A Comparative Study of Inland Water Quality – São Paulo (Brazil), France and England

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Abreu ◽  
M. R. Guazzelli

Reports on inland water quality are often published in many countries. These reports present the results of monitoring networks and show the evolution of the water pollution control situation in these countries. The data in the reports published in France (Ministere du Environnement et Cadre de Vie, 1976) and England and Wales (Department of the Environment and the Welsh Office, 1975) were compared with similar data surveyed by CETESB (the Brazilian Environmental Protection Agency) in São Paulo State, Brazil. Some difficulties had to be overcome regarding adequate data processing to permit the comparison to be made. Moreover, it was necessary to deal with non-updated data. The main conclusion is that although some countries such as France and England traditionally have more resources and experience available than Brazil, they have not been able to solve pollution problems in a much more efficient way.

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 2041-2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique de Sá Paye ◽  
Jaime Wilson Vargas de Mello ◽  
Walter Antônio Pereira Abrahão ◽  
Elpídio Inácio Fernandes Filho ◽  
Lívia Cristina Pinto Dias ◽  
...  

Valores de referência de qualidade (VRQ) para metais pesados em solos, em âmbito mundial, são bastante heterogêneos. No Brasil, poucos estudos para estabelecer esses valores foram concluídos. Na ausência de VRQ para metais pesados em solos, estabelecidos para as condições do Estado do Espírito Santo, utilizam-se valores genéricos internacionais ou desenvolvidos para outros Estados. Entretanto, deve-se ressaltar que o uso desses valores pode levar a avaliações inadequadas, já que existem diferenças nas condições técnicas e variáveis ambientais de cada região, em especial das condições geológicas, hídricas e pedológicas. Essas diferenças justificam o desenvolvimento de uma tabela própria com VRQ para metais pesados em solos, adequada às condições do Estado do Espírito Santo. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo buscou obter os teores naturais de 10 metais pesados e verificar a distribuição desses elementos nos solos das bacias hidrográficas Riacho, Reis Magos e Santa Maria da Vitória, no Estado do Espírito Santo, tendo em vista o estabelecimento de Valores de Referência de Qualidade (VRQ). Para isso, foram determinados os teores totais por ataque ácido, com digestão em forno micro-ondas, conforme o método SW-846 3052 da Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) e dosagem por espectrofotometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido (ICP- OES). Os teores totais extraídos nos solos dessas bacias hidrográficas são relativamente baixos e inferiores aos reportados para solos de regiões brasileiras e de outros países. Os teores de cádmio ficaram abaixo do limite de detecção (LD) do método para todas as amostras. Em consequência, os VRQ obtidos para 12 metais pesados no Estado do Espírito Santo foram semelhantes ou inferiores aos obtidos para outras regiões do Brasil e do mundo. Os VRQ obtidos a partir do percentil 75 (quartil superior) para As (< 12,83), Cd (< 0,13), Co (10,21), Cr (54,13), Cu (5,91), Mn (137,80), Mo (1,74), Ni (9,17), Pb (< 4,54), V (109,96) e Zn (29,87), em mg kg-1; encontram-se próximos ou abaixo daqueles obtidos para o Estado de São Paulo e para solos brasileiros, de modo geral.


2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. e019021
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Gasques Meira ◽  
Marina Vieira da Silva

O estudo estima a Ingestão Diária Máxima Teórica (IDMT) dos agrotóxicos potencialmente contidos na dieta habitual dos escolares (n = 341) matriculados no ensino público do município de Guariba (São Paulo) e compara os resultados com a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) estabelecida por órgãos reguladores. O cálculo da Ingestão Diária Máxima Teórica (IDMT) utiliza dados de consumo de alimentos dos escolares (Recordatórios de 24 horas), parâmetros de Limite Máximo de Resíduos (LMR) definidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) e Codex Alimentarius e a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) adotada por quatro órgãos (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária – ANVISA, Codex Alimentarius, Environmental Protection Agency - EPA e governo da Austrália). Os valores medianos de ingestão (estimada) de nove, do total de 272 agrotóxicos potencialmente presentes na dieta dos escolares, superaram a IDA estabelecida pela ANVISA. A ingestão máxima de 58 agrotóxicos excedeu os limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA, revelando a necessidade da redução imediata dos níveis dessas substâncias em alimentos tradicionais da dieta da população brasileira, tendo em vista a sua implicação em risco à saúde, notadamente de crianças.


