scholarly journals The influence of strain and age on some egg quality parameters of commercial laying hens

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1649-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kocevski ◽  
N. Nikolova ◽  
A. Kuzelov
Keyword(s):  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Older Age ◽  
White Line ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Statistical Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Breeding Technology ◽  
Egg Shell

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of strain and age on some egg quality parameters (egg weight and egg shell strength) of commercial laying hens. Layers of lines ISA Brown and DeKalb White were examined in period of nine months. Both lines were at same age (28 weeks) and were confined in common facility in battery cages. Laying hens were reared and fed according to standard breeding technology. Once a month 25 eggs of each line were taken to be examined for eggshell strength and egg weight, or in other words, total 450 table eggs were tested. Analises were done in Laboratory for testing egg quality by gaudges Egg Multi Tester EMT 5200 and Egg shell Gauge (Robotmation Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) which have computerised equipment to examine quality and physical characteristics of eggs. Statistic analyses on results were done by computer sub-programme ANOVA and Fisher's LSD test to determine the level of statistical significant difference between examined factors. Egg weight was under significant impact of age (P ? 0,05), but not under the influence of strain, although eggs of ISA Brown line were insignificantly heavier than eggs of DeKalb White line. Eggs were heaviest at layers with older age, while they were lightest at younger birds. The results have shown significant differences (P ? 0,05) in eggshell strength compared to line influence (genotype) and months of age. Eggs from ISA Brown laying hens had much better and eggshell strength than those eggs from DeKalb White. Correlations between eggshell strength and egg weight were with significant (R < 0,05) negative value, which indicating that with increasing egg weight decreases of eggshell strength.

scholarly journals Sunflower Seed Meal and Probiotics in Short-term Feeding of Laying Hens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasir Ditta ◽  
Sadia Naseem ◽  
Ketwee Saksrithai ◽  
Annie J. King
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Shell Thickness ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Shell Weight ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Egg Shell

Abstract BackgroundHorticultural byproducts may be used to partially or completely replace more expensive soy and corn while providing adequate energy and protein for broilers and laying hens. Probiotics, such as lactic acid bacteria, may aid in digestion of fibrous byproducts such as sunflower seed meal containing complex carbohydrates that along with some amino acids may not be easily digested by monogastric animals. Thus, byproducts and probiotics, when fed to poultry, may improve the production of nutritious meat and eggs. ResultsWhite Leghorn Crosses (64 layers at 65- to 74-wk-old) were fed one of four diets for four weeks. Diets were (1) a corn/soy Control, (2) Control + 20% sunflower seed meal (SFM), (3) Control + Probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum, rhamnosus, and paracasei - each at > 23.3 Mil CFU/g for a total of approximately 70,000,000 Mil CFU/g added in drinking water), and (4) Control + 20% SFM + Probiotics. Significance (P < 0.05) and trends (P < 0.10) were determined for production measurements as well as external and internal egg quality parameters. Diet did not significantly affect production measurements. There were trends due to Probiotics*Week for FCR and SFM*Probiotics*Week for feed intake. For external egg quality, SFM significantly increased egg weight, decreased specific gravity, and caused a downward trend for egg shell thickness. SFM*Week produced a significant effect on specific gravity. Probiotics significantly increased egg weight and egg shell weight while decreasing egg shell thickness; there was a trend due to temporal effects on specific gravity. For internal egg quality, SFM, SFM*Week, Week, and SFM*Probiotics*Week significantly affected yolk color. Week affected all internal measurements and SFM*Week caused weekly fluctuations, thereby producing a trend for Haugh unit. ConclusionsDiet had no effect on production measurements. SFM increased egg weight and decreased specific gravity; Probiotics increased egg weight, shell weight, and shell thickness. Future research in needed to assess production and egg quality parameters when feeding various fiber types, the digestibility of SFM/Probiotic diets, and colonization of varying quantities of probiotics (added in water and feed) in the gut of various types and ages of laying hens.

scholarly journals Production performance and egg quality of White Rock laying hens fed diets containing whole linseed

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
H Khatun ◽  
MN Islam ◽  
MA Rashid ◽  
MY Ali ◽  
MSK Sarker
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Quality Aspects ◽  
Significant Difference

