scholarly journals Low Energy: Estimating Electric Vehicle Electricity Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Burlig ◽  
James Bushnell ◽  
David Rapson ◽  
Catherine D. Wolfram
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electricity Use

scholarly journals Low Energy: Estimating Electric Vehicle Electricity Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Burlig ◽  
James Bushnell ◽  
David Rapson ◽  
Catherine D. Wolfram
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electricity Use

scholarly journals Low Energy: Estimating Electric Vehicle Electricity Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Burlig ◽  
James Bushnell ◽  
David Rapson ◽  
Catherine Wolfram
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electricity Use

scholarly journals Low Energy: Estimating Electric Vehicle Electricity Use

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 430-435
Author(s):  
Fiona Burlig ◽  
James Bushnell ◽  
David Rapson ◽  
Catherine Wolfram
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
Transportation Electrification ◽  
Scale Estimate

We provide the first at-scale estimate of electric vehicle (EV) home charging. Previous estimates are based on conflicting surveys or are extrapolated from a small, unrepresentative sample of households with dedicated EV meters. We combine billions of hourly electricity meter measurements with address-level EV registration records from California households, including 64,000 EV owners. The average EV increases overall household load by 2.9 kilowatt-hours per day, well under half the amount assumed by state regulators. Results imply that EVs travel less than expected on electric power, raising questions about transportation electrification for climate policy.

Development of a software platform for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle simulator

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios Karlis ◽  
Eric Bibeau ◽  
Paul Zanetel ◽  
Zelon Lye
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Energy Mix ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Vehicle Simulator ◽  
Hybrid Electric

AbstractElectricity use for transportation has had limited applications because of battery storage range issues, although many recent successful demonstrations of electric vehicles have been achieved. Renewable biofuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol also contribute only a small percentage of the overall energy mix for mobility. Recent advances in hybrid technologies have significantly increased vehicle efficiencies. More importantly, hybridization now allows a significant reduction in battery capacity requirements compared to pure electric vehicles, allowing electricity to be used in the overall energy mix in the transportation sector. This paper presents an effort made to develop a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) platform that can act as a comprehensive alternative energy vehicle simulator. Its goal is to help in solving the pressing needs of the transportation sector, both in terms of contributing data to aid policy decisions for reducing fossil fuel use, and to support research in this important area. The Simulator will allow analysing different vehicle configurations, and control strategies with regards to renewable and non-renewable fuel and electricity sources. The simulation platform models the fundamental aspects of PHEV components, that is, process control, heat transfer, chemical reactions, thermodynamics and fluid properties. The outcomes of the Simulator are: (i) determining the optimal combination of fuels and grid electricity use, (ii) performing greenhouse gas calculations based on emerging protocols being developed, and (iii) optimizing the efficient and proper use of renewable energy sources in a carbon constrained world.

Household electricity use, electric vehicle home-charging and distributed photovoltaic power production in the city of Westminster

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joakim Munkhammar ◽  
Justin D.K. Bishop ◽  
Juan Jose Sarralde ◽  
Wei Tian ◽  
Ruchi Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Photovoltaic Power ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
The City

Available Capacity Estimation of Electric Vehicle Batteries Based on Peukert Equation at Various Temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 535 ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Tao Liu ◽  
Ji Wu ◽  
Chen Bin Zhang ◽  
Zong Hai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Capacity Estimation ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Li Ion

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming widely used for its low energy consumption and low pollution. An accurate estimation of available capacity for Li-ion batteries has an important utility significance to optimize its performance in the applications of EVs. The Peukert equation is applied to estimate the available capacity of batteries. However, the fact that the available capacity of Li-ion batteries is dependent on battery temperatures can result in errors while using the Peukert equation. To address this problem, this paper proposes an extended Peukert equation to include temperature effect. This method considers battery temperature as an input variable into the Peukert equation. Experiments based on Li-ion batteries are carried out under various current and temperatures. The comparison of the estimated and the actual available capacity indicates that the proposed algorithm can provide a reliable and accurate estimation of the available capacity for Li-ion batteries.

