scholarly journals 178 Differences in Grape Phylloxera-related Grapevine Root Damage in Organically and Conventionally Managed Vineyards in California

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 472F-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Lotter ◽  
J. Granett ◽  
A.D. Omer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
Organically Managed

Secondary infection of roots by fungal pathogens is a primary cause of vine damage in phylloxera-infested grapevines. In summer and fall surveys in 1997 and 1998, grapevine root samples were taken from organically managed vineyards (OMVs) and from conventionally managed vineyards (CMVs), all of which were phylloxera-infested. In both years, root samples from OMVs showed significantly less fungal pathogen-caused root necrosis than samples from CMVs, averaging 9% in OMVs and 31% in CMVs. There was no significant difference in phylloxera populations per 100 g of root between OMVs and CMVs, although there was a trend toward higher populations in CMVs. Soil characteristics, percent organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate, and percent sand/silt/clay were not significantly different between the two regimes. Cultures of necrotic root tissue showed significantly higher levels of the benefical fungus Trichoderma in OMVs in 1997 but not in 1998, and there were significantly higher levels of the pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Cylindrocarpon spp. in CMVs in 1998 but not in 1997. Implications for further research and viticulture are discussed.

scholarly journals Differences in Grape Phylloxera-related Grapevine Root Damage in Organically and Conventionally Managed Vineyards in California

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1108-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Lotter ◽  
J. Granett ◽  
A.D. Omer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Root Necrosis

Secondary infection of roots by fungal pathogens is a primary cause of vine damage in phylloxera-infested grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). In summer and fall surveys in 1997 and 1998, grapevine root samples were taken from organically (OMVs) and conventionally managed vineyards (CMVs), all of which were phylloxera-infested. In both years, root samples from OMVs showed significantly less root necrosis caused by fungal pathogens than did samples from CMVs, averaging 9% in OMVs vs. 31% in CMVs. Phylloxera populations per 100 g of root did not differ significantly between OMVs and CMVs, although there was a trend toward higher populations in OMVs. Soil parameters, percent organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate, and percent sand/silt/clay also did not differ significantly between the two regimes. Cultures of necrotic root tissue showed significantly higher levels of the beneficial fungus Trichoderma in OMVs in 1997 but not in 1998, and there were significantly higher levels of the pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Cylindrocarpon sp. in CMVs in 1998 but not in 1997. Implications for further research and for viticulture are discussed.

scholarly journals Biocontrol ofPhytophthora infestans, Fungal Pathogen of Seedling Damping Off Disease in Economic Plant Nursery

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Loliam ◽  
T. Morinaga ◽  
S. Chaiyanan
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Economic Plant ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Termite Mounds ◽  
Plant Nursery ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Infected Tomato

This research aims to control Seedling damping off disease in plants by using antagonistic actinomycetes against the causative fungi.Phytophthora infestanswas isolated from the infected tomato plant seedling obtained from an economic plant nursery in Amphoe Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The chitinolyticStreptomyces rubrolavendulaeS4, isolated from termite mounds at the grove of Amphoe Si-Sawat, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, was proven to be the most effective growth inhibition of fungal pathogens tested on potato dextrose agar. Tomato and chili seedlings that colonized with antagonisticS. rubrolavendulaeS4 were grown inP. infestansartificial inoculated peat moss. Percents of noninfested seedling in fungal contaminated peat moss were compared to the controls with uninoculated peat moss. InP. infestanscontaminated peat moss, the percents of survival of tomato and chili seedling were significantly increased () from 51.42 to 88.57 and 34.10 to 76.71 for theS. rubrolavendulaeS4 treatment, respectively. TheS. rubrolavendulaeS4 also showed high efficiency equivalent to fungicide, metalaxyl with no significant difference (). It was clearly demonstrated thatS. rubrolavendulaeS4 can prevent the tomato and chili seedling damping off disease in economic plant nurseries.

scholarly journals Studies on the fungal dieback disease on some fruit trees in Zalingei Locality, Darfur, Sudan

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-77
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Neem Extract ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dieback Disease