This study was conducted to know the production performance of laying hen by using different graded level of linseed. At 56 weeks of age, a total of 160 laying hens were raised up to 63 weeks of age. All hens were fed a basal corn soyabean meal diet. The experiment was allowed 4 dietary treatments (T0, no addition of whole linseed in the basal diet; T1,  addition of 5% whole linseed; T2, addition of 10% whole linseed and T3, addition of 15% whole linseed) with 5 replications and per replication contains eight hens. Egg production, feed intake, egg weight of each treatment was recorded. Egg samples were collected and analyzed for egg quality. The results showed that egg production and egg mass (kg) exhibited for all dietary treatment groups were unaffected (P>0.05) by feeding linseed to the laying hens. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was found significant difference within the four dietary group (P<0.05). Egg quality aspects such as yolk weight, egg weight, HU and yolk index were not differed significantly (P>0.05) among treatments.  A trend for lower yolk weight was observed in birds fed 10% linseed, where as the highest yolk weight percentage was recorded in control diet. There was no statistical difference among the different diets for yolk index. The results of the present trial suggested that feeding linseed to the laying hens has no detrimental effects on egg production and egg quality. Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 20(1-2): 48-53, Jan-Dec 2013

scholarly journals Differences in oviposition and egg quality of various genotypes of laying hens

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tůmová ◽  
J. Vlčková ◽  
D. Chodová
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Egg Components

The differences in egg production traits in six laying hen genotypes (brown-egg hens Bovans Brown, Bovans Sperwer, ISA Sussex; white-egg hen Dekalb White; laying hens with tinted shells Moravia Barred and Moravia BSL) and the interactions of genotype and oviposition on egg quality were evaluated. The genotype affected the laying rate (P ≤ 0.003), mean sequence length (P ≤ 0.001), and time of oviposition (P ≤ 0.001). The brown-egg genotypes laid eggs approximately 1 h earlier than the white-egg genotypes and approximately 2 h earlier than the tinted-egg genotypes. Egg shell strength was the lowest in tinted-egg genotypes (P ≤ 0.001) and declined with the time of oviposition (P ≤ 0.002). Egg shell percentage (P ≤ 0.011) and thickness (P ≤ 0.011) were affected by the interaction of genotype and oviposition. None of the effects affected egg weight; however, the proportion of egg components was significantly influenced by the interaction of genotype and oviposition. The study confirmed that the differences in the egg production and egg quality of various genotypes are associated with the laying pattern.

scholarly journals Superiority of coarse eggshell as a calcium source over limestone, cockle shell, oyster shell, and fine eggshell in old laying hens

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo-Do Lee ◽  
Damini Kothari ◽  
Kai-Min Niu ◽  
Jeong-Min Lim ◽  
Da-Hye Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Oyster Shell ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cockle Shell

AbstractChicken eggshell (ES) waste is a rich source of calcium carbonate (CaCO3); however, the potential of ES as dietary calcium (Ca) in old laying hens has not been explored. This study compared the effects of feeding limestone, cockle shell, oyster shell, fine ES, and coarse ES as the sole Ca source on production performance, egg quality, blood biochemical constituents, and tibia characteristics in old laying hens. A total of 450 ISA-Brown laying hens at 73 wk of age with similar egg production rate (EPR) were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups (90 hens/group, 9 hens/replicate) for 7 wk. Dietary treatment groups comprised a corn-soybean meal based diet containing different Ca sources: (i) limestone (LS; < 2 mm and 2–4 mm mixed in the ratio of 3:7) as control, (ii) cockle shell (CS; 1–4 mm), (iii) oyster shell (OS; 3–16 mm), (iv) ES fine particles (ESF; < 1 mm), and (v) ES coarse particles (ESC; 3–5 mm). Results indicated that dietary inclusion of coarse ES particles significantly increased average egg weight (P < 0.001) and daily egg mass (P < 0.05), and decreased feed conversion ratio (P < 0.001) as compared with the other treatments. However, no significant differences in EPR, feed intake, cracked egg proportion, and mortality were observed among the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Notably, the use of ESF led to a lower proportion of cracked eggs than ESC (P < 0.05). ESC fed hens produced the heaviest eggs whereas CS fed hens produced the lightest (P < 0.001); the particle size of ES also affected the egg weight (P < 0.05). The eggs from OS and ESC fed hens showed a greater albumen height in comparison to eggs from CS group (P < 0.05); but no significant difference was observed among the LS, OS, ESF, and ESC groups (P > 0.05). The yolk color was darker in the eggs of group ESF as compared with other dietary groups (P < 0.01). However, no significant effects on Haugh units and shell properties were observed among the treatments (P > 0.05). The blood biochemistry results were not affected by the dietary Ca (P > 0.05) except for lower levels of high-density lipoprotein percentage (HDL %) in OS and ESC fed hens (P < 0.05). The tibia characteristics including weight, length, width, and breaking strength did not differ among the dietary groups (P > 0.05). However, the ESC and OS fed hens showed higher tibia bone mineral density (BMD) than the other groups (P < 0.001). In conclusion, coarse ES as a sole Ca source had beneficial effects on the production performance, egg quality, and tibia BMD in old laying hens.

