scholarly journals The Energy Consumption of Passenger Vehicles in a Transformed Mobility System with Autonomous, Shared and Fit-For-Purpose Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Peter Hogeveen ◽  
Maarten Steinbuch ◽  
Geert Verbong ◽  
Auke Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Mobility System ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Aims: This article explores the tank-to-wheel energy consumption of passenger transport at full adoption of fit-for-purpose shared and autonomous electric vehicles. Background: The energy consumption of passenger transport is increasing every year. Electrification of vehicles reduces their energy consumption significantly but is not the only disruptive trend in mobility. Shared fleets and autonomous driving are also expected to have large impacts and lead to fleets with one-person fit-for-purpose vehicles. The energy consumption of passenger transport in such scenarios is rarely discussed and we have not yet seen attempts to quantify it. Objective: The objective of this study is to quantify the tank-to-wheel energy consumption of passenger transport when the vehicle fleet is comprised of shared autonomous and electric fit-for-purpose vehicles and where cheap and accessible mobility leads to significantly increased mobility demand. Methodology: The approach consists of four steps. First, describing the key characteristics of a future mobility system with fit-for-purpose shared autonomous electric vehicles. Second, estimating the vehicle miles traveled in such a scenario. Third, estimating the energy use of the fit-for-purpose vehicles. And last, multiplying the mileages and energy consumptions of the vehicles and scaling the results with the population of the Netherlands. Results: Our findings show that the daily tank-to-wheel energy consumption from Dutch passenger transport in full adoption scenarios of shared autonomous electric vehicles ranges from 700 Wh to 2200 Wh per capita. This implies a reduction of 90% to 70% compared to the current situation. Conclusion: Full adoption of shared autonomous electric vehicles could increase the vehicle-miles-travelled and thus energy use of passenger transport by 30% to 150%. Electrification of vehicles reduces energy consumption by 75%. Autonomous driving has the potential of reducing the energy consumption by up to 40% and implementing one-person fit-for-purpose vehicles by another 50% to 60%. For our case study of the Netherlands, this means that the current 600 TJ/day that is consumed by passenger vehicles will be reduced to about 50 to 150 TJ/day at full adoption of SAEVs.

scholarly journals INTEGRATION OF MOTION PLANNING AND MODEL-PREDICTIVE-CONTROL-BASED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AUTONOMOUS ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Transport ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guodong Yin ◽  
Jianghu Li ◽  
Xianjian Jin ◽  
Chentong Bian ◽  
Nan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Motion Planning ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Autonomous Electric Vehicles

This paper introduces the development of an autonomous driving system in autonomous electric vehicles, which consists of a simplified motion-planning program and a Model-Predictive-Control-Based (MPC-based) control system. The motion-planning system is based on polynomial parameterization, which computes a path toward the expected longitudinal and lateral positions within required time interval in real scenarios. Then the MPC-based control system cooperates the front steering and individual wheel torques to track the planned trajectories, while fulfilling the physical constraints of actuators. The proposed system is evaluated through simulation, using a seven-degrees-offreedom vehicle model with a ‘magic formula’ tire model. The simulations and validation through CarSim show that the proposed planner algorithm and controller are feasible and can achieve requirements of autonomous driving in normal scenarios.

R&D of Thermochemical Reactor Concepts to Enable Seasonal Heat Storage of Solar Energy in Residential Houses

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Zondag ◽  
R. Schuitema ◽  
L. P. J. Bleijendaal ◽  
J. Cot Gores ◽  
V. M. van Essen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Solar Heat ◽  
Seasonal Heat

About 30% of the energy consumption in the Netherlands is taken up by residences and offices. Most of this energy is used for heating purposes. In order to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, it is necessary to reduce this energy use as much as possible by means of insulation and heat recovery. The remaining demand could be met by solar thermal, provided that an effective way would exist for storing solar heat.

