scholarly journals Further studies on the effect of fat supplementation of concentrates fed to lactating dairy cows. II. Total digestion and energy utilization.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. van der Honing ◽  
S. Tamminga ◽  
B.J. Wieman ◽  
A. Steg ◽  
B. van Donselaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Milk Storage ◽  
Fat Digestibility

For wether sheep given 300 g hay and 800 g concentrates the addition of fat (beef tallow:palm kernel oil 9:1) to concentrates at 7 or 12% tended to decrease crude fibre digestibility and increased crude fat digestibility. For 2 rumen-fistulated cows given concentrates containing 7% fat, or 12% fat free or adsorbed on carrier, and 2 cows with fistulae and reentrant duodenal cannulae given concentrates with 12% fat in rations with hay:concentrate 1:2, there were no significant differences between diets in the digestibility of any nutrient; fat digestibility was decreased at feed intakes above maintenance, particularly with the 12% fat concentrates. The use of a carrier in the 12% fat concentrates did not affect nutrient digestibilities for sheep or cows. Inclusion of fat in concentrates increased the metabolizability of sheep diets but there were no significant differences among cattle diets, although methane losses tended to decrease as fat content increased. Additional energy from fat tended to be retained rather than used for milk yield. ME utilization for milk, storage and maintenance was 61-62.5%, tending to be highest with the 12% adsorbed fat. [See DSA 45, 5398 for part I.] (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Further studies on the effect of fat supplementation of concentrates fed to lactating dairy cows. 3. Effect on rumen fermentation and site of digestion of dietary components.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-258
Author(s):  
S. Tamminga ◽  
A.M. van Vuuren ◽  
C.J. van der Koelen ◽  
H.M. Khattab ◽  
L.G.M. van Gils
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nitrogen Flow ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Fat Digestion ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Dietary Components

Fat-supplemented concentrates were given to dairy cows with rumen and duodenal cannulae, and the effect on rumen fermentation and site of digestion of dietary components was studied. Treatments were feeding concentrates supplemented with 7% fat (treatment C7), supplemented with 12% fat (treatment C12) and supplemented with 12% fat adsorbed on a carrier (treatment C12C). Small but significant changes in rumen fermentation characteristics such as pH, total VFA (volatile fatty acids) and NGR (non-glucogenic/glucogenic ratio) were observed with treatments C12 and C12C as compared with treatment C7. Numbers of protozoa were severely reduced with treatments C12 and C12C, but not with treatment C7. Site of digestion of organic matter and energy was affected by treatments C12 and C12C but this could be attributed to increased postruminal fat digestion. Total digestion and site of digestion of carbohydrate fractions (crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, starch, sugars) were not affected by fat supplementation. Recovery of hydrogen in CH4 actually measured was close to 90% of that estimated from the rumen fermentation balance. Nitrogen flow to the small intestine was not affected by replacing part of the carbohydrates by fat, indicating an increased efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen when fat was increased. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

The effects of concentrate energy source on silage feeding behaviour and energy utilization by lactating dairy cows offered grass silages with differing intake characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. J. Keady ◽  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Concentrate Energy ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Concentrate Energy Source

AbstractThe effects of concentrate energy source on feeding behaviour and energy utilization, when offered with grass silages of differing intake characteristics, were studied in lactating dairy cows. A total of five silages, which differed in fermentation and intake characteristics, were prepared. Silages A, B and D and silages C and E were harvested from primary regrowths and secondary regrowths respectively of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards. Herbage was ensiled either pre-wilted or unwilted and either untreated or treated with a bacterial inoculant or formic acid based additives. Five concentrates (0s, 25s, 50s, 75s and 100s) were formulated to contain similar concentrations of crude protein, effective rumen degradable protein and metabolizable energy (ME) but using different carbohydrate sources to achieve a wide range of starch concentrations. The silages were offered ad libitum, supplemented with 10 kg concentrates per head per day. In experiment 1, a partially balanced change-over design experiment involving 50 lactating dairy cows was undertaken to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on silage feeding behaviour. Silages A, B, C, D and E were each supplemented with concentrates Os, 25s, 50s, 75s and 100s. Concentrate energy source did not alter (P > 0·05) silage feeding behaviour. The number of meals per day decreased (P < 0·01) as silage dry-matter concentration increased. Experiment 2, a completely randomized experiment involving 18 lactating dairy cows, was undertaken to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on energy utilization with cows offered silages B, C and D. These were supplemented with 10 kg/day of concentrates Os, 50s and 100s. Concentrate energy source had little effect (P > 0·05) on ME intake, energy output or on the efficiency of utilization of ME for lactation (k1). In experiment 3, the effect of concentrate energy source on silage preference was examined in a factorial design experiment involving 12 lactating dairy cows. Silages B, C and D were supplemented with concentrates Os, 50s and 100s. Concentrate energy source did not alter (P > 0·05) silage preference. It is concluded that with silages of differing fermentation and intake characteristics but of similar digestibility, concentrate energy source had no effect on feeding behaviour, silage preference or energy utilization. Furthermore there was no evidence of concentrate energy source by silage type interactions on silage feeding behaviour and preference, or energy utilization.

