scholarly journals Seed Meals from Brassicaceae Oilseed Crops as Soil Amendments: Influence on Carrot Growth, Microbial Biomass Nitrogen, and Nitrogen Mineralization

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Snyder ◽  
Matthew J. Morra ◽  
Jodi Johnson-Maynard ◽  
Donald C. Thill
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Microbial Biomass N ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Microbial Biomass Nitrogen ◽  
Total N

Brassicaceae seed meals (BSMs) average 6% nitrogen (N) by weight and contain glucosinolates (GLSs) that produce biologically active compounds. A two-season field study was initiated to determine how Brassica juncea L., Brassica napus L., and Sinapis alba L. seed meals, each with different glucosinolate profiles, alter carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus) growth, microbial biomass N (MBN), and soil N mineralization. BSM applications of 1 and 2 t·ha−1 36 days before planting did not influence carrot emergence, whereas carrot emergence decreased up to 40% in S. alba treatments seeded 15 days after BSM application. Crop quality was unaffected by BSM treatments and total fresh market yields were equal to or higher than the unamended controls in both years. At 4 and 8 days after seed meal application, MBN in the high-GLS B. juncea and S. alba treatments was 48% to 67% lower than in the low-GLS B. napus treatment. Seasonal apparent net N mineralized expressed as a percentage of the total N applied in the seed meals was unaffected by glucosinolate concentration and ranged from 30% to 81% across both years. BSMs can be used to increase soil inorganic N and carrot yields, but crop phytotoxicity is possible depending on the meal and its respective glucosinolate content. GLS degradation products inhibit microbial N uptake in the short term, but longer-term N availability is not compromised.

Soil-plant nitrogen dynamics following incorporation of a mature rye cover crop in a lettuce production system

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Wyland ◽  
L. E. Jackson ◽  
K. F. Schulbach
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Microbial Biomass N ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Content ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Total N ◽  
Mineralizable N ◽  
Biomass N ◽  
Bare Soils

SUMMARYWinter non-leguminous cover crops are included in crop rotations to decrease nitrate (NO3-N) leaching and increase soil organic matter. This study examined the effect of incorporating a mature cover crop on subsequent N transformations. A field trial containing a winter cover crop of Merced rye and a fallow control was established in December 1991 in Salinas, California. The rye was grown for 16 weeks, so that plants had headed and were senescing, resulting in residue which was difficult to incorporate and slow to decompose. Frequent sampling of the surface soil (0–15 cm) showed that net mineralizable N (anaerobic incubation) rapidly increased, then decreased shortly after tillage in both treatments, but that sustained increases in net mineralizable N and microbial biomass N in the cover-cropped soils did not occur until after irrigation, 20 days after incorporation. Soil NO3-N was significantly reduced compared to winter-fallow soil at that time. A 15N experiment examined the fate of N fertilizer, applied in cylinders at a rate of 12 kg 15N/ha at lettuce planting, and measured in the soil, microbial biomass and lettuce plants after 32 days. In the cover-cropped soil, 59% of the 15N was recovered in the microbial biomass, compared to 21% in the winter-bare soil. The dry weight, total N and 15N content of the lettuce in the cover-cropped cylinders were significantly lower; 28 v. 39% of applied 15N was recovered in the lettuce in the cover-cropped and winter-bare soils, respectively. At harvest, the N content of the lettuce in the cover-cropped soil remained lower, and microbial biomass N was higher than in winter-bare soils. These data indicate that delayed cover crop incorporation resulted in net microbial immobilization which extended into the period of high crop demand and reduced N availability to the crop.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Microbial Biomass, Nitrogen Mineralization and Crop Uptake in Response to Placement of Maize Residue Returned to Chinese Mollisols over the Maize Growing Season

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1166
Author(s):  
Yan Gao ◽  
Aizhen Liang ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Neil McLaughlin ◽  
Shixiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Microbial Biomass N ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Microbial Biomass Nitrogen ◽  
Maize Growth

Returning residue to soils is not only an effective nutrient management method, but also can reduce the air pollution caused by residue burning, which has become an important factor in global warming. However, it is not clear whether returning residue to the soil can affect the nitrogen mineralization and the nitrogen cycle process, and the environmental impact caused by the nitrogen loss in gaseous forms. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of residue placement on the nitrogen turnover process, including microbial biomass N (MBN) and C (MBC), inorganic N, crop N uptake, and the contribution of residue-derived N to maize at different maize growth stages. Three treatments were assessed: no residue addition (T0), residue addition to the soil surface (T1), and residue incorporation into the 0–10 cm soil layer (T2). Soil samples were taken at the 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers for all residue treatments. Residue retention (T1 and T2) significantly affected the MBC and MBN contents and decreased MBC/MBN ratio at different maize growth stages. MBC/MBN markedly increased at the R1 stage compared to other growth stages. The differences in total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) were attributed to the balance in net N immobilization and net mineralization in the different maize growth stages. In addition, T2 significantly increased the residue-derived N source for maize by 11.3% compared to T0 in the R3 growth stage. Overall, relative to T1, T2 is a better agriculture management measure to promote N transformation and supply, and enhance residue-derived N release and uptake in maize.

