scholarly journals Black Death, “Industrial Revolution” and Paper Age collapse

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
John A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
English Language ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Poor People ◽  
World Population ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
The World

This essay discusses first English and then world economic history, starting with the Black Death of 1348–1400AD. When the English population and wealth both increased after 1400, the structure of English development by the year 1700 became a little bit like a spiral, this paper says. The aggregate size of wealth increased, but there was little commensurate change in the distribution of wealth. The eighteenth-century English elite absorbed the elites of Wales and Scotland, and then the Protestant elite of Ireland. Then, on the same model of absorption, an English-speaking elite later came to dominate world wealth. As the world population increased in the early modern period, and as aggregate wealth increased apace, the distribution of world wealth became approximately what the distribution of wealth had been in England in 1700. A tiny group of very wealthy people had controlled the wealth of England in 1700. In the late twentieth century, the English elite absorbed the world elite many of whom adopted the English language and much of English culture. They often sent their children to study in Britain or America. Now this tiny elite group, English in language and usually English in culture, controls much of the wealth of the world while at the same time the ongoing increase in population has produced a huge number of very poor people.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Poverty Reduction in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mhlanga
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Poor People ◽  
World Population ◽  
Stanford University ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Institutions

Though the share of the world population living in extreme poverty declined to 10 percent in 2015, from 16 percent in 2010 and 36 percent in 1990, data shows that the world is not on track in achieving the target of less than 3 percent of people living in extreme poverty by 2030. Hence the study sought to investigate the influence of AI on poverty reduction. Using content analysis one of the unobtrusive research techniques, the study found out that, the availability of relevant data is making AI be able to deliver value to humanity and AI has a strong influence on poverty in areas of relevant data collection through poverty maps, its ability to revolutionize agriculture, education, and the financial sector through digital financial inclusion. The study also discovered that many countries especially developing nations are not collecting as much data to identify the number of poor people and the regions where these people are located. However, the existence of AI is assisting to change this, or instance the study discovered that the research team at Stanford University is using satellite images to provide an alternative to map poverty, to identify the regions where poverty is more concentrated. Also, various robotics and AI programs such as Google and Stanford University’s Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence Lab, are coming forth with AI programs in agriculture which are doing a lot to improve farming, through the identification of diseases, prediction of crop yields, and location of areas prone to a scarcity among several other notable signs of progress in education. Therefore, the study recommends that governments, development institutions and other organizations that are striving to fight poverty to invest more in AI as well as adopting and scaling up its use as it presents benefits in the quest to ensure that poverty is reduced.

scholarly journals CO2 Valorization and Its Subsequent Valorization

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Cecilia ◽  
Daniel Ballesteros Plata ◽  
Enrique Vilarrasa García
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
World Population ◽  
Anthropogenic Co2 ◽  
The World ◽  
Co2 Valorization

After the industrial revolution, the increase in the world population and the consumption of fossil fuels has led to an increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions [...]

African Population Growth and Politics

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Yohannis Abate
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Small Population ◽  
African Population ◽  
World Population ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The World ◽  
Year 2000

The population of Africa in 1977 is estimated to be 423 million, which is about 10.3 percent of the world population. For a quarter of the world’s land area, that is a small population.Africa’s share of world population declined between 1650 and 1920, partly because the population of Europe and the Americas was increasing gradually through factors associated with the Industrial Revolution, and partly because of the ravages of the slave trade and the European colonial pacification measures. Since the 1920s, however, Africa’s population has been growing fast, and its share of world population could reach 13 percent by the year 2000.

The Motivation to Not Cooperate

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Samuel Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The World ◽  
European Standards

This chapter analyzes how Europe historically underdeveloped much of the world. Europe had been growing endogenously during the last few centuries of the Middle Ages. However, its big break came from the discovery of the Americas. Mexico and Peru had supplies of silver far in excess of anything available in Europe. The Spanish seizure of the Mayan and Aztec kingdoms provided Europe with a vast supply of silver currency that led to one of the greatest monetary expansions in economic history. This financed both a substantial improvement in European standards of living and a substantial increase in European military power. The chapter then looks at how the Europeans treated Java, the economic center of ancient Indonesia, as well as India. When the Industrial Revolution came, Britain developed factory textiles, which threatened to bankrupt the rest of the world's textile makers. Most of the world that was not colonized responded to the British threat by putting tariffs on English textiles. Soon all of those nations had their own textile factories and were able to compete in the world clothing market on a level playing field.

scholarly journals A Review of Gregory Clark's A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World

2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 946-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C Allen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Preventive Check ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

A Farewell to Alms advances striking claims about the economic history of the world. These include (1) the preindustrial world was in a Malthusian preventive check equilibrium, (2) living standards were unchanging and above subsistence for the last 100,000 years, (3) bad institutions were not the cause of economic backwardness, (4) successful economic growth was due to the spread of “middle class” values from the elite to the rest of society for “biological” reasons, (5) workers were the big gainers in the British Industrial Revolution, and (6) the absence of middle class values, for biological reasons, explains why most of the world is poor. The empirical support for these claims is examined, and all are questionable.

