scholarly journals Evaluation of selected properties of briquettes from recovered paper and board

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Brožek
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Gross Calorific Value ◽  
Weight Density ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

Worldwide increasing energy demand is today permanently covered by a majority of non-renewable energy sources, namely by coal, crude oil and natural gas. This causes the rapid decline of their reserves and the time gets near when they will be run out. Therefore in the last years the exploitation of renewable energy sources has been permanently preferred. One of alternative fuel forms is fuel on the basis of paper waste. In this paper the results of tests are published, which were carried out using six sorts of recovered paper and board (group and grade 1.05, 1.06, 2.02, 2.05, 2.07 and 2.08 according to CSN EN 643:2002), pressed into the form of briquettes. During the tests following briquettes parameters were watched: moisture content, ash amount, gross calorific value, length and diameter, weight, density, rupture force and mechanical durability. It was proved that briquettes made from recovered paper and board compared with briquettes from wood waste are of high density, high mechanical durability and for their rupture, relatively high force is necessary. But at the same time they have high ash amount and low gross calorific value.

DEVELOPMENT OF PALM BIOMASS BRIQUETTES WITH POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC WASTE ADDITION

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (9-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Mohd Faizal ◽  
M. Shafiq M. Nazri ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
S. Syahrullail ◽  
Z. A. Latiff
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Gross Calorific Value ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Plastics Waste

High global energy demand scenario has driven towards transformation from sole dependence on fossil fuels to utilization of inexhaustible renewable energy sources such as hydro, biomass, solar and wind. Renewable energy sources are abundant in Malaysia, especially palm biomass residues that are produced during the oil extraction process of fresh fruit bunch. Therefore, it is inevitable to harness these bioenergy sources, in order to prevent waste accumulation at adjacent to palm mills. Briquetting of palm biomass such as empty fruit bunch (EFB) with polyethylene (PE) plastics waste addition is expected not only could maximize the utilization of energy resources, but also could become as a potential solution for residue and municipal plastics waste disposal. In the present study, the physical and combustion properties of palm biomass briquettes that contain novel mixture of pulverized EFB and PE plastics waste were investigated experimentally. The briquettes were produced with different mixing ratio of EFB and PE plastics (weight ratios of 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15), under various heating temperatures (130-190 ) and at constant compaction pressure of 7 MPa. Based on the results, it can be said that heating temperature plays a significant role in affecting physical properties such as relaxed density and compressive strength. The values of relaxed density and compressive strength are within the range of 1100 to 1300 kg/m3 and 0.8 to 1.2 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, mixing ratio does affect relaxed density and gross calorific value. All values of gross calorific (17900 to 21000 kJ/kg) and moisture content (7% to 9%) are found to fulfill the requirement for commercialization as stated by DIN51731 (gross calorific value>17500 kJ/kg and moisture content<10%). Even though the values of ash content (3% to 4%) exceed the limitation as stated by the standard (<0.7%), it is still considered very competitive if compared to the commonly used local briquette that contains mesocarp fibre and shell (5.8%). Finally, it can be concluded that the best quality of briquette can be achieved when highest composition of PE plastics (weight percentage of 15%) is used and the briquetting process is performed at the highest temperature (190 ).  

Modelling of an Optimized Microgrid Model by Integrating DG Distributed Generation Sources to IEEE 13 Bus System

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Bisma Imtiaz ◽  
Imran Zafar ◽  
Cui Yuanhui
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Matlab Simulink ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Power Quality Improvement

