scholarly journals The First and Second Gostiny Dig Sites in Tobolsk

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-100
Author(s):  
O.M. Anoshko
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Porcelain Ware ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Commercial Housing ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Tea Ceremony

This article continues a series of papers dedicated to introducing in the scientific discourse materials ob-tained during archaeological investigations of the cultural layer of Tobolsk — the main city of Siberia during the Russian colonization. In the course of investigation of the First and Second Gostiny dig sites, laid at the walls of Gostiny Dvor, there were recorded 24 structures of residential and economic purposes, dated to the period from the 17th to the 19th centuries on the basis of planigraphic and stratigraphic analyses and finds. The residential timber structures were single-storeyed, with saddle notch type corners (“v oblo”) with tails. Beside the houses, there were root cellars. A representative collection of finds is related to the houses: animal bones; breakage of stoneware, chinaware, and glassware; fragments of terracotta, enameled, and polychrome tile, as well as objects made of bone, leather, bark, and wood, mainly dated to the 17th — beginning of the 19th century. The most common mate-rial, amounted to several thousand items, was represented by pottery shards — pots, ewers, jars, and pans, which were used for food cooking, food storage, as well as for other everyday purposes. The porcelain ware is associated with the tea ceremony and is mainly represented by fragments of saucers, and sometimes those of drinking cups, bowls, and teapots. By the provenance, two groups of the porcelain have been identified — Chi-nese and Russian, with characteristic makers marks and patterns. The collection of iron items consists of knives, bridle bits, door hinges, latches, nails, hooks, and fragments of scissors. The leather footwear is represented by one-piece leather-hide shoes, high boots, and shoes with iron heeltaps. Another category of the finds is represented by bone combs, which were ordinarily used not only by women, but also by men. The numismatic collection com-prises 36 Russian coins and a counter pfennig struck in the workshop of Johann Adam Dietzel (master 1746–1768) in Nuremberg. The copper articles are represented by five baptismal cross pendants and by a find unique for the Siberian region — a gilded panhagia of a copper alloy with a sliding finial, several liturgical inscriptions, and images, including those of the Crucifixion, the Holy Trinity of the Old Testament, and the Mother of God of the Sign. In ge-neral, the archaeological materials of the digs show that this quarter of the uptown of Tobolsk was part of the resi-dential and commercial housing of the town, while its residents had a relatively high level of material wellbeing.

Сирия (аш-Шам) в системе османских владений (XVI – начало XX в.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Zhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

Аннотация В статье рассматривается роль и место Сирии (включая Ливан и Палестину) в системе османских владений на протяжении нескольких веков от османского завоевания до периода правления султана Абдул-Хамида II. В течение четырех столетий османского владычества территория исторической Сирии (Билад аш-Шам) была одним из важнейших компонентов османской системы и играла роль связующего звена между Анатолией, Египтом, Ираком и Хиджазом. Необходимость ежегодной организации хаджа с символами султанской власти и покровительства над святынями Мекки и Медины определяла особую стратегическую важность сирийских провинций Османской империи. Несмотря на ряд серьезных угроз во время общего кризиса османской государственности (конец XVI начало XIX вв.), имперскому центру удалось сохранить контроль над Сирией путем создания сдержек и противовесов между местными элитами. В XIX в. и особенно в период правления Абдул- Хамида II (18761909 гг.), сохранение Сирии под османским контролем стало вопросом существования Османской империи, которая перед лицом растущего европейского давления и интервенции потеряла большую часть своих владений на Балканах и в Северной Африке. Задача укрепления связей между имперским центром и периферией в сирийских вилайетах в последней четверти XIX в. была в целом успешно решена. К началу XX в. Сирия была одним из наиболее политически спокойных и прочно связанных со Стамбулом регионов Османской империи. Этому в значительной степени способствовали довольно высокий уровень общественной безопасности, развитие внешней торговли, рост образования и постепенная интеграция местных элит (как мусульман, так и христиан) в османские государственные и социальные механизмы. Положение Сирии в системе османских владений показало, что процесс ослабления и территориальной дезинтеграции Османской империи в эпоху реформ не был линейным и наряду с потерей владений и влияния на Балканах, в азиатской части империи в течение XIX и начала XX вв. происходил параллельный процесс имперской консолидации.Abstract The article examines the role and place of Greater Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the system of Ottoman possessions over several centuries from the Ottoman conquest to the period of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. For four centuries of Ottoman domination, the territory of historical Syria (Bilad al-Sham) was one of the most important components in the Ottoman system and played the role of a link between Anatolia, Egypt, Iraq and Hijaz. The need to ensure the Hajj with symbols of Sultan power and patronage over the shrines of Mecca and Medina each year determined the special strategic importance of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Despite a number of serious threats during the general crisis of the Ottoman state system (late 16th early 19th centuries), the imperial center managed to maintain control over Syria by creating checks and balances between local elites. In the 19th century. And especially during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (18761909), keeping Syria under Ottoman control became a matter of existence for the Ottoman Empire, which, in the face of increasing European pressure and intervention, lost most of its possessions in the Balkans and North Africa. The task of strengthening ties between the imperial center and the periphery in Syrian vilayets in the last quarter of the 19th century was generally successfully resolved. By the beginning of the 20th century, Syria was one of the most politically calm and firmly connected with Istanbul regions of the Ottoman Empire. This was greatly facilitated by a fairly high level of public safety, the development of foreign trade, the growth of education and the gradual integration of local elites (both Muslims and Christians) into Ottoman state and social mechanisms. Syrias position in the system of Ottoman possessions clearly showed that the process of weakening and territorial disintegration of the Ottoman Empire during the era of reform was not linear, and along with the loss of possessions and influence in the Balkans, in the Asian part of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a parallel process of imperial consolidation.

