Indication of Social Buffering in Disbudded Calves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Bučková ◽  
Ágnes Moravcsíková ◽  
Radka Šárová ◽  
Radko Rajmon ◽  
Marek Špinka
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Buffering ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Paired T Test

Abstract Most dairy calves are housed individually in their early ontogeny but there is an increasing interest in housing calves socially. Social housing has many positive effects on calf welfare including an advantage of social buffering, i.e., when negative effects of stress are mitigated through social support of familiar conspecific. So far, social buffering has not been tested in relation to stress after disbudding, a painful husbandry procedure performed in young calves. Therefore, the effect of pair versus individual housing on calves’ reaction to disbudding was investigated. In total 50 female calves housed either individually (n= 14) or in pairs (n= 36, 18 focal) were used. Calves were hot-iron disbudded with a local anesthetic and their behavior in home pens was recorded 24 h pre- and post-disbudding. Feeding, ruminating, resting, exploration, play, self-grooming, and pain-related behaviors were quantified during eight 20 min intervals during the 24 h periods pre- and post-disbudding. In pair-housed (PAIR) calves social resting, active and passive allo-grooming were additionally recorded. Concentrate intake was measured 24 h pre- and post-disbudding. The changes of pre- and post- disbudding behaviors as well as differences between individually housed (INDI) and PAIR calves were tested by general linear models. The differences in pre- and post-disbudding behaviors of PAIR calves were tested by paired t-test. We found that head rubbing (t=-5.14, P<0.0001) and head shaking (t=-3.33, P=0.004) increased after disbudding. Feeding increased only in PAIR calves (t=-2.95, P=0.016) which also resulted in a difference between treatments with PAIR calves fed more than INDI calves (F1,18=12.27, P=0.003). We did not find any other significant differences. Our results provide the first evidence that housing treatment affects calves' reactions to disbudding, with possible indication of social buffering.

Testing the Theory of Communication and Uncertainty Management in the Context of Digital Transformation with Transformational Leadership as a Moderator

2021 ◽  
pp. 232948842110239
Author(s):  
Masaki Matsunaga
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Job Performance ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Uncertainty Management ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

Digital transformation provokes a great deal of uncertainty among employees. To gain insights into how employees manage the uncertainty driven by digital transformation and also how leaders can support them, this study has drawn on the theory of communication and uncertainty management (TCUM), which posits that the impact of uncertainty varies by how individuals appraise it and social support enhances positive appraisal. Based on those tenets, the current study advanced the following hypotheses: (a) uncertainty has direct and indirect negative effects on employees’ appraisal of digital transformation, self-efficacy, and job performance; (b) in contrast, direct supervisors’ transformational leadership has direct and indirect positive effects on appraisal, self-efficacy, and job performance; and also (c) transformational leadership moderates the impact of uncertainty. SEM with 4-wave time-separated data ( N = 873 employee-supervisor dyads in Japan) found support for these hypotheses. The obtained findings are discussed with reference to TCUM, transformational leadership, and other relevant literature.

scholarly journals Expanding the Utility of Race-Based Accountability: An Application of RBA to Longitudinal Data Analyses

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Ruiz ◽  
Gabriel A. Acevedo ◽  
Raquel R. Marquez ◽  
Marcos Marquez
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Mental Health Outcomes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Adult Mental Health

Despite the strong empirical evidence linking childhood abuse to negative mental health outcomes later in life, a number of questions remain regarding race variations in this association. Moreover, less is known about the salience of protective factors that can offset or ameliorate the negative effects of abuse on adult mental health, and whether these factors work differently by race. Using three waves of panel data from a nationally representative survey of American adults, the present study examined the long-term effects of childhood abuse on adult mental health over a span of 20 years. In addition, we assessed social support as a protective factor, and examined its differential effects on mental health outcomes for Whites and non-Whites. Results indicate that despite frequent childhood abuse, social support is associated with less depression for Whites—its positive effects being most pronounced for those with the most severe abuse experiences. However, social support is associated with worst depression for non-Whites—its negative effects being most pronounced for those with severe abuse experiences. These findings demonstrate that the factors commonly considered as protective and beneficial for adult victims of abuse work differently across racial groups and in fact, may be detrimental for non-Whites.

scholarly journals Pair housing makes calves more optimistic

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Bučková ◽  
Marek Špinka ◽  
Sara Hintze
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
Learning Speed ◽  
Judgement Bias ◽  
Operant Task ◽  
Subsequent Discrimination ◽  
Learning Performances

AbstractIndividual housing of dairy calves is common farm practice, but has negative effects on calf welfare. A compromise between practice and welfare may be housing calves in pairs. We compared learning performances and affective states as assessed in a judgement bias task of individually housed and pair-housed calves. Twenty-two calves from each housing treatment were trained on a spatial Go/No-go task with active trial initiation to discriminate between the location of a teat-bucket signalling either reward (positive location) or non-reward (negative location). We compared the number of trials to learn the operant task (OT) for the trial initiation and to finish the subsequent discrimination task (DT). Ten pair-housed and ten individually housed calves were then tested for their responses to ambiguous stimuli positioned in-between the positive and negative locations. Housing did not affect learning speed (OT: F1,35 = 0.39, P = 0.54; DT: F1,19  = 0.15, P = 0.70), but pair-housed calves responded more positively to ambiguous cues than individually housed calves (χ21 = 6.79, P = 0.009), indicating more positive affective states. This is the first study to demonstrate that pair housing improves the affective aspect of calf welfare when compared to individual housing.

