scholarly journals The Practicality of OR-IPA Learning Model to Improve Critical Thinking Skill of Prospective Physics Teachers

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Binar Kurnia Prahani ◽  
Budi Jatmiko ◽  
Zainal Arifin Imam Supardi ◽  
Munasir M ◽  
Utama Alan Deta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
Physics Teachers ◽  
Physics Courses ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Subject

The Indonesian National Qualification Framework in higher education requires universities to develop a curriculum that makes students have superior competence with a variety of skills that are in line with the demands of the 21st century, including Critical thinking skills. The main objective of this research is to analyze the practicality of the OR-IPA learning model, which has been developed by design to improve the critical thinking skill of prospective physics teachers on the fundamentals of physics courses. The subject of practical observations was a physics lecturer who used the OR-IPA learning model. The observation sheet of the OR-IPA learning model practicality has been declared valid and reliable by the validators. The data analysis technique uses descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the OR-IPA learning model to improve the critical thinking skill of prospective physics teachers was considered practical (3.69). Lecturers and students can use the OR-IPA learning model without significant obstacles. This research implies that the OR-IPA learning model can be an alternative to improve the critical thinking skill of prospective physics teachers in the fundamentals of physics courses.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS 5 PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN DI SD MUHAMMADIYAH KAUMAN TAHUN 2016/ 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Tri Siwi Septiana ◽  
M. Ragil Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Subject ◽  
5Th Grade

This study aims to improve students' critical thinking skills in Civics in 5th grade students of SD Muhammadiyah Kauman, Yogyakarta using Problem Based Learning model. This research is a Classroom Action Research (PTK). The subjects of the study were 5th grade students of B1 SD Muhammadiyah Kauman. The object of research is the whole process and the results of learning Civics with the application of Problem Based Learning model. This research was conducted at SD Muhammadiyah Pakel Yogyakarta in April until May 2017. Data collection techniques used were observation, diary, interview and test. Data analysis technique is done descriptively qualitative. This research was conducted in 2 cycles by applying problem based learning model. The learning steps that were implemented were changes in the delivery of the subject matter, the students analyzed the problem, the formation of the discussion group with the grouping of students based on their achievement, the students in group for discussion, the group members delivered the discussion result in front of the class.The results showed that the critical thinking ability of the 5th grade students of B1 SD Muhammadiyah Kauman, Yogyakarta increased after the use of Problem Based Learning model in Civics learning with the subject matter of the example of central and regional legislation. This improvement is evident in the improvement of students' critical thinking skill test result from 12.90% pretreatment score to 51.61% (enough) in cycle I and increased to 70.96% (good) in cycle II. The results of activity observations related to students' critical thinking skills are increased among others: active students in learning, students more freely in finding and collecting desired information, and students also have more opportunities to learn with friends.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PROBLEM BASED LEARNING TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN REGULASI DIRI SISWA KELAS V

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pricilla Anindyta ◽  
Suwarjo Suwarjo
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Class E

<p class="E-JOURNALTitleEnglish">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) perbedaan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan regulasi diri siswa antara kelas yang diajar dengan menggunakan <em>problem based leaning</em> dan kelas yang diajar dengan menggunakan pembelajaran ekspositori dan (2) pengaruh penerapan <em>problem based learning</em> terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis, dan regulasi diri siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen semu. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas V SD Santo Vincentius Jakarta. Pada kelas eksperimen, pembelajaran IPA dilaksanakan dengan model <em>problem based learning</em>, sedangkan pada kelas kontrol dengan  pembelajaran yang biasa digunakan oleh guru yaitu pembelajaran ekspositori. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah (1) tes untuk mengukur keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa ditinjau dari aspek kognitif, (2) skala perilaku untuk mengukur keterampilan berpikir kritis ditinjau dari aspek perilaku dan regulasi diri siswa. Analisis data menggunakan (1) statistik deskriptif untuk mendeskripsikan data keterampilan berpikir kritis dan regulasi diri siswa, dan (2) statistik infe-rensial dengan menggunakan uji t sampel bebas dan uji MANOVA untuk menguji hipotesis penelitian dengan taraf signifikansi 5% (α = 0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) terdapat perbedaan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa yang signifikan antara kelas yang diajar dengan menggunakan <em>problem based leaning</em> dan kelas yang diajar dengan menggunakan pembelajaran ekspositori, dengan nilai sig. 0,040; (2) terdapat perbedaan regulasi diri siswa yang signifikan antara kelas yang diajar de-ngan menggunakan <em>problem based learning</em> dan kelas yang diajar dengan menggunakan pembelajaran ekspositori, dengan nilai sig. 0,005; (3) penerapan <em>problem based learning</em> berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis dan regulasi diri siswa, dengan nilai sig 0,021.</p> <p class="E-JOURNALAbstrakKeywords"><strong>______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</strong></p> <p class="E-JOURNALAbstrakTitle"><strong>THE EFFECT OF APPLYING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING TO CRITICAL THINKING SKILL AND SELF-REGULATION OF 5<sup>TH</sup> GRADERS<br /></strong></p><p class="E-JOURNALAbstrakTitle"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p> <p class="E-JOURNALAbstractBodyEnglish">The objective of this research is to know: (1) the difference between the student’s critical thinking skills and self regulation of the classes taught using problem based learning and expository learning, and (2) the effect of applying problem-based learning to student’s critical thinking skill and self-regulation. This research is a quasi-experimental research study. The population of this research is all 5th graders of St. Vincentius, Jakarta. In the experimental class, science study was done by problem-based learning model, while in the control class by expository learning model. The instruments used are (1) a test to measure students’ critical thinking skill reviewed from the cognitive aspect, (2) a scale of behavior to measure critical thinking skill reviewed from the behavioral aspect and students’ self-regulation. Data analysis used (1) descriptive statistics to describe the data of students’ critical thinking skill and self-regulation, and (2) inferential statistic by using independent sample t-test and MANOVA test to test the hypothesis of research with the significance level of 5% (α = 0,05).The results of this reseach have shown that: (1) there is a difference between the student’s critical thinking skills of the classes taught using problem based learning and expository learning, with sig 0.040; (2) there is a difference between the student’s self regulation of the classes taught using problem based learning and expository learning, with sig 0.005; (3) the application of problem-based learning positively and significantly influences students’ critical thinking skill dan self regulation, with sig 0.021.</p> <strong>Keywords</strong>: problem-based learning, expository learning, critical thinking skill, self-regulation.<br />