Archaeological Materials of Eneolithic Settlements in Forest-Steppe Zone of the Volga Region: A Source for Diet and Chronology

Radiocarbon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1587-1596
Author(s):  
A Korolev ◽  
M Kulkova M ◽  
V Platonov ◽  
N Roslyakova ◽  
A Shalapinin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Settlement Site ◽  
First Time ◽  
Comprehensive Studies

ABSTRACTThe study the diet of Eneolithic populations is of great interest to archaeologists. However, the studies undertaken in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Volga region in Russia have left many issues unsolved. Data collected recently through the comprehensive studies of Lebyazhinka VI settlement enable us to change this situation. Of particular importance at this settlement site is good preservation of animal bones, bone fishing tools, and ceramics of the same type with food crusts and connected to a large house pit. For the first time in this geographical area, bones of domestic animals were found in the fill of a dwelling. The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained through comprehensive studies of diet and economy in the Eneolithic based on the materials from Lebyazhinka III and Lebyazhinka VI settlement sites. The main results of the archaeozoological analysis— determinations of species, age and size of the animals—provide the necessary data for studying the diet. We conclude that there are differences between Lebyazhinka III and Lebyazhinka VI settlements. Lebyazhinka III settlement included bones of only wild species, however, Lebyazhinka VI settlement consists of wild and domestic species.

The Horn of the Unicorn

Antiquity ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 27 (105) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humphrey Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Middle Ages

Though everyone now agrees that the unicorn never existed, this unanimity is quite recent. All through the 19th century there were periodic reports of its presence in darkest Africa or on the Asiatic steppes, and hopes that it would turn out to be a reality died hard. But if there never was such a creature why did the men of the Middle Ages believe in it so firmly and depict it so often? As Christians it was incumbent on them to do so, for it was mentioned in the Old Testament and, therefore, must be real. Its presence there was due to the authors of the Septuagint, the Hellenised Jews who, at Alexandria, in the centuries between the city's foundation and the Christian era, translated their sacred books from Hebrew into Greek and on seven occasions used the word μονόκερως (Greek for unicorn).

scholarly journals St Maxim the Greek: Some notes on his understanding of the sacred time

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 329-368
Author(s):  
Neža Zajc
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

