scholarly journals Injuries and vital reactions patterns in hanging

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Slobodan Nikolic ◽  
Vladimir Zivkovic
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Forensic Pathology ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Injury Site ◽  
Vital Reaction ◽  
Vital Reactions ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Gravitational Drag

Hanging is a form of ligature strangulation in which the force applied to the neck is derived from the gravitational drag of one?s own body weight. A furrow - dessication is the most common form of ligature mark on the skin. The furrow is a postmortem phenomenon due to ligature pressure and it is more detectable as the suspension time becomes longer. Vital reaction is a phenomenon that shows if the injury was premortal. Vital signs could be present at the injury site, thus it is termed as local, but they could also be remote from the injury site, and then they are termed general vital signs. The presence and recognition of any vital reaction in each pathoforensic case indicate vitality of certain injury, which is sometimes exceptionally useful in solving the case under investigation. Although in cases of hanging there is usually no question about the vitality of injury, this does not mean that one should not recognize the type of vital reactions and location of occurrence of these phenomena in such cases. Most often they can be also useful in the reconstruction of the mechanism. This paper presents most common vital reactions in hanging, with explanation of their underlying mechanisms, and their significance in forensic pathology is pointed out.

scholarly journals IV fosphenytoin in obese patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Clark ◽  
Megan R. Leloux ◽  
Ross A. Dierkhising ◽  
Gregory D. Cascino ◽  
Sara E. Hocker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Bonferroni Adjustment

AbstractBackground:Previous studies evaluated the disposition of IV phenytoin loading doses and found that obese patients had increased drug distribution into excess body weight, larger volumes of distribution, and longer half-lives when compared to their nonobese counterparts. We assess the safety and efficacy of fosphenytoin loading doses in patients with different body mass indices (BMIs).Methods:A retrospective chart review was conducted in 410 patients who received fosphenytoin. Patients were divided into 2 groups: BMI <30 (nonobese) and BMI ≥30 (obese). Patient demographics, fosphenytoin dose administered in mg/kg body weight, renal and liver function tests, fosphenytoin drug levels, and pre- and post-fosphenytoin administration vital signs were collected to assess for adverse events. Necessity of additional antiepileptic loading doses was used as a surrogate for clinical efficacy.Results:The median dose of fosphenytoin administered was 19 mg/kg (interquartile range 15–20). The most frequently encountered adverse event was hypotension, which occurred in 39% of the cohort. Using a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons, there were no differences in adverse events between the 2 groups. The need for additional antiepileptic loading doses was not different between the 2 groups (p = 0.07).Conclusions:The incidence of adverse events and the need for repeat loading antiepileptic medications was similar between the 2 groups. From our findings, the patients in our study did not receive empiric loading dose adjustments and the current method of loading fosphenytoin achieves similar outcomes, regardless of the patient's BMI.

A teenage girl with low body mass index due to restricting food intake

2021 ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Kathryn S. Czepiel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Teenage Girl ◽  
Refeeding Syndrome ◽  
Intense Fear ◽  
Low Body Mass Index ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Evidence Based Psychotherapy

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder that is characterized by restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, and disturbance in the way one’s body weight or shape is experienced. Because many patients with AN attempt to conceal their efforts to lose weight and minimize their symptoms, obtaining information from a caregiver is an important part of the assessment. A medical history and physical examination must be completed to assess medical stability, including review of vital signs, electrocardiogram, and laboratory studies. Medically unstable patients require a medical admission for refeeding and stabilization, including monitoring for refeeding syndrome. Pharmacotherapy should not be used as the primary treatment for patients with AN. The most evidence-based psychotherapy approach for children and adolescents is family-based treatment (Maudsley family therapy).

scholarly journals Identifying Characteristics of Frailty in Female Mice Using a Phenotype Assessment Tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 640-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmin Kwak ◽  
Cory W Baumann ◽  
LaDora V Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Frailty Phenotype ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Preclinical studies are important in identifying the underlying mechanisms contributing to frailty. Frailty studies have mainly focused on male rodents with little directed at female rodents. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to identify the onset and prevalence of frailty across the life span in female mice, and to determine if frailty predicts mortality. Female C57BL/6 (n = 27) mice starting at 17 months of age were assessed across the life span using a frailty phenotype, which included body weight, walking speed, strength, endurance, and physical activity. The onset of frailty occurred at approximately 17 months (1/27 mice), with the prevalence of frailty increasing thereafter. At 17 months, 11.1% of the mice were pre-frail and by 26 months peaked at 36.9%. The percentage of frail mice progressively increased up to 66.7% at 32 months. Non-frail mice lived to 29 months whereas frail/pre-frail mice lived only to 26 months (p = .04). In closing, using a mouse frailty phenotype, we are able to identify that the prevalence of frailty in female mice increases across the life span and accurately predicts mortality. Together, this frailty phenotype has the potential to yield information about the underlying mechanisms contributing to frailty.