scholarly journals Evaluation of egg quality parameters of two Hungarian ostrich populations

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Lili Dóra Brassó ◽  
István Komlósi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of our study was to evaluate the quality parameters, porosity and weight loss of eggs deriving from the two most significant ostrich farms in Hungary. Quality parameters included weight, length, width, shape index, egg volume, surface area, circumference and shell volume.  The effect of storage conditions in both farms and the incubation technology on egg weight loss in farm “A” were also examined.  The research objective was to impart a comprehensive knowledge on egg quality parameters of the main ostrich populations in Hungary and to compare the trios and the farms with each other and the international literature. We could reveal significant differences between trios in all egg quality traits. In conclusion, the shorter and the narrower the eggs were, the more spherical shape they had.  Narrower eggs showed smaller surface area, volume, circumference and shell volume and vice versa. Eggs from farm “B” indicated significantly greater width, shape index, surface area, circumference and shell volume than farm “A”. A significant difference was observed in weight loss during storage between the farms.  Weight loss in farm “A” was a multiple of farm “B”. In farm “B” there was a weak, positive correlation between storage period and weight loss (r=0.22, P≤0.05), in farm “A” it was not significant (P=0.52). There was no relationship between the initial egg weight and weight loss either in farm “A” or farm “B” (P=0,21, P=0,69). A slight positive correlation could be noted between egg porosity and weight loss (r=0.24, P≤0.05). Pores count presented here was less than the international results. Poultry eggs contain the most pores at the blunt end, less via the equator and the least at the pointed end. In ostrich egg we found more pores via the equator against the blunt end. To draw more precise conclusions, further investigation should be carried out on porosity. Considering the fact that the length of storage period and the weight loss during incubation are in strict correlation with hatchability, we intend to extend our research aims to these traits.

scholarly journals Kinerja Produksi dan Kualitas Telur Ayam Petelur yang Diberi Minum Air Gambut dan Air Non Gambut

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deni Fitra ◽  
Niken Ulupi ◽  
Irma Isnafia Arief ◽  
Rita Mutia ◽  
Luki Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Haugh Unit

ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja produksi dan kualitas telur ayam petelur yang diberi air gambut (AG) dan air non gambut (ANG). Penelitian ini menggunakan 30 ekor ayam petelur strain lohman brown umur 15 bulan dengan pemberian pakan ransum komersial. Penelitian terdiri dari dua kelompok ayam dengan jumlah masing-masing 15 ekor. Kelompok pertama diberi minum AG dan kelompok kedua diberi ANG. Peubah yang diamati adalah konsumsi air minum, konsumsi ransum, produksi dan massa telur, konversi ransum, bobot telur, indeks putih telur, indeks kuning telur, tebal cangkang telur dan nilai haugh unit. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan uji-t untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar kelompok perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi air minum, konsumsi ransum dan konversi ransum secara statistik berbeda nyata. Konsumsi air minum pada perlakuan AG (286,57 ml/ekor/hari) lebih tinggi dari pada perlakuan ANG (264,24 ml/ekor/hari), demikian juga konsumsi ransum (98,82 g/ekor/hari vs 90,10 g/ekor/hari). Sedangkan konversi ransum pada perlakuan AG (2,71) lebih baik dari pada perlakuan ANG (3,18). Pada peubah kualitas telur hanya bobot telur yang menunjukkan perbedaan nyata. Bobot telur pada perlakuan AG (55,85 g/butir) lebih tinggi dari pada perlakuan ANG (54,18 g/butir). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian minum dengan AG mampu memperbaiki kinerja produksi ayam petelur, terlihat dari konsumsi air minum, konsumsi dan konversi ransum. Sedangkan pada kualitas telur hanya terlihat dari bobot telur.  (Performance and egg quality of laying hen given peat water and non peat water) ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and egg quality of laying hens given peat water (PW) and non-peat water (NPW). This study used 30 laying hens strain lohman brown aged 15 months with commercial ration feeding. The study consisted of two groups of chickens with 15 chickens each. The first group was given PW and the second group was given NPW. The variables observed were water consumption, feed consumption, egg production and mass, FCR, egg weight, albumin and yolk index, egg shell thickness and haugh unit value. Data obtained were analyzed using t-test to determine the differences between treatment groups. The results showed that water consumption, feed consumption and FCR were statistically difference. The daily water consumption in PW treatment (286.57 ml/bird/day) was higher than in NPW treatment (264.24 ml/bird/day), as was ration consumption (98.82 g/bird/day vs 90.10 g/ bird/day). While the ration conversion in PW treatment (2.71) was better than that of NPW treatment (3.18). In the egg quality variable, only egg weight showed a significant difference. Egg weight in PW treatment (55.85 g/egg) was higher than in NPW treatment (54.18 g/egg). The conclusion of this experiment was the given peat water to laying hens was able to improve the production performance, indicated by water consumption, feed consumption and FCR. Meanwhile, the quality of eggs can only be seen from the egg weight.