Relationship between milk storage characteristics and the short-term response of dairy cows to thrice-daily milking

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Dewhurst ◽  
C. H. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Milk Storage ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Storage Characteristics ◽  
Term Response

AbstractTwenty lactating dairy cows were used to investigate the relationship between the site of milk storage in the udder and the short-term response to thrice-daily milking. Cisternal and alveolar milk volumes were measured 8 h after an ordinary morning milking by catheter drainage and machine milking with oxytocin respectively. The response to thrice-daily milking was assessed using a half-udder technique and the relative milk yields quotient (RMYQ). Over the first 7 days, both halves were milked twice daily (8/16 h intervals) and milk yields over the final 4 days of this period were higher for left fore/right hind (LF/RH) (12·4 (s.e. 0·85) kg/day) than for RF/LH (10·5 (s.e. 0·63) kg/day) which was milked after LF/RH throughout the experiment. Over the following week, LF/RH quarters were milked an additional time (8/8/8 h intervals) and yields over the final 4 days were increased (15•7 (s.e. 0·95) kg/day) compared with control quarters (9·8 (s.e. 0·73) kg/day). In a final 4-day period, animals were milked twice daily and half udder yields were 13·1 (s.e. 0·89) kg/day and 10•6 (s.e. 0·77) kg/day respectively. Differences between yields from the two halves of the udders were highly significant in all 3 weeks of the experiment (P < 0·001). Cistern milk yield as a proportion of total milk yield at 8 h (cistern proportion) averaged 0·170 (s.e. = 0·0275; range 0·020 to 0·334) and tended to be greater for multiparous (0·215, s.e. 0·0279) than for primiparous animals (0·118, s.e. 0·0437; P = 0·076). During the periods of twice-daily milking, the proportion of milk yielded from LF/RH quarters was not significantly related to cistern proportion (P = 0·70 and 0·43 for weeks 1 and 3 respectively). However the response to thrice-daily milking, assessed as RMYQ, was significantly related to cistern proportion both when changing up to, and down from, thrice-daily milking (P < 0·01). Animals with low cistern proportions showed larger responses to thrice-daily milking. There was a significant relationship (P < 0·05) between the responses on changing up to, and down from, thrice-daily milking. Primiparous animals tended to exhibit smaller declines on returning to twice-daily milking than multiparous animals with equivalent responses to thrice-daily milking.

Effect of paddy straw plus non-forage fibre sources based complete feeds containing different levels of neutral detergent fibre on digestibility coefficients of nutrients in lactating dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biju Chacko ◽  
K.M. Syam Mohan ◽  
K. K. Shyama, K.S. Anil and C.T. Sathian Ally ◽  
K. Shyama ◽  
K.S. Anil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Different Levels

A study of six months duration was conducted to assess the effect of paddy straw based complete rations containing different levels of NDF on digestibility coefficients of nutrients in lactating dairy cows, in two phases, viz., early and mid lactation. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric complete rations, T1, T2 and T3 with 25, 30 and 35 per cent NDF, respectively were formulated as per ICAR (1998). Paddy straw was the sole source of roughage NDF, with the rest of NDF being met from non-forage sources, in all the three rations. Eighteen dairy cows yielding approximately 10 kg of milk per day were divided into three groups of six each, and allotted to the three experimental rations. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in digestibility coefficients of nutrients such as dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, nitrogen free extract, NDF and energy, among the dietary treatments, in both phases I and II. However, the digestibility coefficient of acid detergent fibre was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in T2 and T3 than T1, with T2 and T3 being similar (P>0.05), in both the phases. A thorough evaluation of the results obtained in the present study, reveal that the animals in all the three dietary treatments performed well, with the complete rations T3 with 35 per cent NDF and T2 with 30 per cent NDF showing better performance than T1 with 25 per cent NDF. Between T2 and T3 which were more or less comparable, the cows fed on the diet T3 had a higher digestibility for NDF, ADF and crude fibre, indicating that T3 was better than T2. These results suggest that complete rations with 25 to 35 per cent NDF, containing paddy straw as the sole source of roughage NDF, with the rest of NDF being met from non-forage sources, can be recommended for use among early and mid lactation dairy cows, with 35 per cent being the ideal NDF level.

