scholarly journals Types of Information Processes in Expert Activities

Russian judge ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Olga S. Zalivokhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Separate Type ◽  
Information Processes ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Expert Practice ◽  
Communicative Activity

The article is devoted to a separate type of information processes of forensic science. The author reveals the essence, content and relationship of the processes of interpretation, communication and processing of information in relation to expert practice. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop the doctrine of the means and forms of communicative activity in the production of forensic examinations and information processes within the framework of the general theory of forensic examination.

scholarly journals THEORY OF FORENSIC EXPERTOLOGY IN THE SYSTEM OF LAW

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Nina Klymenko
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Forensic Expertise ◽  
Science Theory ◽  
Special General ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
Expert Science ◽  
Relationship Of

The article deals with the concept of a general theory of forensic expertology, the conditions for its creation, the place of forensic expert science in the system of legal sciences, the limits of its subject matter, the issues of interaction and the relationship of the science of forensic science and forensic expertology. The system and structure of the general theory of forensic expertology and its tasks are given. Separate articles of the Criminal Procedure, Civil Procedure, Administrative, Economic, Customs and Other Codes of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Forensic Expertise” of 1994 and the constitutional confirmation (article 92, paragraph 14 of the Constitution of Ukraine) of the legislative provision of forensic expertise are the further legal basis development of legal, organizational and managerial directions of forensic expertology. Forensic expertology does not only preserves the “birthmarks” of forensic science, but also, in turn, influences the dialectics of the development of the subject of forensic science and the content of its scientific fields (forensic techniques, forensic tactics and forensic methos). In particular, it requires clarifying the well-established view of the unity of forensic techniques for the investigator and expert. The first is made to collect “trace information”, the second is used for its in-depth study based on special knowledge in order to turn it into evidence-based information. Different goals are provided with different means of content. It is more accurate to raise the question of interaction, the “docking” of two, although closely related, but independent branches of scientific and technical means serving justice. The tasks of the general theory of forensic expertise (expert studies) are similar to the tasks of forensic science. They can be divided into general and special. General task is the creation of a scientific base for the purpose of the functioning and development of the industry of the use of special knowledge in examinations for the needs of legal proceedings, assistance in the fight against crime and other offenses, resolution of civil law disputes. Special task is the study of the laws of formation and development of specific types of forensic expertises, the expansion of their capabilities; development and improvement of expert technologies, tools, methods and techniques; the formation of the scientific foundations of new types of forensic expertises in connection with the emergence of new objects (computer, art history, etc.); developing expert crime prevention measures; development of an automated workplace software (AWS) for an expert of various types of research, study and implementation of advanced expert experience; forecasting expert practice processes and research tasks. Specific tasks are the up-to-date tasks that the practice puts before so the science of expert science to meet the needs that have arisen. Key words: forensic expertology, forensic expertise, legal science, theory.

scholarly journals On the Issue of Expert Terms in Forensic Linguistics

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
V. О. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Forensic Psychology ◽  
Basic Sciences ◽  
Forensic Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Terms ◽  
Legal Provision ◽  
Legal Concepts ◽  
Expert Practice

The article addresses the problem of using a deliberative category of “expert terms” in forensic linguistics. The issue is related to the questions of the relations between the linguistic and legal terms standing for so-called speech offenses and the use of legal concepts when wording expert tasks and conclusions. Basing on the understanding of the concept “expert terms” of the general theory of forensic science and the provisions of the theory of expert terms of forensic psychology under which the expert terms hold the position between legal and basic sciences’ concepts, an attempt is made to contemplate theoretically the category of “expert terms” as applied to the forensic linguistics. The article also shows the algorithm for developing forensic linguistic terms depending on the wording of a legal provision on examples from expert practice.  

scholarly journals Expert prevention: concept, subject and object

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-243
Author(s):  
Nataliya Filipenko ◽  
Oleksandr Snigeryov
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Expert Theory ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
Empirical Material ◽  
Specific Expertise

This article analyzes the conceptual foundations, views and ideas on understanding the essence of expert prevention. Essence of expert prevention lies in the influence of relevant subjects on crime through the use of specific expertise. That means that subject of forensic examination of each kind and type should be attributed to the study of circumstances on the basis of which scientific, organizational and technical measures of a preventive nature can and should be developed. The empirical prerequisites for the emergence and development of forensic research have been investigated: accumulation of empirical facts in the theory of forensic science and other sciences, manifestation of integration processes. Formation of theoretical and applied foundations of private theory of expert prevention. The concept and structure of the private theory of expert prevention, its place and role in the theory of forensic science and judicial examination are considered. It is noted that the study of the current state of the theory and practice of private expert theory has allowed to establish that it has a common beginning and justification. Private theory of expert prevention as a system of interconnectedness includes: idea, principles, great empirical material, which is the cornerstone of the theory, general and specific tasks, functions and goals of the theory, etc. On the basis of the conducted analysis it is proved that the principles of a systematic approach and construction, which provide its structure, connection with the general theory of forensic examination and the general theory of criminology, a combination of theoretical and applied (practical) researches serve as a justification for the creation of a private theory of expert prevention. It is emphasized that the formation of the theory of expert prevention is the need to create this theory in order to successfully combat crime specific expertise using. The relation between the concepts of "general forensic theory" and "private theory of expert prevention" has been investigated, since ambiguity of both scientific understanding and practical application is one of the main problems that cannot be overcome in the forensic research of the phenomenon of expert prevention. appropriate conceptual categorical apparatus.

