scholarly journals Genetic Parameters and Breeding for Yield in Red Raspberry

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Joseph Stephens ◽  
Peter A. Alspach ◽  
Ron A. Beatson ◽  
Chris Winefield ◽  
Emily J. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Berry Weight ◽  
Small Fruit

For most small fruit-breeding programs, high yield is a key objective and breeders face a number of challenges breeding for high yield, including interaction of environmental influences and the high cost of yield measurements. Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) yield is determined by a number of yield components (YC), including cane number, cane length, number of fruiting laterals, fruit numbers, and fruit size. The ultimate goal for breeders would be to be able to select for high-yield genotypes using key YC as early in the life of the plant as possible. In this study we set out to determine how individual components of yield are inherited, determine which components contribute the most to total yield, and investigate whether it is possible using key components to make selections for high-yielding genotypes on 1- and 2-year-old plants. We estimated variance components, heritabilities, phenotypic and genotypic correlations, and breeding values for yield and YC from 1008 genotypes based on 85 families derived from 45 parents harvested over three seasons in Washington state. Narrow-sense heritability estimates varied from moderately low [0.2 for number of canes (NCAN)] to moderately high [0.69 for berry weight (BWT)]. In general, all YCs were positively correlated with total yield (TYLD). The highest genetic correlation with TYLD was found for BWT (0.8), followed by cane length (CLEN) (0.54) and number of fruit per lateral (NFRT) (0.5). NCAN had the lowest genetic correlation with TYLD (–0.03). Genotype × year (G×Y) interaction was higher for some YCs than others. Berry weight, lateral length (LLEN), and NFRT were found to be the most stable overall seasons and the interaction was higher between the first and second years than between the second and third years of the study. To determine the most important YC, we calculated the correlations between the product of all combinations of subsets of the YC breeding values and TYLD. Berry weight, CLEN, and cane diameter (CDIA) were found to be the most important for 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively. The two most important YCs were LLEN and BWT and this was consistent overall seasons. We demonstrate that it is possible to select high-yielding genotypes by measuring key components such as LLEN, CLEN, and BWT in the first and second fruiting seasons.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation and Covariation of Yield and Phytochemical Traits in a Red Raspberry Factorial Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Joseph Stephens ◽  
Jessica Scalzo ◽  
Peter A. Alspach ◽  
Ron A. Beatson ◽  
Ann Marie Connor
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Berry Weight ◽  
Genotypic Correlations ◽  
Heritability Estimates

Breeding for high yield is a major objective of most small fruit breeding programs worldwide. In recent years, research associated with health benefits of berry fruit has resulted in some breeding programs looking for material with improved health properties with the goal of incorporating these into genotypes with high yield and other favorable agronomic characters. In this study, we estimated variance components, heritabilities, and phenotypic and genotypic correlations for yield components and phytochemicals [total phenolics (TPH), antioxidant activity (FRAP), and total anthocyanins (TACY)] from 828 genotypes in a red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) factorial mating design based on 42 full-sib families derived from seven female and six male parents harvested in one season in New Zealand. Narrow sense heritability estimates varied from moderately low [0.23 for percent budburst (PCBB)] to high [0.82 for mean berry weight (BWT)]. Highest genotypic correlations with total yield (TYLD) were found for mean cane length (0.60) followed by moderate correlations for PCBB (0.38), BWT (0.34) and fruit number per unit lateral (0.31). For these four components, the correlation between the product of the empirical breeding values (eBV) and TYLD was as good (0.67) as the correlation between the product of the seven yield components measured (0.68). Moderately high negative genotypic correlations were found between TYLD and TPH (–0.67), FRAP (–0.68), and TACY (–0.64), suggesting that breeding for high-yielding genotypes may result in reduced phytochemical levels. A pigment-deficient R. parvifolius × R. idaeus hybrid derivative parent (R. parv deriv) had the most influence on berry weight as a yield component. Removal of the R. parv deriv progeny from the analysis increased the contribution of berry weight to total yield. Heritability estimates were generally lower when the R. parv deriv crosses were omitted, particularly for number of canes BWT, TYLD, and the phytochemicals. Implications of R. parv deriv crosses on these results are discussed. Of the 828 genotypes, only five had an eBV for total yield greater than that of the best yielding parent, whereas 49 had larger berries than the best parent. None of the 828 genotypes had an eBV for yield components or phytochemicals less than that of the lowest parent, whereas 13 had a higher eBV associated with phytochemicals than that of the highest parent.

scholarly journals A Method for Breeding New Cultivars of Machine-harvested Raspberries with High Yield

