & MM Ratio is 216 whereas the MM ratio is 122 in India (SRS, 2019). The Sample Registration System (SRS) report also mentions that the Life Time Risk (LTR) of a woman in pregnancy is 0.7% which is the highest in the nation (SRS, 2019). This means it is very risky to give birth in UP in comparison to other regions in the country (SRS, 2019). This risk is at the peak in the first month period after each delivery. Similarly, the current NMR in India is 23 per 1000 livebirths (UNIGME,2018). As NMR data is not available separately for states, the national level data also hold good for the states and that’s how for the state of UP as well. These mortalities are the impact indicators and such indicators can be reduced through long drawn processes that includes effective and timely visits to RDWs especially in the first month period after delivery. This would help in making their post-natal & neonatal stage safe. This is the area of post-delivery first month visit profile detailing that the current article helps in popping out in relation to the recent delivery of the respondents.   A total of four districts of Uttar Pradesh were selected purposively for the study and the data collection was conducted in the villages of the respective districts with the help of a pre-tested structured interview schedule with both close-ended and open-ended questions.  The current article deals with five close ended questions with options, two for the type of personnel & frequency while the other three are for each of the three visits in the first month after the recent delivery of respondents. In addition, in-depth interviews were also conducted amongst the RDWs and a total 500 respondents had participated in the study.   Among the districts related to this article, the results showed that ASHA was the type of personnel who did the majority of visits in all the four districts. On the other hand, 25-40% of RDWs in all the 4 districts replied that they did not receive any visit within the first month of their recent delivery. Regarding frequency, most of the RDWs in all the 4 districts received 1-2 times visits by ASHAs.   Regarding the first visit, it was found that the ASHAs of Barabanki and Gonda visited less percentage of RDWs in the first week after delivery. Similarly, the second visit revealed that about 1.2% RDWs in Banda district could not recall about the visit. Further on the second visit, the RDWs responded that most of them in 3 districts except Gonda district did receive the second postnatal visit in 7-15 days after their recent delivery. Less than half of RDWs in Barabanki district & just more than half of RDWs in Gonda district received the third visit in 15-21 days period after delivery. For the same period, the majority of RDWs in the rest two districts responded that they had been entertained through a home visit.

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