St Maxim the Greek: Some notes on his understanding of the sacred timeBased on a manuscript by St Maxim the Greek, this article explores his specific under­standing of the relationship between language and biblical tradition. It gives some answers to questions concerning his theology, which are posed by his liturgical experience of the sacred time, which is based not on repeating the excerptions from the patristic authors, but is primarily founded on his accurate reading and in-depth perception of the Holy Bible. Maxim the Greek, who in his personal writings showed a detailed knowledge of both the Old Testament and Sla­vonic biblical texts, was thus not only able to separate the canonical from the non-canonical sacred texts, but also successfully classified the Christian teachings according to ethical value, from the Old Testament prophets to the apostles and the Church Fathers. With his hierarchy he also gave meaning to the ontological-eschatological dimension (three levels – appropriate to the Holy Trinity) of their spiritual efforts. His knowledge, which also reflects the precise understanding of dogmatic theological decisions of the first ecumenical church councils, ranks highest the learning that comes directly from the Son of God, which Maxim the Greek experienced through his theological-liturgical prayer practice.Maxim found theologically unambiguous formulations which most profoundly deter­mined the specific nature of his personal theology in the Byzantine hymnography dedicated to the Mother of God. All the mentioned facts lead the author to the further explore his specific Old Church Slavonic language, in which he managed to preserve not only the early Christian mentality but also the theological-liturgical characteristics of the ascetic and later monastic discipline that he learned in the monastery of Vatopedi at the Holy Mount Athos. The article concludes with the proposition that only through detailed study of the personal language of St Maxim the Greek can we arrive at a definition of his Theology. Św. Maksym Grek. Kilka uwag o jego rozumieniu czasu świętegoArtykuł poświęcony jest specyficznemu rozumieniu związku języka i tradycji biblijnej w manuskrypcie św. Maksyma Greka. Proponuje odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczącego jego teologii, jakie zostały zawarte w jego liturgicznym doświadczeniu świętego czasu, które nie polega na odtwarzaniu ekscerpcji z autorów patrystycznych, lecz jest przede wszystkim oparte na właściwym odczytaniu i dogłębnym rozumieniu Biblii. Maksym Grek, który w swoich pismach osobistych wykazuje szczegółową wiedzę na temat zarówno Starego Testamentu, jak i słowiańskich tekstów biblijnych, posiada umiejętność oddzielenia nie tylko tekstów kanonicznych od niekanonicznych, ale także z powodzeniem klasyfikuje nauki chrześcijań­skie zgodnie z ich wartością etyczną, od proroków Starego Testamentu do apostołów i Ojców Kościoła. Hierarchią tą nadaje także znaczenie wymiarowi ontologiczno-eschatologicznemu (trzy poziomy – właściwe Świętej Trójcy) ich wysiłków duchowym. Wiedza, która ujawnia się również w precyzyjnym rozumieniu decyzji dogmatycznych pierwszych ekumenicznych sobo­rów Kościoła, sytuuje najwyżej bezpośrednią naukę płynącą od Syna Bożego, której Maksym Grek doświadczył dzięki teologiczno-liturgicznej praktyce modlitewnej.W bizantyńskiej hymnografii odnajduje on jednoznaczne sformułowania teologicznie, poświęcone Matce Boskiej, które najdobitniej określają specyfikę jego osobistej teologii. Wszystkie wspomniane fakty wiodą do dalszych badań jego charakterystycznego języka staro-cerkiewno­-słowiańskiego, w którym stara się zachować nie tylko wczesną mentalność chrześcijańską, lecz także teologiczno-liturgiczne cechy ascetycznej, a później monastycznej, dyscypliny, której nauczył się w monastyrze Vatopedi na Świętej Górze Atos. Artykuł stawia tezę, że tylko szczegółowe badania języka św. Maksyma Greka pozwalają na zdefiniowanie jego teologii.

scholarly journals The dramatization of the Holy Week in Švėkšna church in the first half of the 19th century