scholarly journals Spatial Variability of Nitrogen Uptake and Net Removal and Actual Evapotranspiration in the California Desert Carrot Production System

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Aliasghar Montazar ◽  
Daniel Geisseler ◽  
Michael Cahn
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Wide Range

Nitrogen (N) and irrigation water must be effectively used in mineral soils to produce carrots with high yield and minimal environmental impact. This study attempts to identify optimal N and irrigation management practices for low desert carrot production in California by investigating consumptive water use and N uptake and removal rates in fresh market and processing carrots. Field experiments were conducted at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center and nine farmer fields during two growing seasons. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was measured using the residual energy balance method with a combination of surface renewal and eddy covariance equipment. Crop canopy coverage, actual soil nitrate-N from multiple depths as well as total N percentage, dry matter, and fresh biomass in roots and tops were measured over the growing seasons. The length of the crop season had a wide range amongst the experimental sites: from a 128-day period in a processing carrot field to as long as 193 days in a fresh market carrot field. The seasonal ETa varied between 305.8 mm at a silty loam furrow irrigated processing carrot field and 486.2 mm at a sandy clay loam sprinkler irrigated fresh market field. The total N accumulated at harvest ranged between 205.4 kg ha−1 (nearly 52% in roots) and 350.5 kg ha−1 (nearly 64% in roots). While the mean value of nitrogen removed by carrot roots varied from 1.24 to 1.73 kg N/Mg carrot roots, it appears that more N was applied than was removed by carrot roots at all sites. Within the range of N application rates examined at the experimental sites, there was no significant relationship between carrot fresh root yield and N application rate, although the results suggested a positive effect of N application on carrot yield. Sufficient soil N availability over the growing season and the lack of significant yield response to N application illuminated that optimal N rates are likely less than the total amounts of N applied at most sites.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Sources on Microbial Biomass Nitrogen under Different Soil Types

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haytham M. El-Sharkawi
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Biomass Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial N

Knowledge to increase the microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) as a bulk of free-living microbes in paddy soil is limited. The potential benefit of these microorganisms was evaluated, in this study, under different nitrogen sources and two paddy soils. The results revealed that pots treated with organic matter recorded the maximum value of the total N uptake and MBN, followed by the Urea treated pots. Pots amended with sludge exhibited a higher microbial N forming ability than those amended with straw compost under both soils. But ammonium concentration in soil increased with straw compost application. Under fresh soil treatment, microbial N uptake rate and proportion of plant nitrogen derived from microbial nitrogen sources () were higher than autoclaved soil. A positive correlation was found between the and the total N in rice shoot in both soils. Finally, we can say that MBN was governed not only by the soil nitrogen content but also by the type of the nitrogen source. The addition of sludge to fresh soil increased total MBN and consequently could be indirectly beneficial to rice production especially in poor soils. Thus, soil microbes contribute to plant growth by serving the available nitrogen during the season.

scholarly journals Maturity indices of composting plant materials with Trichoderma asperellum as activator

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Adenike Fisayo Komolafe ◽  
Christopher Olu Adejuyigbe ◽  
Adeniyi Adebowale Soretire ◽  
Isaac OreOluwa Olatokunbo Aiyelaagbe
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Biomass N ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Total N ◽  
Compost Maturity ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Maturity Indices ◽  
Biomass N

AbstractCompost maturity is a major factor in its use for nutrient supply without adverse effect on crop germination. Composting may be accelerated with inclusion of some microorganisms as activators. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Trichoderma asperellum and length of composting of different plant materials and cattle manure on compost maturity in Ibadan, Nigeria. Composting of two plant materials with cow dung at ratio 3:1 was done in triplicate with or without Trichoderma activation to obtain twelve heaps of four different types of composts; Panicum-based compost with Trichoderma, Tridax-based compost with Trichoderma, Panicum-based compost without Trichoderma and Tridax-based compost without Trichoderma. The process was a 2×2 factorial experiment, laid out a completely randomized design. The Trichoderma activated compost (TAC) at four weeks of composting (4WC) had 56% total N, 21% organic matter, 38% total K, 51% total P and 66.6% microbial biomass N increase over non-activated compost (NAC). Carbon to nitrogen ratio was within the ideal range (10–20) in TAC while it was greater than it in NAC. Microbial biomass and lignin contents had a 56% and 41% increase, respectively, in NAC over TAC. Trichorderma-activated compost has a potential to hasten maturation and makes the compost ready for field on or before four weeks without posing a threat to crop germination.