scholarly journals Dual-Purpose Poultry in Organic Egg Production and Effects on Egg Quality Parameters

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Marianne Hammershøj ◽  
Gitte Hald Kristiansen ◽  
Sanna Steenfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Genotype A

Egg laying genotypes have been selected for generations due to their high yield and egg quality, resulting in efficient feed utilization and low body weight; hence, they are not suitable for meat production. This imposes an issue for the male layer chicks, which are killed at one day old. Because of ethical and food waste concerns, the search for suitable dual-purpose genotypes in order to avoid euthanasia of male day-old chicks has intensified. The aim of the present study is to evaluate potential dual-purpose genotypes for their egg quality compared to a representative egg laying genotype. Three dual-purpose genotypes with divergent characteristics were evaluated: genotype A represented an experimental crossbreed based on a broiler type male and an egg layer female, genotype B was a pure breed, and genotype C was a crossbreed of a layer type. These were compared to a control genotype D, which was an egg layer. Eggs were collected six times during the period of 21–54 weeks of hen age, i.e., a total of 1080 shell eggs were analyzed. Examined parameters were weights of egg, shell, yolk, and albumen, by calculating their relative proportions. Shell quality was assessed by shell strength, shell stiffness, and shell thickness. Yolk quality was determined as yolk color and inclusions of blood and meat spots, and albumen quality was evaluated in terms of pH and dry matter (DM) content. The egg layer genotype produced the smallest eggs with least blood and meat spot inclusions compared to that produced by the three dual-purpose genotypes. Shell quality was superior for the layer genotype. However, the experimental genotype A laid eggs of comparable shell quality, albumen DM, and yolk weight, but also with the darkest and most red-yellow colored yolk. The two other dual-purpose genotypes produced eggs of low-medium quality. In conclusion, the genotype A could serve as dual-purpose genotype from an egg quality perspective.

scholarly journals Fish by-product meal in diets for commercial laying hens

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
André Ferreira Silva ◽  
Frank George Guimarães Cruz ◽  
João Paulo Ferreira Rufino ◽  
Waldo Mateus Plácido Miller ◽  
Nathália Siqueira Flor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

 This study aimed to evaluate the increasing levels (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4%) of fish by-product meal in diets for laying hens on performance, egg quality and economic analysis. A total of 160 Dekalb White hens with 52-wk old were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates of eight birds each. The experiment lasted 84 days divided into four periods of 21 days. Estimates of fish by-product meal levels were determined by polynomial regression. Differences (p < 0.05) were detected for all variables of performance, in egg weight, yolk and albumen percentage, yolk and albumen height, feed cost and production cost, in which the inclusion of fish by-product meal in the diets showed better results. It can be concluded that fish by-product meal can be used in diets for hens as alternative feed, with better results in egg production, feed conversion, egg weight, yolk-albumen ratio and a reduction in feed cost and production cost. 

