Minimal Redundancy Linear Array and Uniform Linear Arrays in Future 5G Smart Devices for Machine-to-Machine Talk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyanand Singh
Keyword(s):  
Linear Array ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Machine To Machine ◽  
Linear Arrays ◽  
Minimal Redundancy

scholarly journals Minimal Redundancy Linear Array and Uniform Linear Arrays Beamforming Applications in 5G Smart Devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
Satyanand Singh
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Linear Array ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Linear Arrays ◽  
Sparse Arrays ◽  
Spatially Correlated ◽  
Minimal Redundancy ◽  
Half Power

Minimum Redundancy Linear Arrays (MRLAs) and Uniform Linear Arrays (ULAs) investigation conducted with the possibility of using them in future 5G smart devices. MRLAs are designed to minimize the number of sensor pairs with the same spatially correlated delay. It eliminates selected antennas from the entire composite antenna array and preserves all possible antenna spacing.  MRLAs have attractive features for linear sparse arrays, even if the built-in surface is deformed, it works without problems. To our knowledge, MRLAs have not been applied to smart devices so far. In this work, a 7-element ULAs and 4-element MRLAs (same aperture) were used for the simulation. The Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) is 0.666 and the Null-to-Null Beamwidth ( ) is 1.385 in ψ-space. In comparison, the standard 4-element arrays are 1.429 and 3.1416, while the standard 7-element linear arrays are 0.801 and 1.795 respectively. Experimental results show that 4-element MLRAs have a narrower mean beam, much higher sidelobes and shallow nulls. Therefore, in terms of main lobe features, 4- elements MRLAs have an improvement over the standard 7-element ULAs. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SP1-05 Full Text: PDF

scholarly journals Micro Non-Uniform Linear Array (MNULA) for Ultrasound Plane Wave Imaging

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
Yujia Tang ◽  
Zhangjian Li ◽  
Yaoyao Cui ◽  
Chen Yang ◽  
Jiabing Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plane Wave ◽  
Linear Array ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Uniform Linear Array ◽  
Imaging Technology ◽  
Linear Arrays ◽  
Imaging Quality ◽  
Imaging Results ◽  
Wave Imaging ◽  
Laboratory Technology

Ultrasound plane wave imaging technology has been applied to more clinical situations than ever before because of its rapid imaging speed and stable imaging quality. Most transducers used in plane wave imaging are linear arrays, but their structures limit the application of plane wave imaging technology in some special clinical situations, especially in the endoscopic environment. In the endoscopic environment, the size of the linear array transducer is strictly miniaturized, and the imaging range is also limited to the near field. Meanwhile, the near field of a micro linear array has serious mutual interferences between elements, which is against the imaging quality of near field. Therefore, we propose a new structure of a micro ultrasound linear array for plane wave imaging. In this paper, a theoretical comparison is given through sound field and imaging simulations. On the basis of primary work and laboratory technology, micro uniform and non-uniform linear arrays were made and experimented with the phantom setting. We selected appropriate evaluation parameters to verify the imaging results. Finally, we concluded that the micro non-uniform linear array eliminated the artifacts better than the micro uniform linear array without the additional use of signal processing methods, especially for target points in the near-field. We believe this study provides a possible solution for plane wave imaging in cramped environments like endoscopy.

scholarly journals Accommodating Machine-To-Machine Traffic In IEEE 802.15.4: The Prioritized Wait Time Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vida Azimi
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Wait Time ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Machine To Machine ◽  
M2m Communications ◽  
Distribution Logistics ◽  
Machine Communication ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

Machine-to-Machine communication (M2M) refers to automated applications executing on smart devices or machines that communicate through a network with little or no human intervention at all. By enabling smart devices to communicate directly with one another, M2M communications technology has the potential to radically change the world around us and the way that we interact with objects. Many applications can benefit from M2M communications, such as transportation, health care, smart energy production, transmission, and distribution, logistics, city automation and manufacturing, security and safety, and others. This work describes an approach to implement M2M communications using the well-known IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee communications standard for low data rate wireless personal area networks. In order to achieve better performance for M2M traffic, we propose some improvements in the protocol. Our simulation results confirm the validity