Key animal welfare issues in commercially raised dairy calves: social environment, nutrition, and painful procedures

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao H.C. Costa ◽  
Melissa C. Cantor ◽  
Nicola A. Adderley ◽  
Heather W. Neave
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Pain Control ◽  
Local Anaesthetics ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Dairy Calf ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Social Companionship

Dairy calf welfare concerns are growing and new evidence suggests that the early life environment influences appropriate physical, behavioral, and cognitive development lasting into adulthood. This review highlights key evidence for the impacts of housing, diets, and painful procedures on calf welfare. We argue that these topics are currently critical welfare concerns, but are not the only points of concern. In addition to environmental requirements to maintain optimal health, dairy calves experience other challenges including social and nutritional restrictions. Individual housing is associated with impaired behavioral development and cognitive ability. Pair and group housing can mitigate some of these negative effects and should be encouraged. Restrictive milk allowances (<15% of body weight) lead to poor growth and hunger; these welfare concerns can be addressed with proper enhanced milk allowances and gradual weaning programs. Finally, dehorning is a critical animal welfare issue when pain control is withheld; calves show negative behavioral, physiological, and emotional responses during and after dehorning. The combined use of local anaesthetics and analgesics can mitigate these effects. An industry shift toward providing social companionship, enhanced milk allowances, and pain control during painful procedures would help to improve the welfare of dairy calves in intensive commercial rearing facilities.

Role stress, social support and occupational burnout among physicians in China: a path analysis approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Ma ◽  
HuiFen Qiao ◽  
HaiTao Qu ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Yun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Role Ambiguity ◽  
Role Stress ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Occupational Burnout ◽  
Coworker Support ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Chinese Physicians

Abstract Background Occupational burnout in physicians is prevalent and can have many negative effects. The purposes of this study were to explore the prevalence of occupational burnout and to analyze the effects of social support and role stress on occupational burnout among Chinese physicians. Methods Using multistage-stratified cluster random sampling, physicians were selected to participate in the study and completed three questionnaires: the Chinese Maslach Burnout Inventory; the Cross-Cultural Role Conflict, Ambiguity and Overload Scale; and the Social Support Rating Scale. A path analysis was run to test the effects of role stress and social support on occupational burnout. Results Of 2530 physicians, 864 (34.2%) were experiencing moderate occupational burnout and 140 (5.5%) were experiencing severe occupational burnout. The path analysis results indicated that role conflict had direct positive effects on emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalization (DP), and role ambiguity had direct positive effects on DP and decreased personal accomplishment (DPA). Coworker support had direct negative effects on EE and positive effects on DP, family support had direct negative effects on DP and DPA. Coworker support mediated the effects of role ambiguity on EE and DP, and family support mediated the effects of role ambiguity on DP and DPA. Conclusions These findings suggest that occupational burnout is common in Chinese physicians, and that role stress and social support play important roles in occupational burnout. Interventions that aim to reduce role stress and increase social support can be effective approaches to prevent occupational burnout among physicians.

scholarly journals Pair housing makes calves more optimistic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Bučková ◽  
Marek Špinka ◽  
Sara Hintze
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
Learning Speed ◽  
Judgement Bias ◽  
Operant Task ◽  
Subsequent Discrimination ◽  
Learning Performances

AbstractIndividual housing of dairy calves is common farm practice, but has negative effects on calf welfare. A compromise between practice and welfare may be housing calves in pairs. We compared learning performances and affective states as assessed in a judgement bias task of individually housed and pair-housed calves. Twenty-two calves from each housing treatment were trained on a spatial Go/No-go task with active trial initiation to discriminate between the location of a teat-bucket signalling either reward (positive location) or non-reward (negative location). We compared the number of trials to learn the operant task (OT) for the trial initiation and to finish the subsequent discrimination task (DT). Ten pair-housed and ten individually housed calves were then tested for their responses to ambiguous stimuli positioned in-between the positive and negative locations. Housing did not affect learning speed (OT: F1,34 = 0.42, P = 0.52; DT: F1,34 = 0.25, P = 0.62), but pair-housed calves responded more positively to ambiguous cues than individually housed calves (χ21 = 6.76, P = 0.009), indicating more positive affective states. This is the first study to demonstrate that pair housing improves the affective aspect of calf welfare when compared to individual housing.