Menotyra ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Giniūnienė
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
Death Of Jesus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Church Art ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The article for the first time analyses the decoration parts of the Christ’s tomb of the second halfof the 18th century found a few years ago in Švėkšna church. The Christ’s tomb from the oldchurch was transferred to the  new church, which was built in 1804 and used until the  4thdecade of the 19th century. On the basis of the sources and remained fragments we can statethat this was a complicated structure of the Paschal decoration designed under the Europeanbaroque scenery principles. It was composed of the paintings on boards and canvas and mis-cellaneous accessories. The  Christ’s tomb paintings are characterised by a  symbolic allegoriccontent and artistry. The prophets of the Old Testament and characters the New Testamentreflecting the Paschal Triduum liturgy were depicted in the decoration. The survived outlinepaintings of Adam and Eve in Paradise, Noah waiting for the Saviour, and Angels Lamentingover the Death of Jesus are the exceptional iconography images in the Lithuanian church art.The decorations of the Christ’s tomb were created by the professional masters who decoratedthe churches in Samogitia in the second part of the 18th century. The images of suffering anddead Jesus used in the figuration of the Paschal Triduum influenced the spread of the Passionscenes. This is supported by an interesting archival fact about the shrine with a group of sculp-tures depicting the tomb of Christ in the Švėkšna churchyard.The fragments of the Paschal decorations in the Švėkšna church are important baroque scen-ery exhibits, which are valuable for the history of the Lithuanian church art and scenography.The investigation of the Holy Week figuration in the Švėkšna church is a valuable illustrationof this multidimensional cultural, religious and artistic phenomenon.

scholarly journals ECOLOGIA HUMANA: O PRESSUPOSTO DA ÉTICA NA PRESERVAÇÃO DO MEIO AMBIENTE BREVE HISTÓRIA SOBRE ORIGENS E CONCEITOS DO MOVIMENTO AMBIENTALISTA

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (112) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Pedro Celso Campos
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Saint Augustine ◽  
Deep Ecology ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
The Media ◽  
Saint Francis ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Arne Næss ◽  
Arne Naess

Antigos documentos revelam que a preocupação com a ecologia não é fato recente. Há referências até mesmo no Antigo Testamento. Há intervenções sublimes de Santo Agostinho, Francisco de Assis, Erasmo de Roterdam. Mais recentemente, no séc. XIX, debate-se a “ecologia profunda”, através de Teilhard de Chardin e, depois, com Aldo Leopoldo (1940), Arne Naess (1970) etc. Em nossos dias, o debate sobre a vida, a sustentabilidade, está permanentemente visível na mídia, nas reuniões da ONU etc. Este artigo pretende indagar sobre o papel da Ética como recurso fundamental nesta discussão, concebendo Ética como algo que vai além da mera abordagem estética tão cara à vida moderna.ABSTRACT: Ancient documents reveal that the concern with Ecology isn’t a recent fact. There are references about it even in the Old Testament. There are sublime interventions from Saint Augustine, Saint Francis of Assisi and Erasmus of Rotterdam. More recently, in the 19th century, people have discussed “Deep Ecology”, based on the work of Teilhard de Chardin and, later, of Aldo Leopoldo (1940), Arne Naess (1970), etc. Nowadays, the debate about life and sustainability is permanently visible in the media, in United Nations’ gatherings, etc. This article intends to question the role of ethics as a fundamental resource in this discussion, conceiving ethics as something that goes beyond the mere aesthetic approach, so costly to modern life.

scholarly journals Christen-Afrikanerperspektief op die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Spoelstra
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Moral Obligation ◽  
New South ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Religious View ◽  
British State ◽  
The 19Th Century

A Christian Afrikaner perspective on the Second Liberation War Many historical sources testify to the strong religious view of life characteristic of Afrikaners in the previous century. During the mentioned period British colonialism (imperialism) was motivated by the belief in the absolute paramouncy of the British state. The British therefore had little if any sympathy with the rights of any set of people when the interests of the Empire were at stake. Even the epithet “Boer” testifies to the fact that Afrikaners were denied their ethnic identity and were typified as lower-class citizens within the colonial population. On the other hand, during the 19th century, Afrikaners viewed themselves as a separate group of people. Furthermore, to a large extent, they equated themselves politically with the Old Testament Israel. Afrikaners accepted their independence as a gift of God Almighty, an independence accomplished and recognised by the British treaties of 1852 (1881) and 1854. Afrikaners regarded the maintaining of this independence as their religious and moral obligation. The outcome of the War, however, secularised Afrikaner politics and during the 20th century the emphasis in the New South Africa shifted from the idea of people (“volk”) to that of racial identity in an artificially unified state.