Dissociated Σ=27 boundaries in silicon

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 624-625
Author(s):  
A. Garg ◽  
W.A.T. Clark ◽  
J.P. Hirth
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Local Minimum ◽  
Boundary Energy ◽  
Coincidence Site Lattice ◽  
Boundary Plane ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Site Lattice ◽  
Kikuchi Pattern ◽  
Analysis Techniques

In the last twenty years, a significant amount of work has been done in the theoretical understanding of grain boundaries. The various proposed grain boundary models suggest the existence of coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries at specific misorientations where a periodic structure representing a local minimum of energy exists between the two crystals. In general, the boundary energy depends not only upon the density of CSL sites but also upon the boundary plane, so that different facets of the same boundary have different energy. Here we describe TEM observations of the dissociation of a Σ=27 boundary in silicon in order to reduce its surface energy and attain a low energy configuration.The boundary was identified as near CSL Σ=27 {255} having a misorientation of (38.7±0.2)°/[011] by standard Kikuchi pattern, electron diffraction and trace analysis techniques. Although the boundary appeared planar, in the TEM it was found to be dissociated in some regions into a Σ=3 {111} and a Σ=9 {122} boundary, as shown in Fig. 1.

Transfer optics for high spatial resolution electron spectroscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 666-667
Author(s):  
G. G. Hembree ◽  
Luo Chuan Hong ◽  
P.A. Bennett ◽  
J.A. Venables
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
State University ◽  
Arizona State University ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Low Energy Electrons

A new field emission scanning transmission electron microscope has been constructed for the NSF HREM facility at Arizona State University. The microscope is to be used for studies of surfaces, and incorporates several surface-related features, including provision for analysis of secondary and Auger electrons; these electrons are collected through the objective lens from either side of the sample, using the parallelizing action of the magnetic field. This collimates all the low energy electrons, which spiral in the high magnetic field. Given an initial field Bi∼1T, and a final (parallelizing) field Bf∼0.01T, all electrons emerge into a cone of semi-angle θf≤6°. The main practical problem in the way of using this well collimated beam of low energy (0-2keV) electrons is that it is travelling along the path of the (100keV) probing electron beam. To collect and analyze them, they must be deflected off the beam path with minimal effect on the probe position.

Performance Evaluation of a Novel Type of Low-Energy Electron Microscope

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
Bertholdand Senftinger ◽  
Helmut Liebl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Numerical Aperture ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Electron ◽  
High Resolution Imaging ◽  
Lens System ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Low Energy Electron

During the last few years the investigation of clean and adsorbate-covered solid surfaces as well as thin-film growth and molecular dynamics have given rise to a constant demand for high-resolution imaging microscopy with reflected and diffracted low energy electrons as well as photo-electrons. A recent successful implementation of a UHV low-energy electron microscope by Bauer and Telieps encouraged us to construct such a low energy electron microscope (LEEM) for high-resolution imaging incorporating several novel design features, which is described more detailed elsewhere.The constraint of high field strength at the surface required to keep the aberrations caused by the accelerating field small and high UV photon intensity to get an improved signal-to-noise ratio for photoemission led to the design of a tetrode emission lens system capable of also focusing the UV light at the surface through an integrated Schwarzschild-type objective. Fig. 1 shows an axial section of the emission lens in the LEEM with sample (28) and part of the sample holder (29). The integrated mirror objective (50a, 50b) is used for visual in situ microscopic observation of the sample as well as for UV illumination. The electron optical components and the sample with accelerating field followed by an einzel lens form a tetrode system. In order to keep the field strength high, the sample is separated from the first element of the einzel lens by only 1.6 mm. With a numerical aperture of 0.5 for the Schwarzschild objective the orifice in the first element of the einzel lens has to be about 3.0 mm in diameter. Considering the much smaller distance to the sample one can expect intense distortions of the accelerating field in front of the sample. Because the achievable lateral resolution depends mainly on the quality of the first imaging step, careful investigation of the aberrations caused by the emission lens system had to be done in order to avoid sacrificing high lateral resolution for larger numerical aperture.

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