2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Ogashawara ◽  
JA Zavattini ◽  
JG Tundisi

The present study sought to develop a methodology to analyse water quality based on the concepts and methods of climate and climatology. Accordingly, we attempted to relate hydro- and limnometeorological techniques and methodologies to a rhythmic analysis technique developed within the context of the Brazilian geographical climatology. Our goal was to assess and analyse cyanobacterial blooms, the main index of water quality for the reservoirs of the “Alto Tietê” Basin and, consequently, the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, an area of high environmental complexity due to its high degree of development and high population density. The meteorological data used were collected by the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of São Paulo meteorological station, and the limnological data were collected through the Hydrological Monitoring System implemented by SABESP in the Billings and Guarapiranga Reservoirs and the laboratory of the same entity. The rhythmic and integrated analysis showed that the process of cyanobacterial blooms is dependent on a combination of meteorological factors as temperature and wind intensity that may disrupt the stability of the reservoir, providing the conditions necessary for the development of cyanobacteria during the stabilisation process. The pace of the Atlantic Polar Front Entrance during the winter in São Paulo is a limiting factor for the growth of cyanobacteria because of their high frequency, thus maintaining the balance of the reservoir throughout this period. The weather types those could cause a instability in the water column were: Cold Front entrance (66.67%), conflict between masses (22.22%) and the Tropical Instability Line (11.11%). The possibility for prevention and forecasting periods advise when these reservoirs should not be used, mainly with regard to recreational activities.


Author(s):  
Marcio Antonio Gomes Ramos ◽  
Eduardo Schneider Bueno de Oliveira ◽  
Antonio Carlos Simões Pião ◽  
Dilza Aparecida Nalin de Oliveira Leite ◽  
Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis

1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-188
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Charlton ◽  
John M. Cunningham

ABSTRACT The Oil Spill Prevention Program of the Environmental Protection Agency is discussed as it has evolved from the implementing legislation: section 311(j)(l)(C) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The regulations apply to all non-transportation-related facilities with oil storage in excess of certain minimum amounts from which spilled oil could reasonably be expected to reach navigable waters. The prevention program centers around a requirement in the regulation that these facilities must prepare and implement a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) plan. The type of engineering analysis needed to prepare or review a plan is discussed along with an outline of what EPA considers to be the elements of a good plan. After the period for plan implementation is past, a facility must submit its SPCC plan to EPA for review if it experiences spill problems. After review, EPA may require revisions to the plan in the form of amendments, but there are several levels of technical appeal on amendments. The paper discusses EPA plan reviews, amendment procedures, appeals on amendments, and finally, penalty procedures and appeals from penalties.


1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Crump-Wiesner ◽  
Allen L. Jennings

ABSTRACT Legislative history of water pollution control has not included detailed scientific definitions of what is meant by the rather inclusive term “oil.” Because of the publicity surrounding spills of crude or petroleum-derived oils, little attention has been focused on non-petroleum oils. Approximately 5% of the oil spills reported to the Environmental Protection Agency are nonpetroleum oils. Their physical and chemical properties and adverse environmental effects are strikingly similar to the behavior of petroleum oil in the aquatic environment. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the properties and effects of petroleum versus nonpetroleum oils. Their similarities prove that these oils should be treated as one entity regardless of their origin. Finally, additional guidelines are presented to provide a more broadly applicable distinction between oil and other hazardous materials for enforcement purposes.


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