Due to the rapid increase in energy demand with depleting conventional sources, the world’s interest is moving towards renewable energy sources. Microgrid provides easy and reliable integration of distributed generation (DG) units based on renewable energy sources to the grid. The DG’s are usually integrated to microgrid through inverters. For a reliable operation of microgrid, it must have to operate in grid connected as well as isolated mode. Due to sudden mode change, performance of the DG inverter system will be compromised. Design and simulation of an optimized microgrid model in MATLAB/Simulink is presented in this work. The goal of the designed model is to integrate the inverter-interfaced DG’s to the microgrid in an efficient manner. The IEEE 13 bus test feeder has been converted to a microgrid by integration of DG’s including diesel engine generator, photovoltaic (PV) block and battery. The main feature of the designed MG model is its optimization in both operated modes to ensure the high reliability. For reliable interconnection of designed MG model to the power grid, a control scheme for DG inverter system based on PI controllers and DQ-PLL (phase-locked loop) has been designed. This designed scheme provides constant voltage in isolated mode and constant currents in grid connected mode. For power quality improvement, the regulation of harmonic current insertion has been performed using LCL filter. The performance of the designed MG model has been evaluated from the simulation results in MATLAB/ Simulink.

Selection of Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-97
Author(s):  
Hanna Irena Jędrzejuk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
Standard Application ◽  
Technical Systems

This chapter describes a general issue of selecting renewable energy sources (RES) and technical systems. To achieve the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standard, application of an RES (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and biomass energy) is necessary. Each type of RES has specific characteristics and can be used to produce electricity and/or heat in certain systems. A short review of various systems using renewable energy sources is presented. To find the required and satisfactory solution that guaranties meeting the nZEB standard, an analysis must be carried out considering a number of aspects: local availability, structure and time-dependence of energy demand, building construction, economic conditions, legal regulations, and specific requirements. Finally, two examples of modernisation towards the nZEB standard are included.

scholarly journals Replacing Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Power with Renewable Energy: Utopia or Valid Option? A Swiss Case Study of Bioenergy

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Lemm ◽  
Raphael Haymoz ◽  
Astrid Björnsen Gurung ◽  
Vanessa Burg ◽  
Tom Strebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Swiss Canton ◽  
Future System ◽  
Conversion Technologies ◽  
The Impact

The transition towards a reliable, sustainable, low-carbon energy system is a major challenge of the 21st century. Due to the lower energy density of many renewable energy sources, a future system is expected to be more decentralized, leading to significant changes at the regional scale. This study analyzes the feasibility of the energy transition in the Swiss canton of Aargau as an illustrative example and explores different strategies to satisfy the local demand for electricity, heat, and fuel by 2035. In particular, we assess the potential contribution of biomass. Four scenarios demonstrate what energy demand proportion could be covered by bioenergy if different priorities were given to the provision of heat, electricity, and fuel. The impact of improved conversion technologies is also considered. The results show that the sustainably available renewable energy sources in canton Aargau will probably not be sufficient to cover its forecasted energy demand in 2035, neither with present nor future biomass conversion technologies. At best, 74% of the energy demand could be met by renewables. Biomass can increase the degree of autarky by a maximum of 13%. Depending on the scenario, at least 26–43% (2500–5700 GWh) of total energy demand is lacking, particularly for mobility purposes.

scholarly journals Application of Smart Grid and Edge Computing Technologies to Improve The Operational Efficiency of The Supply Chain and Logistics Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Suresh Nanda Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Surplus Power

Energy demand is growing at a very rapid pace worldwide. Conventional energy sources are being replaced steadily by non-conventional sources such as renewable energy sources like wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric etc. This rapid growth in demand for energy compounded by the depletion of conventional, non-renewable energy sources in recent years has brought about a transformation in the energy sector. Households, manufacturers and other consumers of energy can now both produce and consume energy. The flow of energy is bidirectional. They can also either store the surplus power for future use or send it to the grid for sharing with other users of energy. As a result of this transformation, the smart grid came into existence where the producers and the consumers of energy can be the same person and contribute to the supply of energy to the grid.

scholarly journals Mathematical analysis of a self-service car wash in the aspect of application of renewable energy sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 2130 (1) ◽  
pp. 012004
Author(s):  
M J Geca
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Collectors ◽  
Photovoltaic Panels ◽  
Public Network ◽  
Car Wash ◽  
Self Service