scholarly journals Rethinking Social Support and Conflict: Lessons from a Study of Women Who Have Separated from Abusive Partners

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepali Guruge ◽  
Marilyn Ford-Gilboe ◽  
Joan Samuels-Dennis ◽  
Colleen Varcoe ◽  
Piotr Wilk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
English Speaking

Relationships have both positive and negative dimensions, yet most research in the area of intimate partner violence (IPV) has focused on social support, and not on social conflict. Based on the data from 309 English-speaking Canadian women who experienced IPV in the past 3 years and were no longer living with the abuser, we tested four hypotheses examining the relationships among severity of past IPV and women’s social support, social conflict, and health. We found that the severity of past IPV exerted direct negative effects on women’s health. Similarly, both social support and social conflict directly influenced women’s health. Social conflict, but not social support, mediated the relationships between IPV severity and health. Finally, social conflict moderated the relationships between social support and women’s health, such that the positive effects of social support were attenuated in the presence of high levels of social conflict. These findings highlight that routine assessments of social support and social conflict and the use of strategies to help women enhance support and reduce conflict in their relationships are essential aspects of nursing care.

scholarly journals Disaster makes us more patriotic: A pilot study for role of support in relationship between post-traumatic stress and patriotism.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sizhe Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Relationship

The negative effects of post-traumatic stress on individuals have been widely studied, but its positive effects have gradually been paid attention to in recent years. Recent studies indicate that post-traumatic stress may increase social cohesion. This study aims further to verify the relationship between post-traumatic stress and patriotism and test whether social support is a potential mediating variable. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 81 participants in Zhengzhou, China. The results show that post-traumatic stress is not significantly related to patriotism and social support. Still, patriotism and social support have significantly related limitations, and prospects are being discussed.

Social Contribution and Psychological Well-Being among Midlife Adults with Chronic Pain: A Longitudinal Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1591-1601
Author(s):  
Nguyen P. Nguyen ◽  
Shin Ye Kim ◽  
Jacob Daheim ◽  
Ashley Neduvelil
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Social Contribution ◽  
Negative Effect

Objectives: Contributing to the welfare of others has been shown to have positive effects on people’s social and psychological well-being (PWB). The current study examined whether social contribution (SC) could alleviate the negative effects of chronic pain on PWB through perceived social support (PSS) among midlife and older adults. Methods: The study consisted of 520 participants with chronic pain from the two waves of the Midlife in the United States dataset (MIDUS II and III). Results: Results from the longitudinal moderated mediation analysis indicated that SC at Time 2 (T2) significantly buffered the negative effect of pain interference (PI) at Time 1 (T1) on PSS at T2, which indirectly alleviated the negative effect of PI at T1 on PWB at T2. Discussion: The study suggested the protective role of SC and prosocial behaviors in mitigating the detrimental effects of chronic pain on social support and PWB.

scholarly journals Adapting to Uncertainty: A Mixed-Method Study on the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Expectant and Postpartum Women and Men

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês M. Tavares ◽  
Joana Fernandes ◽  
Catarina V. Moura ◽  
Pedro J. Nobre ◽  
Mariana L. Carrito
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Transition To Parenthood ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
New Mothers ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Positive Effects

Detrimental biopsychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations have been established worldwide. Despite research indicating that the transition to parenthood is a vulnerable period for maternal and paternal health, an in-depth examination of the specific challenges the pandemic poses for new mothers and fathers is still lacking. Using a mixed-method design, we investigated individual and relational well-being of women and men who were expecting their first child during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal and its associations with contextual, individual, and relational factors. Adults older than 18 (n = 316, 198 women) from early pregnancy to 6-months postpartum completed a cross-sectional online survey assessing sociodemographic, individual (depression, anxiety, perceived stress), and relational (dyadic adjustment, perceived social support) self-report measures. From those, 99 participants (64 women) responded to an open-ended question and reported perceived changes in their couple’s relationship due to the pandemic. Men responding during strict lockdown measures reported significantly higher levels of perceived stress relative to those men who were not under lockdown. Overall, women reported higher levels of depression and greater social support than men. Qualitative analyses resulted in two main themes: Individual Changes and Relational Changes. These themes aggregate personal concerns and experiences (e.g., worsening of mental health, uncertainty about the future, lack of freedom) interrelated with relational issues (e.g., increased togetherness, avoidance of physical contact, and increased availability for parenthood during lockdown). The prevalence of negative effects (58.6%) exceeded the described positive effects (28.3%), and 13.1% described both positive and negative effects of the pandemic. Current findings offer grounds for important evidence-based strategies to mitigate the potential adverse effects of the current pandemic on new mothers’ and fathers’ individual and relational well-being.

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