scholarly journals MEASURING THE COST FOR SOME SINGLE CHANNEL WAITING LINE MODELS

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-160
Author(s):  
Doaa Ahmed Ali
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Waiting Line

scholarly journals Measuring the Cost for Some Single Channel Waiting Line Models

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Doaa A. Ali ◽  
Elham A. Ismail ◽  
Lobna E. AL-Tayeb
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Arrival Rate ◽  
Service Rate ◽  
Rate Distribution ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Queue Lengths ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Waiting Line ◽  
The Ideal

Queuing models applications are centered on the question of finding the ideal level of services, waiting times and queue lengths. The aim of this study is to measure the cost for three models and compare the cost for the three single channel waiting line models instead of finding the ideal level of services, waiting times and queue lengths which calculated in many studies.  Each model depends on two important parameters arrival rate (λ) and service rate (μ) which followed different distributions.  The cost for the three single channel waiting line models is calculated when arrival rate (λ) is followed Poisson distribution and service rate (μ) is followed different distributions. The objective for the waiting line models is to minimize total expected costs by minimize the sum of service costs and waiting costs. Therefore, the study concerned with changing the distribution of the service rate (μ) and examining its impact on cost. This choice was made to emphasize the basic idea of the study (there is a relationship between the service rate distribution and the cost). The study results showed that there is a relationship between the service rate   distribution and the cost.  

Competition and Coordination in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain With Asymmetric Retailers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1311-1328
Author(s):  
YuHang Zhang ◽  
Ying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Dual Channel Supply Chain ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Linear Quantity

This article studies competition and coordination in a dual-channel supply chain where one supplier supplies homogeneous products to multiple asymmetric retailers, meanwhile, selling products to the end consumers acting as retailers, through a two-level Stackelberg game. This article first studies the asymmetry among the retailers in terms of the different characteristics of the cost, price, quantity. This article finds that a supplier's profits increase when the number of retailers are high enough in the retail market, even though the retail price of the retailers is lower than that of the supplier, or the wholesale price is cut down when there are many retailers competing in the retail market. On the other hand, under certain conditions, the efficiency of supply chain goes to 1. In this article, the authors show that some traditional contracts that can perfectly coordinate the single-channel supply chain, while failing to coordinate the dual-channel supply chain. Therefore, this article puts forth a linear quantity discount contract and first proves it can be applicable to the dual-channel supply chain with asymmetric retailers under a certain special condition where the lead retailer exits the retail market. The authors examine contracts which can reduce the loss of the efficiency, though they cannot completely coordinate a dual-channel supply chain.

scholarly journals Análisis teórico de una chimenea solar con tres canales de flujo de aire

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Angel Tlatelpa-Becerro ◽  
Ramiro Rico-Martínez ◽  
Gustavo Urquiza-Beltrán ◽  
Elva Lilia Reynoso-Jardón
Keyword(s):  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Solar Chimney ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Ventilation Systems

A solar chimney configuration consisting of three air flow channels divided by two metallic plate, placed in the center of the chimney between two acrylic covers, leading to symmetric air flow, is proposed as an alternative for the design of natural ventilation systems for buildings in tropical and subtropical climatic zones The solar chimney dimensions are 2.0 m height, 1.0 m width, and gap between channels of 0.30 m. These dimensions are appropriate for the design of ventilation systems for residential buildings in central México. A Numerical simulation using the global mass and energy balances in steady state was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed configuration. The temperature profiles, calculated for a typical hot day in a tropical region, reveal that the configuration is more efficient than the single channel chimney, achieving thermal efficiency values near 75%. This solar chimney configuration can be used with better results than the traditional design as an alternative for natural ventilation systems in residential buildings without a significant increase in the cost of the residence investment.

Competition and Coordination in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain With Asymmetric Retailers

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
YuHang Zhang ◽  
Ying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Dual Channel Supply Chain ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Linear Quantity

This article studies competition and coordination in a dual-channel supply chain where one supplier supplies homogeneous products to multiple asymmetric retailers, meanwhile, selling products to the end consumers acting as retailers, through a two-level Stackelberg game. This article first studies the asymmetry among the retailers in terms of the different characteristics of the cost, price, quantity. This article finds that a supplier's profits increase when the number of retailers are high enough in the retail market, even though the retail price of the retailers is lower than that of the supplier, or the wholesale price is cut down when there are many retailers competing in the retail market. On the other hand, under certain conditions, the efficiency of supply chain goes to 1. In this article, the authors show that some traditional contracts that can perfectly coordinate the single-channel supply chain, while failing to coordinate the dual-channel supply chain. Therefore, this article puts forth a linear quantity discount contract and first proves it can be applicable to the dual-channel supply chain with asymmetric retailers under a certain special condition where the lead retailer exits the retail market. The authors examine contracts which can reduce the loss of the efficiency, though they cannot completely coordinate a dual-channel supply chain.