scholarly journals Nutritional Characteristics and Quality of Eggs from Laying Hens Fed on a Dried Papaya Peel Meal Diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Jein Rinny Leke ◽  
Florencia Nery Sompie ◽  
Erwin Wantasen ◽  
Trina Ekawati Tallei
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Egg Shell

The objectives of this study were to analyze the eggs nutritional characterics and quality from laying hens fed with diried papaya (Carica papaya L) peel meal diets. A total 200 brown laying hens strain MB 402 (42 week-old). The design used in this study was  a The objectives of this study were to analyze the eggs’ nutritional characteristics and quality from laying hens fed with dried papaya (Carica papaya L) peel meal diets. A total of 200 brown laying hens strain MB 402 (42 week-old) were used in this experiment. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications (10 hens each). The treatments consisted of dried papaya peel meal (DPPM) 0%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. Total feeding trial was 8 weeks. The parameters recorded included egg weight (g/bird)), egg yolk weight (g/bird), yolk index (%), albumen index (%), egg yolk color, egg cholesterol (mg/100g), egg crude protein (%), egg crude fat (%), egg white crude protein (%), egg yellow fat (%),  eggshell calcium (%), eggshell phosphorus (%), blood cholesterol (mg/dl), blood LDL cholesterol (mg/dl), and blood HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) of the laying hens. The results showed that feeding birds with 12 %   increased egg yolk weight, egg yolk color, egg crude fat, egg yellow fat, egg cholesterol, egg shell calcium, egg shell phosphor, blood cholesterol, blood HDL. Moreover there were no significant differences in egg weight, yolk index , albumen index, egg crude protein, egg white crude protein and blood LDL. In Conclusion, DPPM diets can be fed to the laying hens up to 12 % to produce eggs without negative effects on the egg quality.ransomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications (10 hens each). The treatments made use of dried papaya peel meal (DPPM) 0%, 3%, 6 %, 9 % and 12 %. Total feeding trial was 8 weeks . The parameters recorded included egg weight (g/bird), egg yolk weight (g/bird), yolk index (%), albumen index(%), egg yolk calor, egg cholesterol (mg/100g), egg crude protein (%), egg crude fat (%), egg white crude protein (%), egg yellow fat (%), eggshell calsium (%), eggshell phosphorus (%), blood cholesterol (mg/dl), blood LDL Cholesterol  (mg/dl), and blood HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) of the laying hens, The results showed that feeding dried papaya peal meal in cinclusion 12 % increased egg yolk weight, egg yolk color, egg crude fat, egg yellow fat, egg cholesterol,  egg shell calsium, egg shell prosphor, blood cholesterol, blood HDL. Moreover there were no significant diffirence in egg weight, yolk index, albumen index, egg crude protein, egg white crude protein and blood LDL. In conclusion DPPM diets can be fed to the laying hens up to 12 % to produce eggs without negative effects on the egg quality.

scholarly journals Effects on egg production and quality of supplementing drinking water with calcium and magnesium

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-476
Author(s):  
X.J. Yi ◽  
A. Rehman ◽  
R.W. Akhtar ◽  
A. Abbas ◽  
K. Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Eggshell Colour ◽  
Haugh Unit

This study was conducted to appraise the effects on egg quality and production performance of laying hens when drinking water was supplemented with calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). A total of 384 (64-week-old) Hy-line Brown laying hens were assigned at random to four treatments, which consisted of CON: unsupplemented drinking water; T1: drinking water + 2 mg/L Ca + 250 mg/L Mg; T2: drinking water + 4 mg/L Ca + 510 mg/L Mg /10 L; and T3: drinking water + 5 mg/L Ca and 760 mg/L Mg. The experiment lasted six weeks. Water intake increased linearly in week 1 with the rising levels of Ca and Mg in the drinking water. Increasing the Ca and Mg levels improved eggshell strength (week 2 (P =0.01), week 5 (P =0.01), and week 6 (P = 0.03), and eggshell thickness (week 6) (P =0.02) and reduced the rate at which eggs were broken (week 4) (P =0.01). The supplemental Ca and Mg did not affect egg production, egg weight, Haugh unit, albumen height, eggshell colour, and yolk colour compared with CON. Nor did they influence the Haugh unit and albumen height after storing for 1, 5, 10 and 15 days. In conclusion, adding Ca and Mg to the drinking water increased the thickness and strength of the eggshells.

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