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
pp. 458-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Joseph Stephens ◽  
Peter A. Alspach ◽  
Ron A. Beatson ◽  
Chris Winefield ◽  
Emily J. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
The 1960S

The Pacific northwestern (PNW) region of the United States is well known for production of machine-harvested red raspberries (Rubus idaeus) for process markets. The cultivar Meeker, developed in the 1960s, is well suited to this area and for machine-harvesting, but it is susceptible to raspberry bushy dwarf virus and root rot caused by Phytophthora rubi. Despite the efforts of several breeding programs, ‘Meeker’ is still the predominant cultivar for commercial production in the PNW. One of the major difficulties with breeding new berry fruit cultivars is the time-consuming nature of collecting fruit yield and quality data on large seedling populations. For fruit yield, visual scoring assessment methods are commonly used for seedling populations, but these may be poor predictors of yield. Consequently, visual scores for yield can result in less genetic improvement and thus can adversely affect successful cultivar development. Total yield measured by hand-harvesting is labor-intensive and does not assess machine-harvestability, but machine-harvesting is not practical to measure on individual plants. In this study we set out to see if we could bulk machine-harvest full-sib family plots for among-family selection and use yield component data on individuals within the plots for within-family selection. Using best linear unbiased predictors, we estimated machine-harvest yield breeding values for our individual seedlings and found higher genetic gain per generation using estimated individual machine-harvest breeding values (7.6%) than using hand-harvested breeding values (6.5%). Implications for breeding machine-harvest red raspberries are discussed.

scholarly journals Performance of Strawberry Varieties Developed for Perennial Matted-Row Production in Annual Plasticulture in a Cold Climate Region

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1407
Author(s):  
Courtney A. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Berry Weight ◽  
High Yields

Annual plasticulture production of strawberries promises superior weed control, fruit quality and yields. However, strawberry varieties adapted for perennial, matted-row production and local markets in cold climate regions have not been widely tested for adaptation to an annual production cycle. Productivity of seven short-day varieties developed for matted-row and/or annual production was examined in an annual plasticulture system in two consecutive trials in central NY (lat. 42.87° N, long. 76.99° W) harvested in 2013 and 2014. ‘Flavorfest’ demonstrated good performance in Trial 1 with high yield (390 g/plant) and large fruit size (13.9 g mean berry weight). ‘Jewel’ was shown to be well adapted to the annual plasticulture system with consistently high yields (330 and 390 g/plant) that equaled or surpassed other varieties and had moderate fruit size. ‘Chandler’ performed similarly to previous trials conducted in warmer regions with yield (340 g/plant) and fruit size (9.8 g mean berry weight) similar to ‘Jewel’. ‘Clancy’ yielded less but was consistent from year to year. The late season varieties Seneca and Ovation showed marked variability between years, possibly due to drastically different temperatures during flowering and fruit development in Trial 1 compared to Trial 2. High temperatures in Trial 1 likely caused higher early fruit yield, a compressed season and a precipitous decline in fruit size in the later season, thus reducing yield in the late season. Survival after a second dormant period was poor resulting in a small second harvest and reduced fruit size. Overall, the system demonstrated many of the expected benefits but may be more sensitive to weather conditions in the region. While many varieties developed for matted-row production may work well in an annual plasticulture system, not all varieties are equally adapted. Performance of each variety should be determined independently before large scale adoption by growers.

scholarly journals Small Fruit Production in High Tunnels

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Demchak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
High Tunnels ◽  
Berry Crops

High tunnels are a relatively economical form of protected culture, and offer cultural advantages such as protection from the elements and an extended production season. Interest in high tunnels for small fruit production has been increasing in North America. Growers in the United States and Canada are using multi-bay and single-bay high tunnels for production of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus), strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa), and blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). Research trials using high tunnels are being conducted in numerous places across the United States. In most instances, high tunnels increased yields of berry crops, improved quality, and decreased the incidence of most diseases compared with field production, powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca macularis) being a notable exception. The insect and mite complex encountered in tunnels when growing berry crops has changed markedly, often becoming similar to that which might have been expected in greenhouses, with numbers of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), whitefly (Aleyrodidae), and thrips (Frankliniella spp.) reaching high levels without control measures. In studies at The Pennsylvania State University, primocane-bearing cultivars of red raspberry plants produced at least two to three times as much marketable fruit in tunnels as in a previous field study, with substantial summer and fall crops obtained. ‘Triple Crown’ thornless blackberry produced very high marketable yields in the tunnels, even though winter injury historically resulted in a lack of blackberry production in the field. Strawberry production in a plasticulture system using short-day or day-neutral cultivars was found to be viable; however, the primary benefit of high tunnels for strawberry may have been reliability of production rather than a yield increase. Potential reasons for improvements in productivity and quality are numerous and warrant further attention.