scholarly journals Hierarchical Electrode Switching Device Design for Distributed Single-Channel Electrical Resistivity Tomography System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5746
Author(s):  
Xin Xia ◽  
Yu-Ying Pan ◽  
Xiao-Lei Liu ◽  
Yong-Gang Jia
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Tomography ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Resistivity Tomography ◽  
Switching Device ◽  
Maintenance System ◽  
Tomography System ◽  
Hardware Costs ◽  
The Cost

An electrode switching device (ESD) is one of the most important components of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). It is a ligament and relay between a testing circuit and testing electrodes. Existing ESD uses a plane structure to realize the interconnection between ports and testing electrodes. Taking Wenner testing as an example, each electrode needs four additional switches. In this report, a new hardware saving ESD (HESD) is made with a hierarchical structure for a single-channel distributed ERT. HESD has two-layered switches to realize the conversion process. The first layer of 16 switches can realize four pairs of unrepeated connection between four ports—AMNB and four Lines—L1–L4. The second layer establishes the non-overlapping joints between four lines—L1–L4 and four testing electrodes. Each electrode only needs one switch for an 1D test, which has been wildly used in soil science, ocean probing, and contaminated surveys, and an odd number layer test. With the newly designed HESD, three fourths of the cost of hardware (switch) was saved compared with the conventional ESD. In addition, with two more switches, HESD was able to complete a 2D survey. The new two-layer HESD saves hardware costs and shows advantages in maintenance, system tests, and miniaturization, especially when many electrodes are required in an ERT system, which is very common in practice.

scholarly journals Clinical and economic efficiency of the loop ileostomy closure by various methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
A. V. Veselov ◽  
S. I. Achkasov ◽  
O. I. Sushkov ◽  
A. I. Moskalev ◽  
I. S. Lantsov
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Loop Ileostomy ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
End To End ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
Group 1

in the context of optimizing the financial mechanisms of the national healthcare system, introducing the single-channel financial principle and further developing the insurance-based medicine in Russia, a competent financial accounting becomes an important element of the entire healthcare system.Aim – compare the economic effectiveness of various methods of closing a loop ileostomy.Materials and methods. The study included 327 patients randomized into 3 groups. in group 1, the closure of an ileostomy was performed manually with the formation of an end-to-end ileo-ileoastomosis; in group 2, the anastomosis was formed in the ”side by side” manner; and in group 3, a semi-automated surgical technique was used for the anastomosis formation.Results. The average cost of the treatments (per patient) in groups 1 and 2 was 131,704.90 rubles. and 145,473.70 rubles, respectively, while in group 3, the cost was higher – 167,443,60 rubles (p <0,001). This cost increase in Group 3 was mainly due to the cost of a disposable stapler and cassettes.Conclusion. The formation of a manual ileoileoanastomosis of the end-to-end type was less budget-consuming in comparison with the other methods. The semi-automated procedure based on disposable parts was the most expensive method of closing a loop ileostomy.

scholarly journals Dual Core Ytterbium Doped Fiber As A Gain Medium For A High Powered Swept Source Laser For Use In Multi-Channel oOtical Coherence Tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark K. Harduar
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Ring Cavity ◽  
Cavity Resonator ◽  
Gain Medium ◽  
Laser Source ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Dual Core

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel imaging modality that provides volumetric in-vivo high-resolution (1-15μm) images in real-time. Multi-channel OCT (MOCT) imaging utilizes many imaging channels simultaneously yielding several advantages over single-channel OCT. The benefits of MOCT are at the cost of the added requirement of several imaging beams, which demands high power output from the laser source. Dual-core Ytterbium (Yb) doped fiber was used in two configurations to demonstrate its use as a MOCT light source gain medium: 1) within a ring cavity resonator and 2) in a post-amplification regime with a low powered seed-laser. The amplification wavelength range was tailored to be centered at ~1060nm, where light absorption and scattering is at a minimum in water. In the post-amplification configuration, the output power was increased from 5mW to >200mW, with the axial resolution reducing from 10μm to 12μm. We also present initial in-vivo MOCT imaging of a tadpole.

scholarly journals Dual Core Ytterbium Doped Fiber As A Gain Medium For A High Powered Swept Source Laser For Use In Multi-Channel oOtical Coherence Tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark K. Harduar
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Ring Cavity ◽  
Cavity Resonator ◽  
Gain Medium ◽  
Laser Source ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Dual Core