The fate of residual nitrogen fertiliser applied to a ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed crop

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Cookson ◽  
J. S. Rowarth ◽  
K. C. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Biomass N ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Total N ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Seed Harvest ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Seed Crops

Large amounts of the nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied to ryegrass seed crops remain within the soil at seed harvest and can potentially affect subsequent pasture production and environmental contamination. The fate of residual urea-15N-labelled fertiliser and the effect of previous fertiliser application on subsequent leaching losses and pasture production was assessed during a 9-month period after seed harvest using monolith lysimeters (diameter, 180 mm; length, 300 mm) in Canterbury, New Zealand. Results indicated that leaching losses and pasture uptake of residual 15N-labelled fertiliser were largely restricted by the immobilisation of 15N-labelled fertiliser into soil organic pools and the expanding root mass. Most of the 15N-labelled fertiliser remaining in the soil 9 months after the seed harvest was present within the humified organic matter (50%) and microbial biomass (40%) pools; the majority (62%) was anaerobically mineralisable. The 15N-labelled fertiliser that became available was largely recovered in rapidly expanding ryegrass roots, which increased 3–4-fold between seed harvest (December 1997) and pasture harvest (September 1998). Root mass, soil mineral N, and soil microbial biomass N were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in fertilised treatments than in controls at pasture harvest; clay-fixed N, anaerobically mineralisable N, and total N were not affected. The results indicated that, in the short term, N mineralisation rates were increased by previous fertiliser application but there was little evidence of a longer term effect on N mineralisation rates.

Modeling Biodegradation of Subsurface Oil in Sand Beaches Polluted with Oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 1113-1125
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Geng ◽  
Michel C. Boufadel
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Monod Kinetics ◽  
Microbial Biomass Nitrogen ◽  
Total N

ABSTRACT In April 2010, the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) drilling platform led to the release of nearly 4.9 million barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. The oil was brought to the supratidal zone of beaches (landward of the high tide line) by waves during storms, and was buried during subsequent storms. The objective of this paper is to investigate the biodegradation of subsurface oil in a tidally influenced sand beach located at Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge and polluted by the DWH oil spill. Two transects were installed perpendicular to the shoreline within the supratidal zone of the beach. One transect had four galvanized steel piezometer wells to measure the water level. The other transect had four stainless steel multiport sampling wells that were used to collect pore water samples below the beach surface. The samples were analyzed for dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrogen, and redox conditions. Sediment samples were also collected at different depths to measure residual oil concentrations and microbial biomass. As the biodegradation of hydrocarbons was of interest, a biological model based on Monod kinetics was developed and coupled to the transport model MARUN, which is a two dimensional (vertical slice) finite element model for water flow and solute transport in tidally influenced beaches. The resulting coupled model, BIOMARUN, was used to simulate the biodegradation of total n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) trapped as residual oil in the unsaturated zone. Model parameter estimates were constrained by published Monod kinetics parameters. The field measurements, such as the concentrations of the oil, microbial biomass, nitrogen, and DO, were used as inputs for the simulations. The biodegradation of alkanes and PAHs was predicted in the simulation, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the effect of the model parameters on the modeling results. Simulation results indicated that n-alkanes and PAHs would be biodegraded by 80% after 2 ± 0.5 years and 3.5 ± 0.5 years, respectively.

Organic amendment effects on tuber yield, plant N uptake and soil mineral N under organic potato production

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek H. Lynch ◽  
Zhiming Zheng ◽  
Bernie J. Zebarth ◽  
Ralph C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic Potato ◽  
Certified Organic

AbstractThe market for certified organic potatoes in Canada is growing rapidly, but the productivity and dynamics of soil N under commercial organic potato systems remain largely unknown. This study examined, at two sites in Atlantic Canada (Winslow, PEI, and Brookside, NS), the impacts of organic amendments on Shepody potato yield, quality and soil mineral nitrogen dynamics under organic management. Treatments included a commercial hog manure–sawdust compost (CP) and pelletized poultry manure (NW) applied at 300 and 600 kg total N ha−1, plus an un-amended control (CT). Wireworm damage reduced plant stands at Brookside in 2003 and those results are not presented. Relatively high tuber yields (~30 Mg ha−1) and crop N uptake (112 kg N ha−1) were achieved for un-amended soil in those site-years (Winslow 2003 and 2004) when soil moisture was non-limiting. Compost resulted in higher total yields than CT in one of three site-years. Apparent recovery of N from CP was negligible; therefore CP yield benefits were attributed to factors other than N availability. At Winslow, NW300, but not NW600, significantly increased total and marketable yields by an average of 5.8 and 7.0 Mg ha−1. Plant available N averaged 39 and 33% for NW300 and NW600, respectively. Soil (0–30 cm) NO3−-N at harvest was low (&lt;25 kg N ha−1) for CT and CP, but increased substantially both in season and at harvest (61–141 kg N ha−1) when NW was applied. Most leaching losses of NO3−-N occur between seasons and excessive levels of residual soil NO3-N at harvest, as obtained for NW600, must be avoided. Given current premiums for certified organic potatoes, improving yields through application of amendments supplying moderate rates of N or organic matter appears warranted.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Growth, Nitrogen Uptake and Allocation by Container-grown Evergreen and Deciduous Rhododendron Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1440-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn F. Scagel ◽  
Guihong Bi ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami ◽  
Richard P. Regan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Storage