scholarly journals Decomposing the Influencing Factors of Energy Intensity in the Passenger Transportation Sector in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Dhani Setyawan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Structural Effect ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Intensity Effect ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Final Energy Consumption

Indonesia's transport sector has experienced rapid growth that has caused excessive fossil fuel energy consumption. Over 2000 to 2016 total final energy consumption in Indonesia’s transport sector has grown by 10% per annum so that transport now provides a large and rapidly growing component of total energy use. This study analyzes the specific characteristics of energy intensity in the transportation sector in Indonesia from 2000 to 2016 by employing a multiplicative Log Mean Divisia Index-II. The passenger transport sector in Indonesia, including the four modes of road, rail, water and air is examined in this study. Overall, the decline in energy intensity in passenger transport is attributed to the intensity effect. In passenger transport, the improvement of intensity effect was found to have significantly reduced the overall aggregate energy intensity, while the change in structural effect was found to have a relatively small reduction in the aggregate energy intensity.

scholarly journals Stable trajectory planning and energy-efficience control allocation of lane change maneuver for autonomous electric vehicle

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Liwei Xu ◽  
Guodong Yin ◽  
Guangmin Li ◽  
Athar Hanif ◽  
Chentong Bian
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Lateral Acceleration ◽  
Lane Change ◽  
Stability Boundaries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Yaw Rate ◽  
Stable Trajectory ◽  
Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate problems in performing stable lane changes and to find a solution to reduce energy consumption of autonomous electric vehicles. Design/methodology/approach An optimization algorithm, model predictive control (MPC) and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions are adopted to resolve the problems of obtaining optimal lane time, tracking dynamic reference and energy-efficient allocation. In this paper, the dynamic constraints of vehicles during lane change are first established based on the longitudinal and lateral force coupling characteristics and the nominal reference trajectory. Then, by optimizing the lane change time, the yaw rate and lateral acceleration that connect with the lane change time are limed. Furthermore, to assure the dynamic properties of autonomous vehicles, the real system inputs under the restraints are obtained by using the MPC method. Based on the gained inputs and the efficient map of brushless direct-current in-wheel motors (BLDC IWMs), the nonlinear cost function which combines vehicle dynamic and energy consumption is given and the KKT-based method is adopted. Findings The effectiveness of the proposed control system is verified by numerical simulations. Consequently, the proposed control system can successfully achieve stable trajectory planning, which means that the yaw rate and longitudinal and lateral acceleration of vehicle are within stability boundaries, which accomplishes accurate tracking control and decreases obvious energy consumption. Originality/value This paper proposes a solution to simultaneously satisfy stable lane change maneuvering and reduction of energy consumption for autonomous electric vehicles. Different from previous path planning researches in which only the geometric constraints are involved, this paper considers vehicle dynamics, and stability boundaries are established in path planning to ensure the feasibility of the generated reference path.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Fleet Composition at Full Adoption of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles: An Agent-based Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Peter Hogeveen ◽  
Maarten Steinbuch ◽  
Geert Verbong ◽  
Auke Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Fleet Size ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Aims: Exploring the impact of full adoption of fit-for-demand shared and autonomous electric vehicles on the passenger vehicle fleet of a society. Background: Shared Eutonomous Electric Vehicles (SAEVs) are expected to have a disruptive impact on the mobility sector. Reduced cost for mobility and increased accessibility will induce new mobility demand and the vehicles that provide it will be fit-for-demand vehicles. Both these aspects have been qualitatively covered in recent research, but there have not yet been attempts to quantify fleet compositions in scenarios where passenger transport is dominated by fit-for-demand, one-person autonomous vehicles. Objective: To quantify the composition of the future vehicle fleet when all passenger vehicles are autonomous, shared and fit-for-demand and where cheap and accessible mobility has significantly increased the mobility demand. Methods: An agent-based model is developed to model detailed travel dynamics of a large population. Numerical data is used to mimic actual driving motions in the Netherlands. Next, passenger vehicle trips are changed to trips with fit-for-demand vehicles, and new mobility demand is added in the form of longer tips, more frequent trips, modal shifts from public transport, redistribution of shared vehicles, and new user groups. Two scenarios are defined for the induced mobility demand from SAEVs, one scenario with limited increased mobility demand, and one scenario with more than double the current mobility demand. Three categories of fit-for-demand vehicles are stochastically mapped to all vehicle trips based on each trip's characteristics. The vehicle categories contain two one-person vehicle types and one multi-person vehicle type. Results: The simulations show that at full adoption of SAEVs, the maximum daily number of passenger vehicles on the road increases by 60% to 180%. However, the total fleet size could shrink by up to 90% if the increase in mobility demand is limited. An 80% reduction in fleet size is possible at more than doubling the current mobility demand. Additionally, about three-quarters of the SAEVs can be small one-person vehicles. Conclusion: Full adoption of fit-for-demand SAEVs is expected to induce new mobility demand. However, the results of this research indicate that there would be 80% to 90% less vehicles required in such a situation, and the vast majority would be one-person vehicles. Such vehicles are less resource-intense and, because of their size and electric drivetrains, are significantly more energy-efficient than the average current-day vehicle. This research indicates the massive potential of SAEVs to lower both the cost and the environmental impact of the mobility sector. Quantification of these environmental benefits and reduced mobility costs are proposed for further research.