The study was carried out at Zalingei locality, Central Darfur State, in the year 2017, to determine the fungal pathogens that causing dieback disease to the fruit trees, and to study the effect of aqueous Neem extract (Azadirachta indica) on growth of the identified fungal pathogens under laboratory conditions. Experimental approach and descriptive analytical method were used. Primary data were collected using the questionnaires, laboratory experiment, field survey and personal interviews. Results revealed that there are two types of fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia sp.) which causing dieback disease in the study area. The highest dieback disease incidence recorded was found to be: 5.0% (In Mango), 4.3% (In Guava) and 2.5% (In Citrus), in Zalingei, Orukum and Qere area, respectively. Results showed that the water extract of neem seeds had an inhibitory effect on growth of both Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia sp. There was no significant difference between the effect of different concentrations 12.5%, 25%, and 50% of aqueous neem extracts on dieback fungal causal agents growth but in case of Fusarium oxysporum growth of the colony was reduced by 21.0%, 38.57%, and 54.47% respectively, while in case of Rhizoctonia sp., it reduced by 25%, 51.10%, and 51.34% respectively. The study suggested to raise the awareness of the farmers about the dieback disease through workshops, trainings and control campaigns, Additional studies for others substitutes and additional studies on other Dieback disease causes.

Effect of Spraying Glyphosate Herbicide on Solanum elaeagnifolium in Uncultivated Fields and on Physicochemical and Biological Soil Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-308
Author(s):  
Faten Bakkour ◽  
◽  
Anwar Meamar ◽  
Zakaria El- Naser ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physical Composition ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Bakkour, F., A. El-Meamar and Z. El-Naser. 2021. Effect of Spraying Glyphosate Herbicide on Solanum elaeagnifolium in Uncultivated Fields and on Physicochemical and Biological Soil Characteristics. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(4): 296-308. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-39.4.296308 Glyphosate herbicide is used in uncultivated fields infested with Solanum elaeagnifolium plants several times a year in all Syrian governorates by the Ministry of Agriculture. This research aimed to study the effect of repeated spraying of glyphosate in uncultivated fields in five different locations in the Syrian governorates, Deir Ezzor (Tebni), Aleppo (Dakwani), Hama (Bostan AL-Omahat), Homs (ALZahoria) and Rural Damascus (Bohter) during the period 2017-2020, on the physiochemical and biological characteristics of the treated soils. Herbicide residues were measured in the leaves of the treated Solanum elaeagnifolium plants and in the soils surrounding the roots of the Solanum elaeagnifolium plants. It was found that the repetition of the pesticide spray 3 and 6 times during the study period did not alter the physical composition, salinity, pH and calcium carbonate content in all study locations. Whereas, spraying glyphosate 3 and 6 times increased the percentage of organic matter and phosphorus available, with a significant difference with the control. The values of available phosphorous after 6 pesticide spray applications reached 176, 203, 196, 227 and 205 mg/kg of soil in Deir Ezzor, Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Rural Damascus, respectively. In addition, repeated spraying with glyphosate of the treated soils led to increase the average general bacteria and fungi populations. These indicators were increased with the increase in the number of pesticide sprays applied. Furthermore, the pesticide residues increased in the soil and Solanum elaeagnifolium leaves with the increase in number of pesticide sprays. Pesticide residue values after 6 sprays were 1.72, 3.53, 4.89, 4.43 and 2.29 mg/kg of soil in Deir Ezzor, Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Rural Damascus locations, respectively. Keywords: Glyphosate, S. elaeagnifolium, residues, microorganisms, soil.

scholarly journals Effects of Reclaimed Water Irrigation On The Soil Characteristics And Microbial Populations of Plant Rhizosphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Liang ◽  
Xiao Jingan ◽  
Sun Liying
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soil Microbial Population ◽  
Reclaimed Water Irrigation

Abstract In this paper, the effects of irrigation with different water quality on the soil characteristics of 8 kinds of garden plants were analyzed. The results showed that soil pH (ranging at 7.76–8.73) had no significant difference in different soils compared with the contrast treatment. Under the reclaimed water irrigation, the content of soil total salinity, chloride ions and water soluble sodium in soil of most plants was averagely 160.3%, 83.3% and 67.5% higher than that of tap water, respectively. The influences of reclaimed water irrigation on soil nutrients were changed with the types of plants. The content of soil organic matter and the available potassium showed no significant differences in most plants. Compared with the tap water irrigation, the content of alkaline nitrogen in in 5 plants increased (averagely 25.8%) after 5-year irrigation with reclaimed water. In terms of soil microorganism, the increase of soil microbial population, including bacteria, fungus and Actinomycetes, has been promoted by different levels of reclaimed water irrigation, showing increasing trend with the increasing content of reclaimed water from 0%, 50–100%. Moreover, the number of bacteria and fugus is closely related with the content of soil organic matter, available potassium and effective phosphorus. However, the number of Actinomycetes is determined by the content of available potassium.