SORTING AND SELECTION ON A LINEAR ARRAY WITH OPTICAL BUS SYSTEM

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
HOSSAM ELGINDY ◽  
SANGUTHEVAR RAJASEKARAN
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Algorithms ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Linear Array ◽  
Parallel Machine ◽  
Machine Model ◽  
Linear Arrays ◽  
Bus System

In this paper we present randomized algorithms for selection and sorting on linear arrays with optical bus communication systems. We show that sorting n given numbers can be performed in O( log n) time with high probability on a linear array, of n processors, with a reconfigurable optical bus system (Linear-AROB). We also show that selection can be performed in O(1) time with high probability on the same parallel machine model.

scholarly journals Proposing an International Standard Accident Number for Interconnecting Information and Communication Technology Systems of the Rescue Chain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolai Spicher ◽  
Ramon Barakat ◽  
Ju Wang ◽  
Mostafa Haghi ◽  
Justin Jagieniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Machine To Machine ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Rescue Chain ◽  
Alerting System ◽  
Information And Communication

Abstract Background The rapid dissemination of smart devices within the internet of things (IoT) is developing toward automatic emergency alerts which are transmitted from machine to machine without human interaction. However, apart from individual projects concentrating on single types of accidents, there is no general methodology of connecting the standalone information and communication technology (ICT) systems involved in an accident: systems for alerting (e.g., smart home/car/wearable), systems in the responding stage (e.g., ambulance), and in the curing stage (e.g., hospital). Objectives We define the International Standard Accident Number (ISAN) as a unique token for interconnecting these ICT systems and to provide embedded data describing the circumstances of an accident (time, position, and identifier of the alerting system). Materials and Methods Based on the characteristics of processes and ICT systems in emergency care, we derive technological, syntactic, and semantic requirements for the ISAN, and we analyze existing standards to be incorporated in the ISAN specification. Results We choose a set of formats for describing the embedded data and give rules for their combination to generate an ISAN. It is a compact alphanumeric representation that is generated easily by the alerting system. We demonstrate generation, conversion, analysis, and visualization via representational state transfer (REST) services. Although ISAN targets machine-to-machine communication, we give examples of graphical user interfaces. Conclusion Created either locally by the alerting IoT system or remotely using our RESTful service, the ISAN is a simple and flexible token that enables technological, syntactic, and semantic interoperability between all ICT systems in emergency care.

scholarly journals Accommodating Machine-To-Machine Traffic In IEEE 802.15.4: The Prioritized Wait Time Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vida Azimi
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Wait Time ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Machine To Machine ◽  
M2m Communications ◽  
Distribution Logistics ◽  
Machine Communication ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

Machine-to-Machine communication (M2M) refers to automated applications executing on smart devices or machines that communicate through a network with little or no human intervention at all. By enabling smart devices to communicate directly with one another, M2M communications technology has the potential to radically change the world around us and the way that we interact with objects. Many applications can benefit from M2M communications, such as transportation, health care, smart energy production, transmission, and distribution, logistics, city automation and manufacturing, security and safety, and others. This work describes an approach to implement M2M communications using the well-known IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee communications standard for low data rate wireless personal area networks. In order to achieve better performance for M2M traffic, we propose some improvements in the protocol. Our simulation results confirm the validity

scholarly journals A Conceptual Framework for the Use of Minimum Redundancy Linear Arrays and Flexible Arrays in Future Smartphones

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Patwari ◽  
G. Ramachandra Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Linear Array ◽  
Array Processing ◽  
Uniform Linear Array ◽  
Phase Compensation ◽  
Linear Arrays ◽  
Array Pattern ◽  
Conformal Arrays ◽  
Processing Modes ◽  
Area Of Application