Growth, nitrogen (N) uptake, and N storage were assessed in transplanted 1-year-old rhododendron liners. Two evergreen cultivars, Rhododendron ‘P. J. Mezitt Compact’ (PJM) and R. ‘English Roseum’ (ER), and one deciduous cultivar, R. ‘Gibraltar’ (AZ), were transplanted into 1-gal. pots and given liquid fertilizer with (+N) or without (–N) N. Increased N availability increased growth after July (ER, PJM) or August (AZ), and resulted in three to five times more total biomass. Biomass continued to increase after stem elongation and leaf production ceased. Nitrogen uptake was correlated with growth of all plant structures on AZ, whereas N uptake was only correlated with stem and leaf growth on evergreen cultivars. The rate of N uptake was highest before July for AZ (1.9 mg·d−1) and in August and September for the evergreen cultivars (≈5 mg·d−1). Thirteen percent to 16% of total N uptake from between May and February occurred after N fertilization ceased at the beginning of September. Plants contained the most N in October (AZ), November (PJM), or December (ER). Biomass loss after November accounted for a loss of 14% to 48% of the maximum total plant N content. Nitrogen demand by roots and stems increased from May to February in all cultivars. The role of new and old leaves in N storage on evergreen cultivars varied with cultivar and time. Differences in N storage between the evergreen cultivars occurred primarily in their roots and leaves. Over the winter, PJM stored more N in its roots, whereas ER stored more N in its leaves. Changes in N concentrations and contents in different plant structures after November indicate that, during early winter, N stored in other structures moves to roots and old stems of PJM, old stems of ER, and roots and new and old stems of AZ. These results suggest that fertilizer application strategies for transplanted liners of these cultivars should include low N availability after transplanting followed by high N availability in mid to late summer. This type of strategy will not only improve N uptake efficiency from fertilizer, but also will minimize N loss from the containers. The results also demonstrated that N uptake in the autumn may play an important role in supplementing plant N reserves required for growth during the next season as well as for balancing N losses incited by leaf abscission, root turnover, and maintenance functions that occur over winter.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nitrogen availability indices and their relationship with plant response on acidic soils of India

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bordoloi LJ ◽  
Singh AK ◽  
Manoj-Kumar ◽  
Patiram ◽  
S. Hazarika
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Total N ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Available N

Plant&rsquo;s nitrogen (N) requirement that is not fulfilled by available N in soil has to be supplied externally through chemical fertilizers. A reliable estimate of soil N-supplying capacity (NSC) is therefore essential for efficient fertilizer use. In this study involving a pot experiment with twenty acidic soils varying widely in properties, we evaluated six chemical indices of soil N-availability viz. organic carbon (C<sub>org</sub>), total N (N<sub>tot</sub>), acid and alkaline-KMnO<sub>4</sub> extractable-N, hot KCl extractable-N (KCl-N) and phosphate-borate buffer extractable-N (PBB-N), based on their strength of correlation with available-N values obtained through aerobic incubation (AI-N) and anaerobic incubation (ANI-N), and also with the dry matter yield (DMY), N percentage and plant (maize) N uptake (PNU). In general, the soils showed large variability in NSC as indicated by variability in PNU which ranged from 598 to 1026 mg/pot. Correlations of the N-availability indices with AI-N and ANI-N decreased in the order: PBB-N (r = 0.784** and 0.901**) &gt; KCl-N (r = 0.773** and 0.743**) &gt; acid KMnO<sub>4</sub>-N (r = 0.575** and 0.651**) &ge; C<sub>org</sub> (r = 0.591** and 0.531**) &ge; alkaline KMnO<sub>4</sub>-N (r = 0.394** and 0.548**) &gt; N<sub>tot</sub> (r = 0.297** and 0.273*). Of all the indices evaluated, PBB-N showed the best correlations with plant parameters as well (r = 0.790** and 0.793** for DMY and PNU, respectively). Based on the highest correlations of PBB-N with biological indices as well as plant responses, we propose PBB-N as an appropriate index of N-availability in the acidic soils of India and other regions with similar soils.

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