scholarly journals Asian Economic Development

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-133
Author(s):  
Keith B. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Six Nations ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

Nearly three-fourths of the poor people of the world live in Asia. Of these, more than a third live in the six countries of Burma, Ceylon, India, Malaya, Pakistan and Thailand. All these nations, except Thailand (which was merely in the British sphere of influence), are former colonies of the British Empire. Thus, from several points of view, it would be of interest to read a description of the economic progress these countries have experienced during the last two decades. Cranley Onslow has attempted to provide us with a volume which does just that [1]. His book is divided into two parts. Part I contains six essays by distinguished Asian economists, each discussing the recent economic history of his country. The remaining quarter of the book consists of a long essay by the editor in which he tries to compare the six nations and derive some implications for development policy. This is clearly the least successful part of the volume.

Industrialization and Sport

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wray Vamplew
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Sports Facilities ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Spectator Sport ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Equipment Manufacture

This chapter considers three main aspects of sport and industrialization. First, it challenges the conventional wisdom that the British Industrial Revolution was the catalyst for the development of modern sport in Britain and that subsequently Britain’s industrialization led to the cultural export of sport to the rest of the world. In doing so it critiques Guttmann’s theory of modernization in sport; unravels the various influences of industrialization, urbanization, and commercialization; and notes several different models of sport development that emerged around the world. Second, it examines the economic history of sport becoming an industry itself, looking at equipment manufacture, gate-money spectator sport, the role of the professional player, and the various objectives of the entrepreneurs involved. Finally, it considers sport in the industrial workplace, particularly the motives of employers who provided sports facilities for their workers. It emphasizes that sport was often offered to both male and female employees.

scholarly journals Bangla DeConverter for Extraction of BanglaText from Universal Networking Language

Information ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Ali ◽  
Rahman ◽  
Sorwar
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
World Population ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Universal Networking Language

The people in Bangladesh and two states (i.e., Tripura and West Bengal) in India, which is about 230 million of the world population, use Bengali as their first dialect. However, very few numbers of resources and tools are available for this language. This paper presents a Bangla DeConverter to extract Bangla texts from Universal Networking Language (UNL). It explains and illustrates the different phases of the proposed Bangla DeConverter. The syntactic linearization, the implementation of the results of the proposed Bangla DeConverter, and the extraction of a Bangla sentence from UNL expressions are presented in this paper. The Bangla DeConverter has been tested on UNL expressions of 300 Bangla sentences using a Russian and English Language Server. The proposed system generates 90% syntactically and semantically correct Bangla sentences with a UNL Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) score of 0.76.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Extreme Poverty in Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmore Mahembe ◽  
Nicholas M. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Poor People ◽  
World Population ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract This paper aims to analyses the trends and dynamics of extreme poverty in developing countries. The study attempts to answer one critical question: has the world achieved its number one Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of reducing extreme poverty by half by 2015? The methodology used in this study mainly involves a descriptive data analysis during the period 1981-2015. The study used the World Bank’s US$1.90 a day line (popularly known as $1 a day line) in 2011 prices to measure the level of absolute poverty. In order to analyze the dynamics of poverty across different regions, the study grouped countries into five regions: i) sub-Saharan Africa; ii) East Asia and the Pacific; iii) South Asia; iv) Europe and Central Asia; and v) Latin America and the Caribbean. The study found that in 1990, there were around 1.9 billion people living below US$1.90 a day (constituting 36.9 percent of the world population) and this number is estimated to have reduced to around 700 million people in 2015, with an estimated global poverty rate of 9.6 percent. The world met the MDG target in 2010, which is five years ahead of schedule. However, extreme poverty is becoming increasingly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA), where its depth and breadth remain a challenge. SSA remains the poorest region, with more than 35 percent of its citizens living on less than US$1.90 a day. Half of the world’s extremely poor people now live in SSA, and it is the only region which has not met its MDG target.

Economic History, Institutions, and Institutional Change

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Striking Change ◽  
Ancient Times

Until recently the discipline of economic history was concerned mostly with the Industrial Revolution and the period since. A large majority of the research and writing focused on Great Britain, western Europe, and the United States. There has been a striking change in the last three decades. Economic historians today are much more interested in the earlier periods: the early modern and medieval eras and even the ancient economies of the Old World. They have been gathering empirical materials and employing various theories to make sense of the evolution of these economies. Equally important, there has been a resurgence in the studies of developing regions of the world. Global economic history, focusing on all regions of the world and their interconnectedness since ancient times, is on its way to becoming a major field of study. Even the Industrial Revolution, the most central event of economic history, is being studied and reinterpreted today not as a British or even western European event but as a breakthrough resulting from many centuries of interaction between Europe and the rest of the world.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document