This work applies existing array processing principles to devise a new area of application. The properties of minimum redundancy linear arrays (MRLAs) and flexible arrays are studied, keeping in mind the possibility of using them in flexible 5G smartphones of the future. Millimeter frequencies for 5G communications enabled the use of a decent number of array elements, even at the user equipment (UE). MRLAs possess attractive properties among linear sparse arrays and flexible conformal arrays (flexible arrays) operate satisfactorily even when the surface they are built into changes shape. To the best of our knowledge, MRLAs were not applied to smartphones previously. In this work, a 16-element uniform linear array (ULA) and a 7-element MRLA (with the same aperture) are considered for simulations. Array factors of both the arrays in flat and bent positions have been computed using MATLAB. The effect of phase compensation and bending radii on the array pattern were verified. That phase compensation using the projection method (PM) restores the array pattern even for a bent MRLA is a major finding. Possible array processing modes have been suggested for a 5G smartphone in which the array could be made to operate in any of the four configurations: a flat ULA, a bent ULA, a flat MRLA, and a bent MRLA.

scholarly journals An ADS-Based Sparse Optimization Method for Sonar Imaging Sensor Arrays

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3176
Author(s):  
Jiancheng Liu ◽  
Feng Shi ◽  
Yecheng Sun ◽  
Peng Li
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Array ◽  
Linear Array ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensor Arrays ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Side Lobe ◽  
Side Lobe Level ◽  
Linear Arrays

The Mills Cross sonar sensor array, achieved by the virtual element technology, is one way to build a low-complexity and low-cost imaging system while not decreasing the imaging quality. This type of sensor array is widely investigated and applied in sensor imaging. However, the Mills Cross array still holds some redundancy in sensor spatial sampling, and it means that this sensor array may be further thinned. For this reason, the Almost Different Sets (ADS) method is proposed to further thin the Mills Cross array. First, the original Mills Cross array is divided into several transversal linear arrays and one longitudinal linear array. Secondly, the Peak Side Lobe Level (PSLL) of each virtual linear array is estimated in advance. After the ADS parameters are matched according to the thinned ratio of the expectant array, all linear arrays are thinned in order. In the end, the element locations in the thinned linear array are used to determine which elements are kept or discarded from the original Mills array. Simulations demonstrate that the ADS method can be used to thin the Mills array and to further decrease the complexity of the imaging system while retaining beam performance.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Method Based on the Iterative Fourier Transform and the Differential Evolution for Pattern Synthesis of Sparse Linear Arrays

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Kuan Wang ◽  
Gui-Bao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Differential Evolution ◽  
Hybrid Method ◽  
Linear Array ◽  
Hardware Cost ◽  
Pattern Synthesis ◽  
Linear Arrays ◽  
Half Wavelength ◽  
Low Sidelobe ◽  
Sparse Linear Array

A hybrid method that combines the iterative Fourier transform (IFT) and the algorithm of differential evolution (DE) is proposed to address the synthesis of low sidelobe sparse linear array (SLA) including many elements. Firstly, a thinned linear array (TLA) with the lattices spaced at half wavelength is obtained by the IFT. Then, for the elements of the TLA whose left or right spacing are greater than half wavelength, their placements are selected as the candidates which will be further optimized by the DE, as long as the interelement spacing is not less than half wavelength. Consequently, the convergence pressure of DE is greatly alleviated for the reason that the selected elements only accounts for a small part of the total. Therefore, the SLA with improved sidelobe performance can be obtained at relative low hardware cost. Several numerical instances confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.

2D-DOA Estimation for MIMO Radar on Monostatic L-Shaped Minimum-Redundancy Linear Arrays

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 2871-2875
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Gong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Linear Array ◽  
Doa Estimation ◽  
Mimo Radar ◽  
Radar System ◽  
Signal Classification ◽  
Multiple Signal Classification ◽  
Linear Arrays ◽  
2D Doa Estimation ◽  
Better Than

This paper discussed the problem of two dimensional (2D) direction of arrival (DOA) estimation for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar. The minimum-redundancy linear array (MLRA) is introduced into the transmitting array and receiving array, which enables the high efficiency of the radar system. By utilizing the algorithm of multiple signal classification (MUSIC), we illustrate that the proposed scheme performs better than the uniform linear arrays (ULA) configuration under the same conditions. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of our scheme.

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