Rumen and post-rumen digestion in lactating dairy cows fed fat from three sources

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 91-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.K. Reynolds ◽  
D. J. Humphries ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
B. Lupoli ◽  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rape Seed ◽  
Oil Seeds ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Energy Supplements ◽  
Supplemental Fat

Whole oil seeds represent an alternative to many commercial rumen-protected fat sources as energy supplements in rations for lactating dairy cows. Rumen protection reduces the potential for negative effects of unsaturated fatty acids on fibre digestion, but the structure of many whole oil seeds are thought to reduce the reactivity of their fat in the rumen. Cotton seed is often imported for inclusion in UK dairy rations, but rape seed represents a home grown oil seed which has potential as an economical fat and protein source in UK dairy rations. However, the seed must be crushed or chemically treated to be digested effectively and crushing may liberate oil to the extent that rumen digestion is altered. In a 20 week lactation study, supplemental fat from rumen-protected fat, cotton seed and rape seed fed at 25 g/kg dry matter (DM) in a grass-silage based total mixed ration (TMR) increased milk yield to a similar extent. However, DM intake was reduced by cotton seed and milk protein was reduced by rumen-protected fat (Reynolds et al., 1998). These responses may reflect alterations in digestive function, thus the objective of the present study, conducted simultaneously to the lactation study, was to evaluate the effects of the same diets on rumen, postrumen and total digestion in lactating dairy cows.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF CORN CONDENSED DISTILLERS SOLUBLES (CCDS) ON RATION DIGESTIBILITY. NITROGEN/ENERGY UTILIZATION AND RUMEN FLUID CHARACTERISTICS OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
A. B. I. Udedibie ◽  
L. E. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Condensed Distillers Solubles ◽  
Balance Trials

Digestion and Balance trials were conducted with 18 lactating dairy cows in their 7-8 weeks of lactation using 7 day total collection to determine nitrogen and energy balance and digestibility of ration nutrients by lactating dairy cows fed three levels (0.8 and 16%) of corn condensed distillers solubles (CCDS). Cows were fed treatment rations for 4 weeks before collection. Following digestion and balance trials, rumen fluid samples were collected esophagially before feeding and 3 hours after feeding to determine the influence of CCDS on rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids. Corn condensed distilers solubles significantly (P<0.05) improved the digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber and ether extract but depressed the digestibility of the ash. Apparent nitrogen retention was significantly (P <0.05) lower for animals on 8% CCDS ration. There were no significant differences in energy utilization among groups. Corn condensed distilers soluble did not significantly affect rumen pH, but depressed rumen ammonia nitrogen. On molar percentage basis, animals on the 8% CCDS ration had significantly (P< 0.05) higher acetate in the rumen 3 hours after feeding. Other VFA remained relatively unaffected by treatments.  

Effect of forage digestibility and type of concentrate on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cattle

1995 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick J. Gordon ◽  
Michael G. Porter ◽  
C. Sinclair Mayne ◽  
Edmund F. Unsworth ◽  
David J. Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Forage Digestibility ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
High Starch

SummarySix lactating dairy cows were used in a three period, part balanced changeover design experiment to investigate the effects of forage digestibility and concentrate composition on the efficiency of nutrient utilization in lactating dairy cows. Six treatments comprising three forage regimens and two concentrate types (starch υ. fibre) were examined in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The three forage regimens were high digestibility grass silage offered ad lib. (HA) or restricted to 6·5 kg dry matter/d (HR) and a low digestibility grass silage offered ad lib. (LA). Within each forage regimen animals were offered 10 kg·d of supplements containing either high-starch or high-fibre concentrations. Experimental periods lasted 28 d with a 10 d recording period, during which animal performance, ration digestibility and nitrogen and energy utilization were measured. Respiratory exchange measurements were made over a 72 h period using indirect open-circuit calorimetry. Throughout the experiment, there were no significant forage × concentrate interactions in any of the intake, production or nutrient utilization results. Milk yield was significantly influenced by forage regimen (24·1, 21·7 and 21·9 kg/d for HA, HR and LA respectively) and concentrate type (21·6 and 23·5 kg/d for high-starch and high-fibre respectively). Concentrate type also significantly influenced milk protein concentration (32·8 and 30·9 g/kg for high-starch and high-fibre respectively). Forage regimen significantly influenced the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) for milk production (κ1) with values of 0·62, 0·64 and 0·59 for HA, HR and LA respectively. Concentrate type had no significant effect on ME intake, heat production or κ1, although animals receiving the high-fibre concentrates synthesized proportionately 0·11 more milk energy per unit of available energy (ME intake – heat production) than those receiving the high-starch concentrates. Interpolation of the values obtained with the two high digestibility forage regimens indicated that at similar ME intakes there was a trend towards a higher κ1 with the diet based on high digestibility silage, and this was in line with the higher metabolizability of the overall diet with this silage.

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