Novel peripheral mechanisms of opioid analgesia

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-466
Author(s):  
Christoph Stein ◽  
Michael Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Opioid Peptides ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Endogenous Opioid Peptides ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Injury Site ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Peripheral Opioid Receptors

dickenson briefly mentions that peripheral opioid receptors somehow become active following inflammation and that the appearance of endogenous opioid peptides at the injury site may be related to immune cell proliferation. Recent findings elucidate the underlying mechanisms in more detail and provide an incentive for the development of a novel generation of analgesics devoid of typical central opioid side effects.

scholarly journals Effects of gut microbiota on leptin expression and body weight are lessened by high-fat diet in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Yao ◽  
Chaonan Fan ◽  
Xiuqin Fan ◽  
Yuanyuan Lu ◽  
Yuanyuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Hepatic Expression ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Leptin Expression

AbstractAberration in leptin expression is one of the most frequent features in the onset and progression of obesity, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear and need to be clarified. This study investigated the effects of the absence of gut microbiota on body weight and the expression and promoter methylation of the leptin. Male C57 BL/6 J germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) mice (aged 4–5 weeks) were fed either a normal-fat diet (NFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Six to eight mice from each group, at 15 weeks, were administered exogenous leptin for 7 d. Leptin expression and body weight gain in GF mice were increased by NFD with more CpG sites hypermethylated at the leptin promoter, whereas there was no change with HFD, compared with CV mice. Adipose or hepatic expression of genes associated with fat synthesis (Acc1, Fas and Srebp-1c), hydrolysis and oxidation (Atgl, Cpt1a, Cpt1c, Ppar-α and Pgc-1α) was lower, and hypothalamus expression of Pomc and Socs3 was higher in GF mice than levels in CV mice, particularly with NFD feeding. Exogenous leptin reduced body weight in both types of mice, with a greater effect on CV mice with NFD. Adipose Lep-R expression was up-regulated, and hepatic Fas and hypothalamic Socs3 were down-regulated in both types of mice. Expression of fat hydrolysis and oxidative genes (Atgl, Hsl, Cpt1a, Cpt1c, Ppar-α and Pgc-1α) was up-regulated in CV mice. Therefore, the effects of gut microbiota on the leptin expression and body weight were affected by dietary fat intake.

Litter Gender Composition, Food Availability, and Maternal Defence of the Young in House Mice (Mus Domesticus)

Behaviour ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Maestripieri
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Clear Shift

AbstractLitter gender composition (LGC) of 33 litters of outbred Swiss albino mice was manipulated at birth to obtain 100%-male litters (MM), 50%-male litters (MF) and 100%-female litters (FF). Litter size was 10 in all cases. Litter defence by their respective dams (5-min exposure to an unfamiliar adult male) was scored on postpartum day 7. The influence of litter gender composition on the female's litter defence was tested, with identical procedure, under conditions of restricted feeding. In this case, dams were fed from postpartum days 1-7 with 80% of their normal daily requirement. Under both ad lib. and restricted feeding body weight of mothers and their litters was assessed daily. Under ad lib. feeding, dams rearing MM litters showed higher scores of Total Attacking Time than both MF and FF dams and higher frequency of Attacks and Tail Rattling episodes than MF dams. Food-restricted females showed a sharp decline in body weight and their litters a slower gain in weight than control animals. LGC did not affect mother and litter weight changes in both conditions but MM females tended to cannibalize more pups on days 6-7 than MF and FF females. Food-restricted MM and MF dams showed, respectively, lower Total Attacking Time and higher number of Attacks and Tail Rattling episodes than their own Control groups. These results show that, under ad lib. feeding, LGC affects significantly female mouse litter defence. Some possible underlying mechanisms are discussed. These results support only partly the TRIVERS-WILLARD'S hypothesis (1973) about sex-biased investment in the offspring since, even though mouse dams under ad lib. feeding defended more vigorously all-male litters, as predicted by the model, among food-restricted animals no clear shift toward a prevalent defence of female-skewed litters appeared.

scholarly journals Fine-mapping of muscle weight QTL in LG/J and SM/J intercrosses

2010 ◽  
Vol 42A (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lionikas ◽  
R. Cheng ◽  
J. E. Lim ◽  
A. A. Palmer ◽  
D. A. Blizard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Measured Weight ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Genetic variation plays a substantial role in variation in strength, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The objective of the present study was to examine the mechanisms underlying variation in muscle mass, a predictor of strength, between LG/J and SM/J strains, which are the inbred progeny of mice selected, respectively, for high and low body weight. We measured weight of five hindlimb muscles in LG/J and SM/J males and females, in F1 and F2 intercrosses, and in an advanced intercross (AI), F34, between the two. F2 mice were genotyped using 162 SNPs throughout the genome; F34 mice were genotyped at 3,015 SNPs. A twofold difference in muscle mass between the LG/J and SM/J mouse strains was observed. Integrated genome-wide association analysis in the combined population of F2 and AI identified 22 quantitative trait loci (QTL; genome-wide P < 0.05) affecting muscle weight on Chr 2 (2 QTL), 4, 5, 6 (7 QTL), 7 (4 QTL), 8 (4 QTL), and 11 (3 QTL). The LG/J allele conferred greater muscle weight in all cases. The 1.5-LOD QTL support intervals ranged between 0.3 and 13.4 Mb (median 3.7 Mb) restricting the list of candidates to between 5 and 97 genes. Selection for body weight segregated the alleles affecting skeletal muscle, the most abundant tissue in the body. Combination of analyses in an F2 and AI was an effective strategy to detect and refine the QTL in a genome-wide manner. The achieved resolution facilitates further elucidation of the underlying genetic mechanisms affecting muscle mass.

