scholarly journals URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF LENINGRAD IN THE 1920S-1930S

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Maria A. GRANSTREM ◽  
Milena V. ZOLOTAREVA
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Scale Construction ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Visual Identity ◽  
New Development ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
Architectural Principles

The study of the urban planning features of the development of Leningrad in the pre-war decade can serve to determine the preservation of the visual identity of urban planning ensembles of the historical and cultural heritage of the fi rst half of the 20th century. General plans 1935-1937 gave direction to design activities and large-scale construction in Leningrad for two decades. The basis of a systematic approach to the formation of the structure of the new development of Leningrad was the creation of a complex of urban planning ensembles that united the peripheral districts and focused on the traditions of Petersburg architecture. Are detected the architectural, compositional and spatial features of the organization of residential areas on the peripheral territory of Leningrad are being studied. The boundaries of the protection of ensembles and complexes of the 1920- 1930s, aimed at preserving the volumetric-spatial structure, as well as visual connections of the dominants and accents of the period under consideration, have been determined. The architectural principles of the formation and means of organizing the ensembles of the 1920s-1930s are revealed, the boundaries of the protection territories of objects are determined in the context of visual relationships.

scholarly journals Urban planning & mental health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamika Mishra ◽  
Richard Yu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Mental Health Outcomes ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Healthy City ◽  
Horticulture Therapy ◽  
The Impact

This paper explores the potential for the built environment to serve as a determinant of mental health for the aging population. The exploration of situational and environmental context factors for health, such as low SES, low social capital, and social isolation has been stressed in health promotion. Specifically, the presence of accessible green space and facilitated interaction with the green space through activities such as horticulture therapy have been shown to be particularly beneficial. The quality of green space, distance to residential areas, and other factors have also been linked to the impact of the presence of green space on mental health. Much evidence indicates that incorporation of this space in cities can result an improvement in mental health through increasing physical activity and decreasing stress. Horticulture therapy has shown to have a positive effect on variables linked to mental health outcomes in older adults. This suggests a potential for inclusion of gardening-based community programming for cities with aging populations. However, there is a need for additional studies to confirm the effect size and find additional causal mechanisms to understand correlations between improved mental health outcomes and green space. There is also a need to consider the ways in which there can be large-scale coordination of policies on urban planning and healthy city design in North America.

scholarly journals Regulation of the Large-scale Hydraulic Facilities Dam Territories Exploiting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Dynamic Impact ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

Analysis of the international experience of ensuring the safety of large hydraulic structures has shown high degree of the large-scale dam construction and operation on surrounding areas, far beyond the responsibility of hydropower engineers. It is nearly impossible to ensure the safety of these territories within the framework of the dam safety, the lack of regulations and approaches to ensure the security of these territories not only in Russia but also in other countries. It is proposed to introduce the object of state regulation “dam territory” within the boundaries of the established experimentally the most intense impact of a large GTS on the surrounding primarily geological environment, established in the framework of various scientific studies, including the author’s study of the temporal and spatial features of the dynamic impact of the working GTS on residential areas near the Zhigulevskaya HPP. A comparison of different possible approaches to the regulation of the operation of dams in the framework of existing legislation for the purpose of maximum use, such as departmental, territorial, basin, environmental approaches, analyzed the pros and cons of each approach. A comprehensive approach to the regulation of the operation of dams is proposed, making the most of the advantages of each approach and taking into account all the parameters of the impact of the dam on the surrounding areas.

scholarly journals Urban Densification of Large Housing Estates in the Context of Privatisation of Public Open Space: the Case of Imanta, Riga

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Sandra Treija ◽  
Uģis Bratuškins ◽  
Alisa Koroļova
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Housing Area ◽  
New Development ◽  
Large Housing Estates ◽  
City Model ◽  
Housing Estates

Abstract Urban regeneration with a view to efficient use of urban areas has been a strategy for urban development for decades. Densification is used as a planning approach to promote the implementation of the compact city model and to discourage urban sprawl. The central parts of the city are usually of high density, so the areas outside the city’s historic centre are seen as potential sites for urban densification. In many European cities large-scale residential areas built after the Second World War occupy a significant part of the territory outside of the city’s historic centres. Today, these housing areas are in most cases sleeping areas with great potential for development. Densification of urban areas outside of urban nuclei is not an easy task, and deals with a whole series of challenges. The paper examines the existing approaches focused on densification in large housing estates. In order to define the typical challenges of this process, the examples of infill developments in large housing area Imanta in Riga are analysed. The analysis of infill development in Imanta showed four possible approaches. Some approaches contribute to the improvement of public space for neighbourhood inhabitants in general, still some approaches tend to isolate the new development and inhabitants from the surrounding territory.

Methods of Network Planning and Management when Implementing Territory Planning Projects

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-54
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Planning And Management ◽  
Planning Project ◽  
Complex Process

The success of the Program of housing stock renovation in Moscow depends on the efficiency of resource management. One of the main urban planning documents that determine the nature of the reorganization of residential areas included in the Program of renovation is the territory planning project. The implementation of the planning project is a complex process that has a time point of its beginning and end, and also includes a set of interdependent parallel-sequential activities. From an organizational point of view, it is convenient to use network planning and management methods for project implementation. These methods are based on the construction of network models, including its varieties – a Gantt chart. A special application has been developed to simulate the implementation of planning projects. The article describes the basic principles and elements of modeling. The list of the main implementation parameters of the Program of renovation obtained with the help of the developed software for modeling is presented. The variants of using the results obtained for a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of large-scale urban projects are proposed.

scholarly journals Urban Policies and Large Projects in Central City Areas: The Example of Madrid (Spain)