EFFECTS OF TOMATO RINGSPOT VIRUS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF RED RASPBERRY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACK A. FREEMAN ◽  
R. STACE-SMITH ◽  
HUGH A. DAUBENY
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Tomato Ringspot Virus

Tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV) was graft-inoculated into 10 raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars in 1970 and plants of root cuttings from infected and virus-free (VF) plants were established in the field in 1971. Data were recorded on the growth of the newly propagated plants in 1971 and on growth and yield in 1972, 1973 and 1974. TomRSV infection resulted in retarding the growth of the young plants arising from the root cuttings of 8 of the 10 cultivars. Chlorotic ringspot markings were evident on many of the young plants arising from the root cuttings, but in subsequent years very few foliar markings were observed. A year after the plants were established, the canes of six cultivars were shorter than those of VF clones. The cultivars Avon, Latham, Lloyd George, and Mailing Jewel had significantly shorter canes in each of the 3 yr that measurements were taken. Only two cultivars, Carnival and Lloyd George, showed a reduction in yield in the 1st cropping year. By the 3rd cropping year, Avon, Glen Clova, Latham, Lloyd George and Meeker all showed a significant reduction in yield. Avon and Lloyd George also showed reduced fruit size. When all growth parameters were considered, the cultivar ranking in order of decreasing susceptibility was as follows: Lloyd George, Avon, Latham, Glen Clova, Meeker, Matsqui, Mailing Jewel, Carnival, Puyallup, and Canby.

scholarly journals Citrulline and Arginine Are Moderately Heritable in Two Red-fleshed Watermelon Populations

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan L. Hartman ◽  
Penelope Perkins-Veazie ◽  
Todd C. Wehner
Keyword(s):  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration ◽  
Half Sibling

Watermelon fruit [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Matsum & Nakai] is a natural source of phytonutrients, including lycopene, citrulline, and arginine. Two segregating, highly outcrossed North Carolina watermelon populations, NC High Yield (NCHYW) and NC Small Fruit (NCSFW), were evaluated for these traits and for indicators of ripeness (pH and soluble solids content). Parents tested in 2015 (NSF = 300, NHY = 300) were sampled for the above and offspring were tested in 2016 if the sampled fruit of the parents were of qualifying ripeness [soluble solids concentration (SSC) ≥8, pH 5.5–6.5], resulting in 251 families (NSF = 72, NHY = 175). Narrow-sense heritability was estimated in each of the populations using the methods of 1) parent-offspring regression and 2) variance of half-sibling family means. Heritability for citrulline in NCHYW was moderate in both parent-offspring and half-sibling estimations (38% and 43%), as was arginine (40% and 44%) and lycopene (46% and 47%, respectively). Estimates for these traits in NCSFW were considerably different, with parent-offspring and half-sibling estimations for citrulline (65% and 22%), arginine (9% and 20%), and lycopene (44% and 68%). In NCHYW, moderate phenotypic correlations were found between SSC and citrulline (0.40), arginine (0.40), their combination (0.45), and lycopene (0.30) all of which were significant, except lycopene. Lycopene was significantly and weakly correlated to citrulline (0.22), but was not correlated to arginine (0.06). Similar correlations were found in NCSFW; SSC was significantly correlated to citrulline (0.24), arginine (0.18), and their combination (0.23), whereas lycopene was slightly correlated to citrulline (0.15) and not significantly correlated to arginine. Based on these heritabilities and phenotypic correlations, tandem selection for high lycopene and citrulline content may be accomplished efficiently using progeny rows with minimal replication using the NCSFW population, whereas replication with multiple years, rows, and locations may be necessary for creating stable lines using the NCHYW population.

scholarly journals Genetic Parameters and Development of a Selection Index for Breeding Red Raspberries for Processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Joseph Stephens ◽  
Peter A. Alspach ◽  
Ron A. Beatson ◽  
Chris Winefield ◽  
Emily J. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Multiple Trait ◽  
Breeding Values