Three-level hierarchal modeling of gecko toe adhesion

2008 ◽  
Vol 1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Chen ◽  
P. D. Wu ◽  
H. Gao
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adhesive Strength ◽  
Adhesion Energy ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Peeling Strength ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Gecko Adhesion

ABSTRACTThe underlying mechanisms of gecko adhesion have been investigated through modeling of the three-level hierarchical microstructures under gecko's toe [1]. At the bottom of hierarchy, we show that the peeling strength of a spatula pad for attachment can be 10 times larger than that for detachment. At the intermediate level of hierarchy, we show that the 10 times difference in the peeling strength of a spatula pad for attachment and detachment leads to a 100 times difference in adhesion energy at the level of seta. At the top of hierarchy, the attachment of a gecko toe is modeled as a pad under displacement controlled pulling, which yields an adhesive strength more than sufficient for gecko's body weight; On the other hand, the detachment is modeled as a pad under peeling, giving rise to a negligible peel-off force. The present study reveals that the hierarchical microstructures play critical roles in providing gecko with robust attachment and easy detachment.

scholarly journals Hepatosplenomegaly caused by an extract of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa bloom collected in the Manguaba Lagoon, Alagoas - Brazil

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenaldo Porfirio ◽  
Micheline P. Ribeiro ◽  
Cicero S. Estevam ◽  
Ricardo L. S. Houly ◽  
Antonio Euzébio G. Sant'Ana
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Made In

Cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa), which produce powerful hepatotoxic cyclopeptides, were collected and submitted to the determination of toxicity through intraperitoneal injections made in 30 and 90 days-old Swiss albino mice. The liver and the spleen were histopathologically analyzed and the weight and vital signs development were monitored. Test of toxicity resulted in a LD50 of 154.28 mg.Kg-1. M. aeruginosa represented 95% of the analyzed biomass. The ratios between liver weight and body weight in the animal inoculated with a single dose were 6.0% and 7.2%, with multi doses 7.0% and 7.5% and in the control animals 4.0% and 5.0%, for adult and young animals, respectively. There was an accentuated increase in the volume and weight of the spleen, and the animals inoculated with a single dose showed a ratio between spleen weight and body weight of 0.67% and 0.37%, with multidoses 1.22% and 1.05% and the control animals the ratio was 0.12% and 0.15%, for adult and young animals, respectively. The young animals inoculated with single and multi doses had an increase of 150% and 407% in the spleen size while the adults increased, 607% and 845%, respectively, in relation to the control. The histopathological analysis showed strong differences in the structure of the hepatic parenchyme in control animals and in those exposed to the M. aeruginosa extract. The main alterations were the congestive aspect, including the sinusoid, and intrahepatic haemorrhagia. The histopathological analysis showed considerable increase in the number of multinuclear giant cells in the spleen of the animals intoxicated by M. aeruginosa.

Abstract MP57: Lactation Duration is Associated With Lower Visceral and Pericardial Fat Volumes in Parous Women: 25-year Follow-up in the Cardia Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duke Appiah ◽  
Cora E Lewis ◽  
Jeff Carr ◽  
Myron D Gross ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Pericardial Fat ◽  
Incident Type ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Pericardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Lactation Duration

Introduction: Lactation has been associated with a lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. However, the underlying mechanisms for these associations are not well understood. The longitudinal association between lactation and maternal fat volume has rarely been investigated. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that lactation duration is inversely associated with maternal visceral and pericardial fat volumes. Methods: Data were obtained from 910 women enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (1985-86) without diabetes prior to pregnancy who had ≥1 birth during 25 years of follow-up. Cumulative lactation duration across all births since baseline was calculated from self-reports collected at each exam. Volumes of visceral and pericardial adipose tissue were measured from computed tomographic scans at the Year 25 exam in 2010-2011. Methods: At baseline, the average age of women (48% black, 52% white) was 24 years (range: 18-30 years). During 25 years of follow-up, 76% of women reported lactation duration of ≥ 1 month. In adjusted linear regression models, lactation duration was inversely associated with visceral fat (p=0.021) and pericardial fat (p=0.001) volumes (Table). There was a significant interaction between race and lactation on visceral (p=0.035) and pericardial fat (p=0.027) volumes (Table). Formal mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of lactation duration on visceral (p=0.001) and pericardial fat (p=0.002) volumes through body weight change between the first postbaseline birth and the end of follow-up. Changes in body weight mediated 29.4% and 26.0% of the association between lactation duration and visceral and pericardial fat volumes. Conclusions: In this prospective study, the associations of longer lactation duration with lower visceral and pericardial fat volumes were partially mediated by body weight changes.

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