scholarly journals Evaluation of CO2 emissions and energy use with different container terminal layouts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arif Budiyanto ◽  
Muhammad Hanzalah Huzaifi ◽  
Simon Juanda Sirait ◽  
Putu Hangga Nan Prayoga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Container Terminal ◽  
Container Terminals ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
Container Handling

AbstractSustainable development of container terminals is based on energy efficiency and reduction in CO2 emissions. This study estimated the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in container terminals according to their layouts. Energy consumption was calculated based on utility data as well as fuel and electricity consumptions for each container-handling equipment in the container terminal. CO2 emissions were estimated using movement modality based on the number of movements of and distance travelled by each container-handling equipment. A case study involving two types of container terminal layouts i.e. parallel and perpendicular layouts, was conducted. The contributions of each container-handling equipment to the energy consumption and CO2 emissions were estimated and evaluated using statistical analysis. The results of the case study indicated that on the CO2 emissions in parallel and perpendicular layouts were relatively similar (within the range of 16–19 kg/TEUs). These results indicate that both parallel and perpendicular layouts are suitable for future ports based on sustainable development. The results can also be used for future planning of operating patterns and layout selection in container terminals.

scholarly journals Towards Sustainable Energy Retrofitting, a Simulation for Potential Energy Use Reduction in Residential Buildings in Palestine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3876
Author(s):  
Sameh Monna ◽  
Adel Juaidi ◽  
Ramez Abdallah ◽  
Aiman Albatayneh ◽  
Patrick Dutournie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Space Cooling ◽  
Cooling Loads

Since buildings are one of the major contributors to global warming, efforts should be intensified to make them more energy-efficient, particularly existing buildings. This research intends to analyze the energy savings from a suggested retrofitting program using energy simulation for typical existing residential buildings. For the assessment of the energy retrofitting program using computer simulation, the most commonly utilized residential building types were selected. The energy consumption of those selected residential buildings was assessed, and a baseline for evaluating energy retrofitting was established. Three levels of retrofitting programs were implemented. These levels were ordered by cost, with the first level being the least costly and the third level is the most expensive. The simulation models were created for two different types of buildings in three different climatic zones in Palestine. The findings suggest that water heating, space heating, space cooling, and electric lighting are the highest energy consumers in ordinary houses. Level one measures resulted in a 19–24 percent decrease in energy consumption due to reduced heating and cooling loads. The use of a combination of levels one and two resulted in a decrease of energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting by 50–57%. The use of the three levels resulted in a decrease of 71–80% in total energy usage for heating, cooling, lighting, water heating, and air conditioning.

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