New commercial red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) cultivars suited to machine-harvesting and processing markets need to be high-yielding and have good fruit quality attributes, including fruit firmness, sugar content, acidity, flavor, and health properties. Combining many traits in one genotype is a challenge for breeders, especially for traits negatively correlated with yield. Despite its potential, the use of multiple-trait selection through selection indices has had limited application in fruit breeding. In this study, we estimated variance components, heritabilities, phenotypic and genetic correlations and breeding values for total yield (TYLD), harvest span, mid-harvest day and fruit quality traits, firmness (FIRM), soluble solids (SS), acidity (ACID), total anthocyanins (TACY), and total ellagitannins (TELG) from 1008 seedling genotypes based on 85 families derived from 45 parents harvested over three seasons in Washington state. Narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from moderately low (0.22 for TYLD) to moderately high (0.73 for SS). All traits measured had positive genetic correlations with TYLD except for ACID (–0.35) and TACY (–0.28). Genotype × year (G×Y) interaction was high for TYLD and low for fruit quality attributes FIRM, SS, ACID, TACY, and TELG, and interactions were higher between the first (2009) and second (2010) seasons than between the second (2010) and third (2011) seasons. Using economic weights and breeding values derived from multivariate analysis for TYLD, FIRM, SS, and TACY, we constructed a selection index designed to assist with multiple-trait selection for population improvement and the development of commercial raspberry cultivars.

scholarly journals Trellising System and Cane Density Affect Yield and Fruit Quality of Red Raspberry

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1215-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine E. Vanden Heuvel ◽  
John T.A. Proctor ◽  
J. Alan Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Southern Ontario

Trellising and cane density treatments were applied to vigorous raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cv. Titan plants in Southern Ontario to determine their effects on yield, yield potential, and canopy microclimate during the 1997 and 1998 seasons. The trellising treatments compared were hedgerow (control), V-trellis, and single-sided shift-trellis (shift-trellis). Cane densities (9, 16, 23, and 30 canes/m2) were established before budbreak each season. The treatments significantly affected yield and yield components. Path analysis indicated that interrelationships among yield components were significantly affected by trellising system. In the second season, plants trained on the V-trellis yielded more than did those in a hedgerow system, while those trained on a shift-trellis had the lowest yield because of a smaller fruiting framework. Fruit quality was lower on the shifttrellis than in the other two systems. These differences were related to light penetration into the three canopies. While an optimum cane density was not found for any system, the maximum cane density (30 canes/m2) produced the highest yields. Yield potential per cane decreased as cane density increased; however, the increase in cane number compensated for this decrease, resulting in an increase in total yield per unit area. Fruit quality also decreased as cane density increased, but cane density did not affect canopy microclimate.

scholarly journals Jenkka and Jatsi, two new red raspberry cultivars

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo Dalman ◽  
Heimo Hiirsalmi ◽  
Tarja Hietaranta ◽  
Minna-Maria Linna
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Good Flavour

The red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars Jenkka and Jatsi have been released from the berry breeding programme of the Agricultural Research Centre of Finland. Cv. Jenkka was selected for its good winterhardiness and reliable yield, and cv. Jatsi for its good flavour, large fruit size and moderate winterhardiness. Both cultivars are suitable for the fresh and pick-your-own market.

scholarly journals `Empire' Apple Responses to Fruit-thinning Chemicals

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 765E-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren C. Stiles
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Small Fruit

Effects of NAA at 5, 10, and 15 ppm, Accel at 50, 75, and 100 ppm, NAA at 7.5 ppm plus carbaryl at 600 ppm, and a nontreated control on fruit set, fruit size, length–diameter ratio, seed numbers per fruit, and total yield of fruit were evaluated during the 1994 season. All treatments were applied to 10-year-old `Empire'/M.9/MM.111 trees as dilute sprays at a rate of 935 liters·ha–1 with an airblast sprayer on 3 June. King fruit measured 9–11 mm in diameter at time of application. Fruit set (fruits per 100 blossom clusters) was reduced significantly by Accel at 50 ppm (17%) and by NAA plus carbaryl (26%) in comparison with the nontreated control. Total yield of fruit was increased by all treatments; however, fruit from trees treated with NAA plus carbaryl was significantly larger than that from all other treatments. Percentages of small fruit, <108 g, were reduced by all treatments. Percentage of fruit ≥ 153 g was increased significantly only by NAA plus carbaryl. Length–diameter ratios and numbers of fully developed seeds per fruit were not influenced significantly by treatments. NAA at rates of 5, 10, and 15 ppm, or Accel at 50, 75, or 100 ppm, were less effective than a combination of NAA at 7.5 ppm plus carbaryl at 600 ppm in reducing fruit set and in affecting fruit size or fruit size distribution.

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