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PROYEK TERHADAP PENGUASAAN KONSEP DITINJAU DARI KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS PADA MATA KULIAH OPTIK

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Samsun Hidayat ◽  
Susilawati Susilawati ◽  
Harry Soeprianto
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Project Based Learning ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Academic Year

This study was aimed to analyzethe effect of project based learning model to understanding concepts  and critical thinking skills in optics lecture at undergraduate student of Physics Educational Program of IKIP Mataram in academic year 2013/2014. This study included in quasi experiment with posttest onlycontrol group design. All of 75 populations are included as sample. The datawere analyzed with multivariate analysis (MANOVA).The conclusion can be stated based on analysis result is (1) project based learning model having an effect on understandingconcepts of undergraduate students ((Fcal = 37,88 > Ftable = 3,91), with pvalue<0,05. (2) project based learning model having an effect on critical thinking skill of undergraduate students ((Fcal = 5,47 > Ftable = 3,91), with pvalue<0,05. (3) project based learning model having an effect on both understandingconcepts and critical thinking of undergraduate students ((Fcal = 34,86 > Ftable = 3,91), with pvalue<0,05.

scholarly journals The Development of Module to Increase Critical Thinking Skill

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Fertilia Ikashaum
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Minimum Standard ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
The Subject

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana mengembangkan modul matematika serta efektifitasnya ditinjau dari kemampuan berpikir kritis matematis siswa. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VII SMP IT Bina Insani Metro. Penyusunan modul dilakukan berdasarkan panduan penyusunan modul dari Depdiknas 2008. Hasil validasi menunjukkan bahwa modul telah memenuhi standar kelayakan isi, media, dan bahasa. Hasil uji coba awal menunjukkan bahwa modul termasuk dalam kategori baik. Hasil uji terbatas dalam penelitian ini berupa modul matematika pada materi segitiga dan segi empat. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui tes berpikir kritis matematis. Hasil uji efektivitas menunjukkan siswa telah memenuhi kriteria ketuntasan minimal dalam kemampuan berpikir kritis matematis. Kata kunci: berpikir kritis, modul Abstract This research aimed to find out how to develop mathematics modules and its effectiveness in terms of critical thinking skills of mathematics. The subject of this research was students of VIIth grade of SMP IT Bina Insani Metro. The preparation of the module was done based on the guidelines on programming modules from Depdiknas, 2008. The result of validation indicate that the module has a standard feasibility of content, media, and languages. The results of the initial trials showed that the modules included in well category. The result of limited tests in this study was a math module on triangles and rectangles materials. The research data was obtained by the test of mathematical critical thinking. The results of effectiveness showed that students have completed a minimum standard in the ability of critical thinking of mathematics.

scholarly journals Development of Physics Modules in OASIS-Based Work and Energy Subjects to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Ability

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Ariyani ◽  
Jeffry Handhika ◽  
Erawan Kurniadi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Addie Model ◽  
Work And Energy

