scholarly journals Conceptual Modelling of Water Loss on Flood Plains and its Application to River Yamuna Upstream of Delhi

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Asger Nielsen ◽  
J. C. Refsgaard ◽  
V.K. Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Conceptual Modelling ◽  
Yamuna River ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
Mike 11 ◽  
River Modelling ◽  
River Yamuna ◽  
Modelling System

A water loss module for the river modelling system MIKE 11 has been developed to account for water losses due to retention and infiltration on flood plains. MIKE 11 including the water loss module has been calibrated and tested on data from the Yamuna river, India. The inclusion of the water loss module has improved the water level forecasts at Delhi to a large extent.

scholarly journals Evaluation of water loss in transit and surface runoff in a Brazilian semi-arid basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Cristian Epifanio Toledo ◽  
João Carlos Mohn Nogueira ◽  
Alexandre De Amorim Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Reservoir Basin ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Semi Arid

The objective of this work was to propose and evaluate a model to estimate transit water losses and surface runoff in a Brazilian semi-arid basin, fundamental components in the hydrological studies of the region, such as in the verification of hydrological connectivity. The study area was the Orós Reservoir Basin, located in the state of Ceará. The modeling of transit water loss and surface runoff were developed based on the work of Araújo and Ribeiro (1996) and Peter et al. (2014). In the proposed model, the parameter of loss in transit (k) was estimated at 0.027 km-1 for a section of the river basin, and when simulated for other stretches it provided good flow results at the end of the stretch, obtaining an NSE of 82%. The value of the runoff coefficient was estimated at 3% and when evaluating a spatial variation of this coefficient in the basin, the values varied from 2% to 12%, and the use of specialized runoff coefficient (RC) values promoted a higher NSE in the discharge simulation in the basin. It is concluded that the proposed model to estimate transit water losses and surface runoff demonstrated a high efficiency in the simulation of hydrological processes. The basin of Orós reservoir presented a high variability of the coefficient of surface runoff, justifying the need for a greater spatiality of this coefficient in heterogeneous environments.

Application of the coupled MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 modelling system to a lowland wet grassland in southeast England

2004 ◽  
Vol 293 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 151-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Thompson ◽  
H.Refstrup Sørenson ◽  
H. Gavin ◽  
A. Refsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Mike She ◽  
Mike 11 ◽  
Wet Grassland ◽  
Modelling System

Simultaneous Measurements of Spiracular and Cuticular Water Losses in Periplaneta Americana: Implications for Whole-Animal Mass Loss Studies

1991 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 439-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MACHIN ◽  
P. KESTLER ◽  
G. J. LAMPERT
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Variable Activity ◽  
Cuticular Permeability ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Animal Mass ◽  
Principal Contributor ◽  
Water Contents

Spiracular and cutaneous water loss through the cuticle and spiracles of Periplaneta americana was measured in animals of differing initial water contents under controlled temperature, humidity and airflow conditions, by continuous weighing (resolution ±10μg). Stable water loss rates (2.09×10−8 to 3.47×10−8gh−1cm−2Pa−1) were as much as an order of magnitude less than those reported in earlier studies employing intermittent weighing techniques. We suggest that increased water loss caused by substantial increases in ventilatory water loss during the episodic disturbances required by intermittent weighing is the principal contributor to this discrepancy. Water losses, as well as the interval between spiracular ventilations, decreased with water content. However, greater variation was primarily due to interruptions of the regular cyclic pattern of ventilation by highly variable, activity-related bouts of increased ventilatory loss. Variations in water loss appear to be too large and too rapid to be convincingly explained in terms of cuticular conductance. Our results suggest that previous experiments using 5% CO2 anaesthesia, linking changes in total water loss to the conducting properties of the cuticle, were not valid. There seems to be no adaptive value for the proposed voluntary increases in cuticular permeability in an animal where ventilatory water losses can be so high.

scholarly journals Soil and Water Loss Rates in Oxisols Under No-tillage System in Western Paraná, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Luana Salete Celante ◽  
Deonir Secco ◽  
Aracéli Ciotti de Marins ◽  
Daniela Trentin Nava ◽  
Flávio Gurgacz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Soil And Water Loss ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Soil Losses ◽  
Soil And Water ◽  
Loss Rates