scholarly journals Correspondence between the Terms and Defnitions of the International Standard ISO 21043-1-2018 and Terminology Developed by National Forensic Expertology

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
E. V. Chesnokova
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Legal System ◽  
International Communication ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Forensic Practice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Forensic Expert ◽  
Expert Practice

The issue of developing a uniform language for international communication in the feld of forensic science is considered. The matters of relative maturity of domestic forensic expert terminology and peculiarities of translated terms usage in forensic expertology and forensic practice are discussed. The concept of expertise subject formulated by modern leading scientists is analyzed, the conclusion is made about the subject of forensic examination as a process of establishing facts and circumstances, the purely applied nature of the concept, as well as the similarity to the defnition of expertise in the ISO international standard. Specifc examples are given. The need to translate some foreign standards into Russian and to adjust and implement several of their provisions in domestic legal system and expert practice to standardize forensic and expert activity is emphasized.

scholarly journals Developing the Language of the General Theory of Forensic Science

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
O. A. Krestovnikov
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Forensic Expert ◽  
Logical Semantic ◽  
Semantic Processes ◽  
Expert Practice

We know from experience that the language of the general theory of forensic science, like any science, is an extremely complex and diverse phenomenon. This language is characterized by specific “constructs” that arise as a result of specialized activity and can be effectively applied not only in the context of the conceptual theoretical framework of forensic science, but also by enforcement professionals in their daily practice. In order to ensure clarity, accuracy and accessibility of expressions in the language of the general theory of forensic science, to avoid polysemy of terms, vagueness and ambiguity of their content, and equivocality of expressions, special attention should be paid to the logical semantic processes in terminology inherent in this language. At the same time, questions need to be raised and addressed about the development of a general concept of terminological activity and the need to regulate and standardize both domestic and international terminology used in forensic expert practice.

scholarly journals REGARDING RELATION BETWEEN CLASSIFICATION OF FORENSIC SCIENCE GENERAL THEORY TASKS AND PRACTICAL FORENSIC ACTIVITY (Review Article)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
A. Polianskyi ◽  
G. Juodkaite-Granskiene
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Science Theory ◽  
Forensic Practice ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

The article analyzes conceptual foundations, views and ideas as to understanding of the essence of the classification of forensic science general theory tasks. The main views of scientists concerning classification of forensic examination typical tasks are analyzed. Information is established by examining properties of individual objects or characteristics of several objects interaction process. Special (individual) tasks of the forensic science general theory include: research on the development and formation of forensic examination types, expansion of the scope of their practical application; design of the latest types and kids of forensic examinations in connection with the emergence of modern facilities or improvement of methods and techniques existing in forensic practice; modernization of software for an expert workstation; improvement of the practical activities of forensic experts and emergence of scientific research innovative tasks in the field of forensic science; planned enhancement of existing scientific knowledge and improvement of general and individual theories of forensic science; development (taking into account current realities) of methods and techniques for assessing an expert conclusion. Having analyzed the trends in the development of individual theories of forensic science and forensic practice, we suggest to supplement the outlined special tasks of forensic science theory with the following: development of systemic links between state and non-state entities of forensic activity; development and rationalization of organizational foundations of forensic activity, including the development of an individual rating of a particular forensic expert and of a forensic science institute in general. It has been proved that a scientifically grounded classification of forensic science general theory tasks and general tasks of practical forensic activity increases efficiency of forensic activity implementation, helps to identify and investigate crimes, to establish circumstances to be proved in a particular case in the manner stipulated by a corresponding procedural legislation of Ukraine.

