scholarly journals Dziatki miłe Elżbiety i Stanisława Kruszyńskich

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 275-283
Author(s):  
Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Will ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The article uses source materials to present the situation of the family of Stanisław Kazimierz Kruszyński, a noble living with his relatives in Lower Łąkta in Lesser Poland. The sylwa stored in the collection of Ossolineum in Wroclaw, contains several messages about children. These are notes speaking of the birth of subsequent children, the place and circumstances of their baptism. We also have a poem written by a mother after the death of her youngest children. And above all same, recommendations for the education of sons to be found in the will and the supplement to it. They had to study at the Piarist college in Podoliniec and then practice at the office. These few preserved sources provide us with information about family life and attitudes towards children in the early 18th century.

The Mughal Empire

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Indian Languages ◽  
Mughal Empire ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Founded in 1526, the Mughal Empire expanded during the late 16th and 17th centuries across almost the entire Indian subcontinent (except for the southern peninsular tip). At its peak, the empire contained roughly 1.24 million square miles and about 150 million people (half of western Europe in size but double its population). The imperial dynasty was originally Turco-Mongol. But, especially under Emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605), the dynasty established the Mughal Empire by incorporating Hindu and other Indian cultures and mobilizing India’s human and natural resources more effectively than any previous state there. Nonetheless, emperors almost constantly faced rebellions and revolts by rival members of the dynasty, imperial administrators, army commanders, regional rulers, and popular movements. By the early 18th century, the empire fragmented into successor states, but the dynasty remained on the throne until 1858 when the British Empire finally displaced it. Throughout, the imperial court patronized extensive histories and literature (in Persian and a range of Indian languages) and works of architecture and representational arts. The imperial administration compiled detailed records, including about the court, army, and the lands it ruled. Historians, from the time of the empire onward, have used these diverse source materials in their own analyses.

scholarly journals Formation of large feudal property on Kumyk Plain of Dagestan from the 16th to the mid 18th centuries

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Takhmina Ch. Dzhabayeva
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Imperial Authority ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of the history of the formation of the feudal land ownership of the Kumyk princes of Dagestan, its features, the role of the family and clan factor. The caution and foresight of the Russian Tsarist authorities in establishing contacts with the rulers of Dagestan, including the Kumyk princes, is noted. In addition, data are provided on the formation of mutually benefi cial relations between the Kumyk princes of Dagestan and Russian power. It is noted that by 1722, the land on Kumyk Plain of Dagestan had already been in full ownership of the princely house. Later, the documents issued by the imperial authority only confi rmed and to a certain extent regulated the land tenure of the princes. The article concludes that long before the 18th century the lands of the Kumyks had been in hereditary possession of the Kumyk princes. In the fourth generation after Sultan Mut – the ancestor of the Kumyk princes – (approximately in the early 18th century) his lands were divided into allotments according to the number of princely clans who owned them together, not dividing them among themselves.

Analysis of Ambiguous Loss and the Family Life Cycle

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Scudellari ◽  
Bethany A. Pecora-Sanefski ◽  
Andrew Muschel ◽  
Jane R. Piesman ◽  
Thomas P. Demaria
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Ambiguous Loss ◽  
Family Life Cycle ◽  
The Family
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