<p class="JIPIAbstractBodyEnglish">This development research has a goal delevoping OASIS based module with the subject of work and energy to increase critical thinking skills of students. The development module contains the subject of work and energy, Oriented activities from an OASIS learning model (Orientation, Analysis, Synthesis, Investigation, Synergy), examples and exercises. The limited ADDIE model procedure which includes analysis, design, development, implementation. The development module is validated by 10 material and media experts. The results of validation are calculated using CVR and CVI calculations. CVI score of material experts is 0,8 and CVI score of media expers is 0,82, both of which are very suitable criteria. N-gain test was conduted in small classes to know the increase critical thinking skills of students. The n-gain result of critical thinking skill test was 0,66 in moderate category. Pretest homogenity test with Sig 0,535 and posttest homogeneity with Sig 0,678 greater than alpha 0,05. Meanwhile pretest normality test with Sig 0,638 and posttest normality test with Sig 0,180 greater than alpha 0,05. The t test paired sample test to know there’s an average difference in pretest and posttest , the value Sig 0,000 smaller than alpha 0,05. Meanwhile the result of student responses showed 73,3% in good category. In conclusion, effectiveness of the application of an OASIS based physics module is able to increase critical thinking skills of students.</p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: </em><em>Module, OASIS Based, Critical Thinking Skill</em></p>

scholarly journals Penerapan Model Introduction Connection Application Reflection Extention (ICARE) Dipadu Modul Pembelajaran Berbasis Konstruktivisme Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Dan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-481
Author(s):  
Liza Utami ◽  
Hafnati Rahmatan* ◽  
Hasanuddin Hasanuddin ◽  
Cut Nurmaliah ◽  
Khairil Khairil
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
Learning Modules

Critical thinking skill plays an important role in achieving maximum learning outcomes. The lack of involvement in critical thinking skills activities impacts students’ learning outcomes. This study aims to analyze whether the ICARE learning model application combined with constructivism-based learning modules can improve students' critical thinking skills and learning outcomes. The research method is an experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. This study was conducted in MAN 4 Aceh Selatan and MAS Ashhabul Yamin Aceh Selatan during the even semester (2020/2021 Academic Year) with the population of 196 students of science class XI. The research sample was 119 students, namely the experimental group 58 and the control group 60. The parameters measured are critical thinking skills and learning outcomes. Data on critical thinking skills and learning outcomes were analyzed by parametric statistics using an independent sample t test, while to observe the correlation of critical thinking skills with learning outcomes was conducted through correlation and regression analysis. The results showed that there was an increase in critical thinking skills and student learning outcomes after being taught using the application of the ICARE learning model combined with constructivism-based learning modules on the respiratory system material. The correlation coefficient obtained is 0.832 which indicates there is a positive relationship between critical thinking skills and learning outcomes with strong interpretations. The conclusion of this study is that the application of the ICARE learning model combined with constructivism-based learning modules can improve students’ critical thinking skills and learning outcomes on respiratory system material. Keywords: ICARE, Constructivism, Critical Thinking Skill, Learning Outcomes.

scholarly journals STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICAL THINKING SKILL VIEWED FROM CURIOSITY THROUGH PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING MODEL ON INTEGRAL CALCULUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Zetriuslita Zetriuslita ◽  
Rezi Ariawan
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Integral Calculus

This study aims to find out the improvement of students’ mathematical critical thinking viewed from curiosity through teaching materials with Problem Based Learning model. This is quasi-experimental research. The samples are, where the overall population consists of 75 samples divided into two classes.  This research employed a simple random sampling technique.  The instruments were the mathematical critical thinking skill test and curiosity questionnaire. The technique of data collection was carried out with test and non-test techniques. The data were analyzed through a two-way Anova test. Based on the analysis and interpretation of the research findings, it was found that: there was an improvement in students’ mathematical critical thinking skill from High curiosity by using teaching materials with Problem Based Learning model; 1) There was an improvement from  Average curiosity through learning with Integral Calculus teaching materials; 2) There was an improvement from Low curiosity; 3) There was no improvement from the level of curiosity (High,  Medium,  Low) through Problem-based Learning. 4) There was no influence between the level of curiosity and learning in improving students’ mathematical critical thinking skills. Do more in-depth studies related to improving mathematical critical thinking skills by reviewing other affective aspects

scholarly journals Penerapan Problem Based Learning untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Desy Triana Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Study Plan