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Dolores Brandis García
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central City ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Urban Policies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The City

Since the late 20th century major, European cities have exhibited large projects driven by neoliberal urban planning policies whose aim is to enhance their position on the global market. By locating these projects in central city areas, they also heighten and reinforce their privileged situation within the city as a whole, thus contributing to deepening the centre–periphery rift. The starting point for this study is the significance and scope of large projects in metropolitan cities’ urban planning agendas since the final decade of the 20th century. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the correlation between the various opposing conservative and progressive urban policies, and the projects put forward, for the city of Madrid. A study of documentary sources and the strategies deployed by public and private agents are interpreted in the light of a process during which the city has had a succession of alternating governments defending opposing urban development models. This analysis allows us to conclude that the predominant large-scale projects proposed under conservative policies have contributed to deepening the centre–periphery rift appreciated in the city.

scholarly journals Large-Scale Object Monitoring in Internet-of-Things: Energy-Efficient Perspectives

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Yongbin Yim ◽  
Euisin Lee ◽  
Seungmin Oh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Node Density ◽  
Mobile Objects ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Energy Efficient Communication ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
Architectural Principles

Recently, the demand for monitoring a certain object covering large and dynamic scopes such as wildfires, glaciers, and radioactive contaminations, called large-scale fluid objects (LFOs), is coming to the fore due to disasters and catastrophes that lately happened. This article provides an analytic comparison of such LFOs and typical individual mobile objects (IMOs), namely animals, humans, vehicles, etc., to figure out inherent characteristics of LFOs. Since energy-efficient monitoring of IMOs has been intensively researched so far, but such inherent properties of LFOs hinder the direct adaptation of legacy technologies for IMOs, this article surveys technological evolution and advances of LFOs along with ones of IMOs. Based on the communication cost perspective correlated to energy efficiency, three technological phases, namely concentration, integration, and abbreviation, are defined in this article. By reviewing various methods and strategies employed by existing works with the three phases, this article concludes that LFO monitoring should achieve not only decoupling from node density and network structure but also trading off quantitative reduction against qualitative loss as architectural principles of energy-efficient communication to break through inherent properties of LFOs. Future research challenges related to this topic are also discussed.

scholarly journals Prevention of Mountain Disasters and Maintenance of Residential Area through Real-Time Terrain Rendering

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2950
Author(s):  
Su-Kyung Sung ◽  
Eun-Seok Lee ◽  
Byeong-Seok Shin
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Graphics Processing Units ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sampled Data ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Terrain Rendering ◽  
Mountain Disasters

Climate change increases the frequency of localized heavy rains and typhoons. As a result, mountain disasters, such as landslides and earthworks, continue to occur, causing damage to roads and residential areas downstream. Moreover, large-scale civil engineering works, including dam construction, cause rapid changes in the terrain, which harm the stability of residential areas. Disasters, such as landslides and earthenware, occur extensively, and there are limitations in the field of investigation; thus, there are many studies being conducted to model terrain geometrically and to observe changes in terrain according to external factors. However, conventional topography methods are expressed in a way that can only be interpreted by people with specialized knowledge. Therefore, there is a lack of consideration for three-dimensional visualization that helps non-experts understand. We need a way to express changes in terrain in real time and to make it intuitive for non-experts to understand. In conventional height-based terrain modeling and simulation, there is a problem in which some of the sampled data are irregularly distorted and do not show the exact terrain shape. The proposed method utilizes a hierarchical vertex cohesion map to correct inaccurately modeled terrain caused by uniform height sampling, and to compensate for geometric errors using Hausdorff distances, while not considering only the elevation difference of the terrain. The mesh reconstruction, which triangulates the three-vertex placed at each location and makes it the smallest unit of 3D model data, can be done at high speed on graphics processing units (GPUs). Our experiments confirm that it is possible to express changes in terrain accurately and quickly compared with existing methods. These functions can improve the sustainability of residential spaces by predicting the damage caused by mountainous disasters or civil engineering works around the city and make it easy for non-experts to understand.

scholarly journals Greenspace and depression in Japanese Older Adults considering physical activities: JAGES study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Nishigaki ◽  
C Koga ◽  
M Hanazato ◽  
K Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Local Climate

Abstract Introduction Older adult's depression is a public health problem. In recent years, exposure to local greenspace is beneficial to mental health via increased physical activity in people. However, few studies approach the relationship between greenspace and depression while simultaneously considering the frequency, time, and the number of types of physical activity, and large-scale surveys targeting the older adults. Methods Cross-sectional data conducted in 2016 by the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study was used. The analysis included older adults aged 65 and over who did not require care or assistance, and a total of 126,878 people in 881 School districts. The explanatory variable is the percentage of the greenspace of the area, and the greenspace data used is data created from satellite photographs acquired by observation satellites of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The objective variable was depression (Geriatric Depression Scale 5 points or more). The analysis method was a multi-level logistic regression analysis. Physical activity was the number of sports-related hobbies, the frequency of participation in sports meetings, and walking time in daily life. Other factors such as personal attributes, population density of residential areas, and local climate were also considered. Results Depression in the survey was 20.4%. The abundance of greenspace was still associated with depression, considering all physical activity. The odds ratio of depression in areas with more greenspace was 0.92 (95% CI 0.87 - 0.98) compared to areas with less greenspace. Conclusions It became clear that areas with many greenspace were still associated with low depression, even considering the frequency, time and number of physical activities. It is conceivable that the healing effect of seeing greenspace, the reduction of air pollution and noise, etc. are related to the lack of depression without going through physical activity. Key messages In Japan, older adults are less depressed when there are many local greenspace. It became clear that areas with many greenspace were still associated with low depression, even considering physical activities.

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