The objective of work was to quantify soil and water loss rates as a function of slope variation, correlating these rates with soybean yield. In addition to developing multiple linear regression models that associate water and soil loss rates in function of their physical attributes. The experiment was conducted in an Oxisols under a no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in Cascavel, PR, Brazil. Four slopes (3.5%; 8.2%; 11.4% and 13.5%) were considered as treatments. The water and soil loss rates were monitored in the rainfall occurring during the crop development cycle. The water drained in each plot was collected in gutters made of polyvinyl chloride and stored in containers for the quantification of soil and water losses. The stepwise backward method was used to identify the variables that had a significant influence on water and soil losses. The unevenness of the terrain did not influence the soil and water loss rates. The maximum soil and water losses during the soybean cycle were, respectively, 0.01962 Mg ha-1 and 4.07 m3 ha-1. The maximum soil and water losses occurred when the precipitation volume was up to 82 mm. Soil and water losses showed a higher correlation with macroporosity and bulk density. Soybean grain yield showed a higher linear correlation with water, and soil loss and was higher at the slopes of 8.2% and 13.4%. The low water and soil losses demonstrate the soil capacity, managed under a no-tillage system, to minimize environmental impacts.

scholarly journals Managing Apparent Loss and Real Loss from the Nexus Perspective Using System Dynamics

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Seo Hyung Choi ◽  
Bongwoo Shin ◽  
Eunher Shin
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water System ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Urban Water System ◽  
Apparent Loss

When water utilities establish water loss control programs, they traditionally focus on apparent loss rather than real loss when considering economic feasibility in the water sector. There is an urgent need for new management approaches that can address complex relationships and ensure the sustainability of natural resources among different sectors. This study suggests a novel approach for water utilities to manage water losses from the water-energy (WE) Nexus perspective. The Nexus model uses system dynamics to simulate twelve scenarios with the differing status of water loss and energy intensities. This analysis identifies real loss as one of the main causes of resource waste and an essential factor from the Nexus perspective. It also demonstrates that the energy intensity of each process in the urban water system has a significant impact on resource use and transfer. The consumption and movement of resources can be quantified in each process involved in the urban water system to distinguish central and vulnerable processes. This study suggests that the Nexus approach can strongly contribute to quantifying the use and movement of resources between water and energy sectors and the strategic formulation of sustainable and systematic water loss management strategies from the Nexus perspective.

INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avroy A. Fanaroff ◽  
Michael Wald ◽  
Howard S. Gruber ◽  
Marshall H. Klaus
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Heat Shield ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Large Water

Insensible water loss (IWL) was determined from measurements of insensible weight loss during the first 7 weeks of life on 30 immature and nine small-for-gestational age, low birth weight infants. Under standard conditions (single-walled incubator, infant nude, gavage feeding), 10 infants with birth weights less than 1,250 gm, gestational age < 230 days (32 weeks) and postnatal age <10 days lost >2.5 gm/kg/hr (equivalent to 60-120 ml/kg/day), considerably higher than previously reported. Studies following the insertion of a plastic heat shield revealed a 25% reduction in IWL. The heat shield facilitates achievement of neutral thermal environment and reduced water losses in low birth weight infants. IWL measurements in infants with birth weights >1,500 gm and those small-for-gestational age were similar to previously reported studies. Because of the known limited ability of small immature infants to increase metabolic rate, these extremely high losses are believed to represent disproportionately larger water losses from skin. Skin factors predisposing to large water loss in immature infants include thinner epidermis, increased water content, and increased permeability.

scholarly journals Water Loss Management in Small Municipalities: The Situation in Tyrol

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3446
Author(s):  
Martin Oberascher ◽  
Michael Möderl ◽  
Robert Sitzenfrei
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Support Network ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Loss Management

Water losses in water distribution networks (WDNs) are unavoidable. Water losses are evaluated based on performance indicators (PIs) and used for future recommendations for network operators to take measures against water losses. However, these evaluations primarily focus on large and medium sized WDN and do not deal with the challenges of small WDNs (e.g., technical, and financial limitations, missing data). Therefore, an appropriate water loss management is a major challenge for operators in the federal state of Tyrol (Austria) due to the high number of small WDNs, e.g., low income in combination with long network lengths. In this regard, this work specifies and discusses state funding in Austria to support network operators to reduce water losses. To assess the impacts on management strategies, 40 WDNs, supplying 200 to 16,000 inhabitants, are investigated in detail. As the comparison of different PIs shows, a volume related PI (e.g., water loss volume divided by total water demand) is recommend as the decision criterion for local authorities due to minimal efforts and its easy calculation. Moreover, public funding helps to significantly reduce water losses in individual systems, but countermeasures should be different for small and larger WDNs. For example, leakage detection campaigns and rehabilitation planning based on pipe age should be established in future for larger WDNs in Tyrol. In contrast, an online flow metering system to monitor system inflows is suggested for small WDNs. Based on measurement data, leakages and burst can be detected and repaired swiftly.

scholarly journals q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Geometric Aggregation Operators Based on Generalized and Group-Generalized Parameters with Application to Water Loss Management

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1236
Author(s):  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Ayesha Razzaq ◽  
Humaira Kalsoom ◽  
Dragan Pamučar ◽  
Hafiz Muhammad Athar Farid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set ◽  
Aggregation Operator ◽  
Aggregation Operators ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Pythagorean Fuzzy Set ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Loss Management