scholarly journals Biochemical changes in Mucuna sloanei (ukpo) seeds induced by six pathogenic fungi and comparative analysis of the pathogenic fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
U. N. Emiri ◽  
E. B. Enaregha
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Uninoculated Control

Biochemical changes in Mucuna sloanei Fawc. & Rendle (Fabaceae) seeds induced by six pathogenic fungi and comparative analysis of the pathogenic fungi were investigated. The fungal pathogens isolated from partially rotted seeds of M. sloanei seeds include Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergilus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium italicum, Alternaria altermata and Fusarium oxysporum. These fungi were used as test fungi to inoculate healthy M. sloanei seeds aseptically. The results of proximate analysis in (%w/w)/100 g of seeds inoculated with the test fungi and uninoculated (control) seeds carried out revealed that there was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in moisture, ash, lipid and carbohydrate content of seeds inoculated with the test fungi, relative to uninoculated (control) seeds. While fiber and protein content decreased in fungi inoculated seeds relative to uninoculated seeds. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in mineral content evaluated. Calcium, phosphorus and sodium increased in seeds inoculated with the test fungi relative to the uninoculated, while iron, potassium and magnesium decreased in seeds inoculated with the test fungi. Phytochemical (anti-nutrient) contents (tannin, saponins, total oxalate and cynogenic glucoside) increased in the fungi inoculated seeds, relative to uninoculated seeds. Significant differences also occurred among the test fungi. Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria altermata and Penicillium italicum appeared to induce more changes in proximate and mineral composition. Penicillium italicum also recorded the highest increase in phytochemical content (tannin, saponin and total oxalate) in seeds inoculated with test fungi relative to the uninoculated (control) seeds.

Biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber with nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Paulitz ◽  
C. S. Park ◽  
R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cucumber Roots ◽  
Linear Regressions

Nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum were obtained from surface-disinfested, symptomless cucumber roots grown in two raw (nonautoclaved) soils. These isolates were screened for pathogenicity and biological control activity against Fusarium wilt of cucumber in raw soil infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (F.o.c.). The influence of three isolates effective in inducing suppressiveness and three ineffective isolates on disease incidence over time was tested. The effective isolates reduced the infection rate (R), based on linear regressions of data transformed to loge (1/1 – y). Effective isolate C5 was added to raw soil infested with various inoculum densities of F.o.c. In treatments without C5, the increase in inoculum densities of F.o.c. decreased the incubation period of wilt disease, but there was no significant difference in infection rate among the inoculum density treatments. Isolate C5 reduced the infection rate at all inoculum densities of F.o.c. Various inoculum densities of C5 were added to raw soils infested with 1000 cfu/g of F.o.c. In the first trial, infection rates were reduced only in the treatment with 10 000 cfu/g of C5; in the second trial, infection rates were reduced in treatments with 10 000 and 30 000 cfu/g of C5.

Nanoscale adhesion forces between the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and macrophages

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofiane El-Kirat-Chatel ◽  
Yves F. Dufrêne
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Adhesion Forces ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force

We establish atomic force microscopy as a new nanoscopy platform for quantifying the forces between fungal pathogens and immune cells.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THREE SURFACE FRICTION TECHNIQUES FOR THE REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MATTER

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Alessandro Rigotti ◽  
Adriano Menis Ferreira ◽  
Mara Corrêa Lelles Nogueira ◽  
Margarete Teresa Gottardo de Almeida ◽  
Odanir Garcia Guerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
Disinfection Process ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
The One ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of three surface friction techniques for the removal of organic material. A quantitative, descriptive and exploratory study was developed to evaluate the presence or not of organic material before and after the cleaning and disinfection process of surfaces of bedside tables of patients hospitalized at an Intensive Care Unit. Three friction techniques were executed in the one-way, two-way and centrifugal sense, individually, three times on each table, during alternate weeks. For each patient unit and friction technique, a single table and three sides of cloth were used, moistened with 70% (w/v) alcohol. The organic matter was detected through the presence of adenosine triphosphate by bioluminescence, using 3M(tm) Clean-Trace(tm) ATP Systems. For each technique, 13 samples were collected before and 13 after the cleaning/disinfection process, totaling 78 samples of adenosine triphosphate by bioluminescence. No statistically significant difference was found among the removal techniques of organic matter. This study demonstrated that none of the three surface friction methods was better than the other to remove organic matter. Nevertheless, further research is needed in which other cleaning/disinfection indicators and surfaces are considered.

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