Abstract The paper presents a model of a self-service car wash. Sub-models of water, electricity and natural gas consumption were developed. Heated water is used to wash vehicles and in winter to heat the floor. Electricity is mainly used to power high pressure pumps. The data to develop submodels were based on a time series of 1 year from a 5-station car wash located in central Poland. Chemical consumption and costs were not analyzed in this paper. Generally, this data is quite difficult to access and not provided by car wash manufacturers or owners. The developed model allowed estimating the possibility of using renewable energy sources in the form of solar collectors and photovoltaic panels to balance the energy demand of a car wash depending on the number of washing stands and car wash load. Application of solar collectors allows saving 334 m3 of natural gas per year and 11.2 MWh of electricity in the case of applying photovoltaic panels. The amount of electricity consumed by the carwash is so large that mounting the panels on the whole available area will not provide the required amount anyway. Installation of photovoltaic installation on the premises of touchless car wash is justified in the case of connecting the installation to the public network, which was treated as a battery. The cost of maintaining such a battery is 20% of each stored kWh. As a result of the applied solutions, the CO2 emission will be reduced.

scholarly journals Techniques for Ensuring Fault Ride-Through Capability of Grid Connected DFIG-Based Wind Turbine Systems: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
M. Shuaibu ◽  
A.S. Abubakar ◽  
A.F. Shehu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Fault Ride Through

Renewable energy sources (RES) are being integrated to electrical grid to complement the conventional sources to meet up with global electrical energy demand. Among other RES, Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) have gained global electricity market competitiveness because of the flexible regulation of active and reactive power, higher power quality, variable speed operation, four quadrant converter operation and better dynamic performance. Grid connected DFIG-based WECS are prone to disturbances in the network because of direct connection of stator windings to grid. The ability of the Wind Turbine (WT) to remain connected during grid faults is termed the Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capability. The grid code requirement for integrating the DFIG-based WTs to power networks specified that they must remain connected and support the grid stability during grid disturbances of up to 1500 ms. The use of compensation devices offers the best FRT compliance thereby protecting the DFIG and the converters from voltage fluctuations and over currents during the grid fault. The paper presents a review of techniques employed in ensuring FRT compliance. The article also proposes the state-of-the-art techniques for compensating voltage sag/swell and limiting the fault short-circuit current. Keywords: Renewable energy sources, DFIG, wind turbine system, fault ride-through, grid codes, dual-functional DVR

scholarly journals Harnessing Renewable Energy at Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education – A Role Model Case

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelakandan T.R. ◽  
Pandiyarajan V ◽  
Shasi Anand Sridharan ◽  
Nagaraj Ramrao
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
The Impact

Global energy demand and environmental concerns are the driving force for the use of alternative sustainable and ecofriendly renewable energy sources. Solar energy is the inexhaustible and CO2 emission free energy source worldwide. It produces significant environmental benefits in comparison to the conventional energy sources, thus contributing to the sustainable development of human activities. It produces clean and renewable power from the sun and benefits the environment without causing air and water pollution. Alternatives to fossil fuels reduce carbon foot print across the globe reducing emission of greenhouse gases and become ecofriendly. Solar power has attracted the largest share of new investments in solar energy across the world. This research article shows light on the solar energy sources developed by Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (KARE) for the effective utilization of solar energy in the campus and its impact on the reduction in carbon foot print and also the impact of green vegetation as a source of carbon sink for an ecofriendly campus.

Renewable Energy in Italy

2011 ◽  
pp. 68-86
Author(s):  
Stefano Fanetti
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

Italy is a country where the energy supply depends largely on imported raw materials (such as oil and natural gas). The favorable geographic location could encourage the development of renewable energy sources; nevertheless, the growth of alternative energy sources is slow. What are the reasons? This question will be dealt in this chapter, considering three different aspects of the issue: the economic incentives for renewable energies, the problematic process of authorization of the facilities and the local communities’ opposition to new plants. Besides the analysis of these issues, the aim of this paper is to identify possible solutions, taking into account the relevant legislative and regulatory changes that, at national and Community level, have affected and are affecting the field of renewable energy.

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