The notions of fuzzy set (FS) and intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) make a major contribution to dealing with practical situations in an indeterminate and imprecise framework, but there are some limitations. Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS) is an extended form of the IFS, in which degree of truthness and degree of falsity meet the condition 0≤Θ˘2(x)+K2(x)≤1. Another extension of PFS is a q´-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q´-ROFS), in which truthness degree and falsity degree meet the condition 0≤Θ˘q´(x)+Kq´(x)≤1,(q´≥1), so they can characterize the scope of imprecise information in more comprehensive way. q´-ROFS theory is superior to FS, IFS, and PFS theory with distinguished characteristics. This study develops a few aggregation operators (AOs) for the fusion of q´-ROF information and introduces a new approach to decision-making based on the proposed operators. In the framework of this investigation, the idea of a generalized parameter is integrated into the q´-ROFS theory and different generalized q´-ROF geometric aggregation operators are presented. Subsequently, the AOs are extended to a “group-based generalized parameter”, with the perception of different specialists/decision makers. We developed q´-ROF geometric aggregation operator under generalized parameter and q´-ROF geometric aggregation operator under group-based generalized parameter. Increased water requirements, in parallel with water scarcity, force water utilities in developing countries to follow complex operating techniques for the distribution of the available amounts of water. Reducing water losses from water supply systems can help to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Finally, a decision-making approach based on the proposed operator is being built to solve the problems under the q´-ROF environment. An illustrative example related to water loss management has been given to show the validity of the developed method. Comparison analysis between the proposed and the existing operators have been performed in term of counter-intuitive cases for showing the liability and dominance of proposed techniques to the existing one is also considered.

Numerical Simulation of Core Temperature and Melting Process of IVR Core After a Severe Water Loss Accident

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqun Liu ◽  
Xiaoying Zhang ◽  
Jingya Li ◽  
Biao Wang ◽  
Dekui Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Reactor Core ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Nucleate Boiling ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Conduction Model ◽  
Fuel Rods ◽  
The Core

After the occurrence of severe water loss accident in a PWR, the water level in the reactor core would decrease gradually, leading to heat up and melted down of the core, threatening safety of the nuclear power plant and the surrounding environment. In this paper, the 1/4 core of AP1000 PWR was adopted for study, a numerical method has been established to calculate the transient change of temperature and melting process of the core and envelope structure (boarding, basket and RPV) after the severe water loss accident. A two-dimensional conduction model with cylindrical coordinate has been used to simulate heat transfer along the radius and height direction of fuel rods and control rods in fuel assemblies. Heat transfer condition on rod surface considers nucleate boiling for rod surface below the water level, while radiative heat transfer among neighboring rods and natural convection with water vapor was considered for rod surface above the water level. Heat transfer along thickness of envelope structures were modeled with the one-dimensional conduction model. The results show that the maximum temperature of the whole reactor core does not exceed 3000K and AP1000 will not meet the melting of fuel rods with the help of RPV external water chamber cooling. The temperature values of the fuel rods and the control rod show the characteristic distribution of the two regions. At 4904s, the maximum temperature of the rod rises to 2900K, and then stabilize. The temperature of the shell is up to 2000K, the maximum temperature of the basket is to 1260K, the variation of RPV wall temperature is not obvious.

Comparison of Water Turnover Rates in Young Swimmers in Training and Age-Matched Non-Training Individuals

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Leiper ◽  
Ron J. Maughan
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Cool Water ◽  
Daily Urine ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Exercise Induced

Total body water (TBW) and water turnover rates (WTR) of 8 competitive swimmers (SW) and 6 age-matched non-training individuals (CON) were determined using deuterium oxide dilution and elimination. During the 7-day study, individuals in the SW group trained 9 times, swimming on average 42.4 km, while the CON group did no regular exercise. Water temperature in the swimming pool was between 26 and 29 °C during training sessions. Body mass at the beginning and end of the study period remained essentially the same in the SW (67.8 ± 6.3 kg) and CON (61.1 ± 8.5 kg) groups. Mean ± SD TBW of the SW (38.7 ± 5.6 L) was similar to that of the CON (37.5 ± 8:0 L). Mean WTR was faster in the SW (54 ± 18 ml · kg · day−1) than the CON (28 ± 21 ml · kg · day−1). Mean daily urine output was similar in the SW (14 ± 5 ml · kg · day−1) and CON (14 ± 3 ml · kg · day−1). Calculated non-renal daily water loss was faster in the SW (41 ± 21 ml · kg · day−1) than the CON (13 ± 20 ml · kg · day−1). This study demonstrates that WTR are faster in young swimmers who exercise strenuously in cool water than in non-training individuals and that the difference was due to the approximately 3-times greater non-renal water losses that the exercising group incurred. This suggests that exercise-induced increases in sweat rates are a major factor in water loss in swimmers training in cool water.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document