Forensic Examination as the Main Form of Using Special Knowledge in the Civil and Arbitration Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Sergey A. VORONIN
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Classification Task ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
Main Form ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Arbitration Process ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Research Facilities

Considering the classification of forensic examinations, it is necessary to consider the classification task of a General theory of judicial examination of common problems and practical forensic activities. This article reveals the full extent of the use of special knowledge from the expert during the examination in civil and arbitration process. Deals with the practical tasks of forensic activities, problems of the theory examination and the classification of expert tasks in the civil and arbitration process. It is interesting to consider another classification of expert tasks – the level of elaboration of methods of their solution. On this basis the tasks are divided into standard (algorithmization) and custom (heuristic, creative). Algorithmically the process of solving standard tasks are presented in the form of a developed and scientifically based techniques of expert research facilities – techniques of forensic examinations. It is interesting to consider another classification of expert tasks – the level of elaboration of methods of their solution. On this basis the tasks are divided into standard (algorithmization) and custom (heuristic, creative). Algorithmically the process of solving standard tasks are presented in the form of a developed and scientifically based techniques of expert research facilities – techniques of forensic examinations.

scholarly journals Some remarks concerning finitely Subadditive outer measures with applications

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Knight
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Outer Measure ◽  
Additive Measure ◽  
Finitely Additive Measure ◽  
Set Functions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
General Method

The present paper is intended as a first step toward the establishment of a general theory of finitely subadditive outer measures. First, a general method for constructing a finitely subadditive outer measure and an associated finitely additive measure on any space is presented. This is followed by a discussion of the theory of inner measures, their construction, and the relationship of their properties to those of an associated finitely subadditive outer measure. In particular, the interconnections between the measurable sets determined by both the outer measure and its associated inner measure are examined. Finally, several applications of the general theory are given, with special attention being paid to various lattice related set functions.

scholarly journals Digital Forensic Science: A Manifesto

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S Olivier
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Forensic Sciences ◽  
Digital Forensic ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
The Family

Forensic examination of evidence holds the promise of making claims about the truth of certain propositions with the inherent accuracy and reliability that characterises scientific endeavours. The propositions may relate to the artefacts examined or related artefacts. The nature of propositions about which claims can be made depend on the extent to which given propositions fall within the ambit of scientific knowledge and on the extent to which the examined evidence is suitable for the application of established science. A continuing series of incidents illustrate that in many forensic disciplines that promise is not met — often because some branch of forensic science happen to not being scientific at all. In fact, serious assessments of forensic science have shown that many (if not most) branches of forensic science are not scientifically valid. Digital forensic science is one of the newest members of the family of forensic sciences. A number of reasons for concern exist that it is following in the footsteps of its more established footsteps and repeating many of the mistakes of those other branches of forensic science. This viewpoint is written in the form of a manifesto that is situated in the current discourse about digital forensic science and practice. If challenges the current developments in digital forensic science by positing a number of demands that digital forensic science have to meet to be deemed scientific. The demands are posited as necessary, but not sufficient to ensure that digital forensic science uses science to contribute to justice. Appropriate responses to the manifesto is a change in digital forensic developments or an informed debate about the issues raised in the manifesto.

scholarly journals LEGAL NATURE OF THE TERM OF PRECIOUS STONES IN FORENSIC EXAMINATION: PROBLEMS AND WAYS FOR THEIR RESOLUTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Baranov ◽  
R. Kirin ◽  
S. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Regulation Of Activity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Precious Stones

The article addresses general issues of applying the regulatory adopted term “precious stones” regarding forensic examination practice in Ukraine, including in the field of subsurface resources management and gemological evaluation of jewelery. It is shown that domestic legal framework requires to introduce a separate law on gemstones circulation taking into account general principles of property valuation and consumer rights protection. The Article Purpose is to formulate an author’s contribution to the analysis of problems connected with disclosure of gemstones legal nature in the field of forensic science and the development of proposals for their possible overcoming. The necessity in special legal regulation of activity on mining, production, use, storage of gemstones and manufactures thereof, forensic examination and control over operations with it, is defined by intensity of its circulation as well as by the character of legal objects: their rarity in nature, high cost, easy falsification, and, consequently, by increased attention from fraudsters and criminals. The current situation demands to adopt corresponding regulatory measures aimed at ensuring valuables economic use, protecting gemstone consumers from fraud, preventing the use of valuables while legalizing acquired illegally funds. According to the authors, the article outlines three components of which legal nature of a stone is formed in forensic science: 1) the meaning content in which the term “precious stones” is used in gemological legislation; 2) criteria which are the basis of gemstones classification; 3) unambiguity and clarity of definitions associated with gemstones in forensic legislation. The term “gemstones” in forensic science has subsidiary meaning, since in this case the stone cost should possess a dominant meaning as an object of forensic gemological analysis. Existing gemological classifications are not of modern scientific and practical interest, as the lack of a gemstone cost indicator makes them declarative in terms of forensic science. Forensic gemological analysis should be guided by the requirements of gemological, forensic and procedural branches of legislation, and precious stones acting as its object should be considered as property (goods) which is characterized by specific signs of a physical, economic and legal nature as well as an identifier.

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