Strategic Management and Design Innovation in the Long-Standing CompanyKyogashiMaster “Suetomi”

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-566
Author(s):  
Yusuke Irisawa ◽  
◽  
Shin’ya Nagasawa
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sustainable Competitive Advantage ◽  
Strong Point ◽  
Affective Value ◽  
Design Innovation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tea Ceremony

Japanese Confectionary “Suetomi” is a high level brand among Kyoto’s long-standing companies. This always makes the Japanese sweets a high level in Kyoto, and gets the high appraisal from the parties concerned the master of the tea ceremony, such as “Urasenke.” In this study, we present an analysis of Suetomi’s management strategy and its strength and differentiation based on an interview with the president, Mr. Yamaguchi. Then, we analyze their innovation from the viewpoint of product innovation and affective value (i.e., sense value). Finally, we discuss the innovation of theKyogashidesign based on our research. In conclusion, Suetomi has a different strong point from the other company as a long-standing company of Kyoto confections and we have understood performing the management strategy which establishes a sustainable competitive advantage using it. Thus, they have performed the design innovation of Kyoto confections products in the management strategy which is compatible in tradition and innovation, and have created the value of a customer’s sensitivity.

scholarly journals HERETICAL MOVEMENTS: THE FIRST INCENTIVE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN THEOLOGY OF THE ICON ITSELF AND RUSSIAN POLEMICAL LITERATURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-496
Author(s):  
E.V. Nicholsky ◽  
Dorota Walczak
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Holy Trinity

This article is devoted to the analysis of the influence that the emergence of heretical movements had on the development of Russian theology of the icon. The theological idea of icon painting appeared in Russia only in the 16th century and its beginning was connected precisely with the spread of heretical movements - Strigolniki and “Judaizers”, who rejected icon veneration. The polemic with heretics, expressed in the epistles of St. Joseph of Volotsk, helped to develop new aspects of the theology of the icon, especially since regardless of some terminological and factographic errors, St. Joseph defended not only the veneration of icons in itself, but also began to justify the specific iconic plot, which was the Old Testament Holy Trinity.

scholarly journals THE SENSE-GENERATING ROLE OF BIBLICAL TEXT IN LYDIA NELIDOVA’S STORY POLOSA

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-307
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Golovko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Christian Teaching ◽  
The Social ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes the semantic functions of the Old Testament and New Testament texts in the story Polosa (Stripe), a landmark for the literature of the final stage of Russian classical realism, written by Lydia Nelidova, whose work has not yet been the subject of special study. The relevance of the research is defined by the rather high role of Nelidova’s creative activity in the literary process of the last decades of the 19th century. Biblical references, quotations, reminiscences, allusions and paraphrases, which determine the sequence of the text that creates the semantic field of the work, perform the dominant ideological and aesthetic function in creating the story as a “non-trivial new text.” Nelidova’s innovation is based on the active use of Dostoevsky’s literary traditions (orientation toward the idea of “finding a person in a person” and the “living life” constant). As a “semantic whole,” Nelidova’s story is organized by the internal dialogue of three concepts of “life.” One of them is based on the Christian teaching, the other on an appeal to science, and the third – on the idea of life as an all-dominating objective force. The author's moral and aesthetic position, which confirms the biblical concept of life, is objectified in the logic of semantic actualization of the gospel truths associated with the interpretations of the eternal theme of the struggle between good and evil, ways of human salvation, overcoming the sin of thoughts, pride and selfishness. The artistic historicism of the story, manifested in the coverage of the social contradictions of the post-reform Russia, sanctions the author’s intentionality associated with the assertion of universal human spiritual, moral and humanistic ideals. Formation of meaning at the level of the author’s intentionality and at the level of meaning generation is carried out by activating the intertextual, hypertextual and contextual functionality of biblical pretexts and traditions of Orthodox Christian culture. It is implemented in the process of illuminating conflicts of time and characters' psychological disclosure. Intertextual reminiscences and quotes from biblical texts, the works of Christian ascetic writers and patristic sources aim to form the semantic core of the main character’s narrative and implement the principle of intersemantization of meanings enshrined in sacred texts. Thanks to these texts, they manifest in the thoughts of a character seeking a way out of spiritual and moral impasse. The author's artistic experience stimulated the formation of the Dostoevsky school in the literature of the last decades of the 19th century. The author's quote-based thinking anticipates the narrative strategies that will become characteristic of the artistic discourse of subsequent historical and literary eras.

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