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel imaging modality that provides volumetric in-vivo high-resolution (1-15μm) images in real-time. Multi-channel OCT (MOCT) imaging utilizes many imaging channels simultaneously yielding several advantages over single-channel OCT. The benefits of MOCT are at the cost of the added requirement of several imaging beams, which demands high power output from the laser source. Dual-core Ytterbium (Yb) doped fiber was used in two configurations to demonstrate its use as a MOCT light source gain medium: 1) within a ring cavity resonator and 2) in a post-amplification regime with a low powered seed-laser. The amplification wavelength range was tailored to be centered at ~1060nm, where light absorption and scattering is at a minimum in water. In the post-amplification configuration, the output power was increased from 5mW to >200mW, with the axial resolution reducing from 10μm to 12μm. We also present initial in-vivo MOCT imaging of a tadpole.

scholarly journals Sorting on Single-Channel Wireless Sensor Networks

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 391-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacir Luiz Bordim ◽  
Koji Nakano ◽  
Hong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Radio Communications ◽  
The Cost

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a distributed system consisting of a large number of wireless sensing devices and a base station. Due to their compactness and low-cost, sensor networks can be distributed at a fraction of the cost of conventional wired sensors and actuator systems. The physical world generates an unlimited amount of data that can be observed and monitored. Hence, designing protocols to coordinate WSNs with hundreds, or even thousands, of sensors will face many challenges. In this work we focus on the design of protocols that enable the sensor nodes to coordinate among themselves to achieve a larger task. From this standpoint, we present a sorting protocol for wireless sensor networks. We show that in a WSN consisting of n sensor nodes, where each sensor stores an element and has a fixed transmission range r. sorting can be performed in [Formula: see text] time slots when [Formula: see text]. We also reason that future applications of wireless sensor networks are very likely to employ short-range radio communications (i.e., r less than 100 meters). If this is the case, the time complexity of our sorting protocol is optimal.

scholarly journals Organizational and economic aspects of triplet therapy of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma in the Russian healthcare setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-150
Author(s):  
E. A. Pyadushkina ◽  
E. V. Derkach ◽  
V. I. Ignatyeva ◽  
E. E. Yagnenkova ◽  
T. Yu. Klitochenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Targeted Drugs ◽  
Refractory Multiple Myeloma ◽  
The Cost

Background. The introduction of innovative drugs has significantly increased the treatment effectiveness in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), but the question of whether these expensive options can be financially secured remains open.Objective: to assess the cost of triplets of targeted drugs ixazomib, carfilzomib, elotuzumab and daratumumab with lenalidomide and dexamethasone used in the treatment of RRMM, and to determine possible payment options for this therapy at the level of the Russian Federation subjects.Material and methods. The cost of an annual course of treatment with the studied regimens with centralized purchases and the cost of targeted drugs per hospitalization case were calculated based on the maximum registered prices, recommended doses and treatment regimens. The normative legal acts regulating the payment of drug therapy for multiple myeloma were analyzed and possible financing channels and their limitations were identified. Using the example of the Volgograd and Saratov Regions, tariffs under the compulsory medical insurance system were calculated and their sufficiency in covering the cost of targeted therapy was estimated.Results. The cost of an annual course of triplet therapy per patient in the case of centralized procurement of drugs ranged from 5.51 million rubles (regimen with ixazomib) up to 8.03 million rubles (regimen with carfilzomib). The cost per hospitalization, depending on the number of doses, ranged from 80,667–242,000 rubles (ixazomib, 1–3 doses) in the Saratov Region up to 239,618–958,472 rubles (daratumumab, 1–4 doses) in the Volgograd Region. Possible reimbursement channels are High-Cost Nosologies (HCN), Obligatory Medical Insurance (OMI) and Regional Drug Coverage (RDC) programs, nevertheless triplet therapy cannot be purchased via the single channel and the combination of them is required. It has been shown that, in most cases, the costs for a case of targeted drug treatment in studied regions are covered by the average tariff for the corresponding diagnosis-related group (DRG), except for cases with a maximum duration in a day hospital setting. An analysis of the RDC lists and the procurement of drugs in the studied regimens at the expense of regional budgets showed that lenalidomide, ixazomib, carfilzomib, elotuzumab and daratumumab are included in the restrictive list in regions 77, 74, 66, 63 and 47, but they are purchased only in regions 15, 24, 6, 4 and 6, respectively.Conclusion. The use of a triplet with ixazomib is characterized by the lowest costs, which indicates its greater economic attractiveness relative to carfilzomib, daratumumab and elotuzumab in the treatment of patients with RRMM. The tariffs established in the current DRG model retain the possibility of paying for treatment with the high-cost medicines at the expense of the OMI funds in combination with the HCN or RDC programs. There are reasons to believe that the expansion of the list of 14 HCN program will increase the provision of patients with highly effective therapy and also reduce the financial burden on the regions.

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