The classroom action research is based on lack of student critical thinking skill has an impact result of learning. This study aims to analyze teacher and students’ activities, to improve students’ critical thinking skills and student response by applying Problem Based Learning model to the APBN and APBD materials in Development on eleventh grade of Social Major 3 in 1st Senior High School Puri Mojokerto. This study was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle uses the stages of study plan (planning), implementation (acting), observation (observing), and reflection (reflecting). The instruments used were a post-test to determine the ability to think critically and an observation sheet to find out the teacher's activities, the students' activities and students' responses to the application of Problem Based Learning model. The result showed that the students' critical thinking skills increased from 50% in cycle 1 to 87.5% in cycle 2. Furthermore, the teacher activity showed an increase from 74,76% in cycle 1 to 91.9% in cycle 2. While the students' activity also experienced an increase from 78.19% in cycle 1 to 84.57% in cycle 2, and the students' response reached 89.06%. Therefore, it can be concluded that based on the results, the application of Problem Based Learning model can increase students' critical thinking skills.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV SD PADA SUBTEMA KEINDAHAN ALAM NEGERIKU

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1019
Author(s):  
Ari Wariyanti
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design

ABSTRACTThis research aims to know the effect of inquiry learning model toward critical thinking skill and learning result of fourth grade student of Elementary School. The type of research is experiment research with form of research is pretest-posttest control group design. The research data was obtained as follows:  the ttest score (13,539) > ttable (1,686) and mean score in experiment class is 91,2500 higher than the critical thinking skills of students in the control class 57,7083. So, there are effect of inquiry learning model toward student’s critical thinking skill. As for the second hypothesis testing was shown with ttest score (4,459) > ttable (1,686) with mean score in experiment class is 87,5000 higher than student’s learning results in control class 75,7500. So, there are effect of inquiry learning model to student’s learning result. Based on the discussion of research results, it can be concluded that inquiry learning model has an effect to student’s critical thinking skills and student’s learning result in significant. Keywords: Inquiry Learning Model, Critical Thinking Skills, Learning Result. ABSTRAK                                                                                          Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran inkuiri terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SD.  Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian eksperimen dengan desain penelitian pretest-posttest control group design. Data hasil penelitian yang diperoleh sebagai berikut: nilai thitung (13,539) > ttabel (1,686) dan nilai mean pada kelas eksperimen sebesar 91,2500 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kemampuan berpikir kritis  siswa pada kelas kontrol yaitu sebesar 57,7083. Jadi, ada pengaruh model pembelajaran inkuiri terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa. Sedangkan untuk pengujian hipotesis kedua menunjukkan nilai thitung (4,459) > ttabel (1,686) dengan nilai mean pada kelas eksperimen sebesar 87,5000 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hasil belajar siswa pada kelas kontrol yaitu 75,7500. Jadi, ada pengaruh model pembelajaran inkuiri terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Berdasarkan diskusi hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran inkuiri berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa dan hasil belajar siswa secara signifikan. Kata-kata Kunci: model pembelajaran inkuiri, kemampuan berpikir kritis, hasil belajar.

scholarly journals UPAYA PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN HASIL BELAJAR TEMATIK MELALUI MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) KELAS V SD

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-375
Author(s):  
Wahyu Purnaningsih ◽  
Stefanus Christian Relmasira ◽  
Agustina Tyas Asri Hardini
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Model Problem ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Data Collection Technique

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Hasil Belajar dengan melalui penerapan model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL). Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas(PTK) dengan subyek penelitian yaitu siswa kelas V SDN Tegalrejo 01 yang berjumlah 28 siswa yang terdiri dari 13 siswa laki-laki dan 15 siswa perempuan. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi observasi, studi dokumen, tes dan non tes. Teknis analisis data yang digunakan berupa deskriptif kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini terdiri dari dua siklus: (1) siklus I dari penerapan model Problem Based Laerning pada kemampuan berpikir kritis dengan rata-rata 58,57%, selanjutnya untuk hasil belajar rata-rata sebesar 71,57%; (2) siklus II tindak lanjut dari kelemahan dan kekurangan dalam siklus pertama, pada tahap ini  hasil kemampuan berpikir kritis meningkat sebesar 76,19%%, selanjutnya untuk hasil belajar rata-rata sebesar 82,68%. Berdasarkan ulasan tersebut dapat disimpulkan penerapan model Problem Based Laerning dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar siswa.   ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to improve Critical Thinking Skill and Learning Result through Problem Based Learning (PBL) model. The type of the research used is Class Action Research and the subject of the research is 28 students of grade V of SDN Tegalrejo 01, consist of 13 male students and 15 female students. The data collection technique include observation, document study, test and non test. The data analysis technique used are descriptive quantitative and descriptive qualitative. The result of the research consist of two cycles: (1) cycle 1 Problem Based Learning application on critical thinking skills with the average of 58, 57% and for learning result 71,57%; (2) cycle 2 follow up from the weakness and shortage of the first cycle, in this stage the critical thinking skill average increase in the amount of 76,19%, and for learning result increase with the average of 82,68%. Based on the review, it can be concluded that the use of the Problem Based Learning model can improve the students' critical thinking skill and learning result.  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document