Etch-and-rinse vs self-etch mode for dentin bonding effectiveness of universal adhesives

Abstract This study evaluated the immediate and 6-month dentin bond strength of universal adhesives used in etch-and-rinse or self-etch bonding strategies. The adhesives tested were Ambar Universal, G-Bond, Single Bond Universal, Tetric N-Bond Universal, and Ybond Universal. Gold standard adhesives (Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus and Clearfil SE Bond) were controls. Microtensile dentin bond strength (n=5 teeth), pH, and C=C conversion (n=3) were evaluated. Data were analyzed at α=0.05. All adhesives showed differences in pH. Ybond had intermediately strong aggressiveness, whereas the others were ultra-mild. The C=C conversion was different in most adhesives. In the etch-and-rinse strategy, all adhesives showed similar results generally except for G-Bond, which had lower bond strength than most adhesives. G-Bond and Tetric-N-Bond showed lower bond strengths after 6 months compared with 24 h, whereas the other adhesives had stable dentin bonds. In the self-etch strategy, G-Bond had lower bond strength than most adhesives. After 6 months, Ambar was the only adhesive showing lower dentin bond strength compared with 24 h. Most adhesives had discreet drops in bond strength during aging when used in the self-etch strategy. The failure modes were also material dependent, with a general pattern of increased adhesive and/or pre-testing failures after storage. In conclusion, the bonding performance of universal adhesives to dentin is material dependent. Most adhesives had stable dentin bonds with results comparable to the gold standard materials, particularly when applied in the self-etch mode. In general, it seems the use of universal adhesives in dentin should not be preceded by phosphoric acid etching.

Download Full-text

Update on Enamel Bonding Strategies

Frontiers in Dental Medicine ◽

10.3389/fdmed.2021.666379 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Takaaki Sato ◽

Tomohiro Takagaki ◽

Takashi Hatayama ◽

Toru Nikaido ◽

Junji Tagami

Keyword(s):

Optimal Strategies ◽

Adhesive System ◽

Adhesive Systems ◽

Combined System ◽

Concise Review ◽

Etch And Rinse ◽

Acid Etch ◽

Universal Adhesives ◽

New Generation ◽

Self Etch

Optimal strategies for the application of an adhesive differ between enamel and dentin because of the differences in their composition. The development of adhesive systems has mainly focused on the bonding of dentin, rather than on the enamel, by etching with phosphoric acid (PA). Dental adhesive technologies continue to rapidly advance, and various adhesive systems have been developed since the study of Buonocore in 1955. He introduced the enamel acid-etch technique. Then, the etch-and-rinse (ER) system was developed, and subsequently, the self-etch (SE) system. Universal adhesives are a new generation of one-bottle SE adhesives that can be applied with either ER mode or SE mode, or a combined system involving selective enamel etching mode. Since the combination of PA etching and the SE system differs from conventional ER systems, the enamel bonding strategy should be carefully considered. This concise review of the literature on reliable enamel bonding strategies should prove helpful to clinicians to choose an appropriate adhesive system to achieve optimal clinical outcomes.

Download Full-text

How Do the Etching Mode and Thermomechanical Loading Influence the Marginal Integrity of Universal Adhesives?

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/19-002-l ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 306-317

Author(s):

K Kaczor ◽

M Krasowski ◽

S Lipa ◽

J Sokołowski ◽

A Nowicka

Keyword(s):

Resin Composite ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Control Group ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Thermomechanical Loading ◽

Marginal Integrity ◽

Etch And Rinse ◽

Before And After ◽

Universal Adhesives ◽

Self Etch

SUMMARY Objective: This study evaluated the effect of etching mode and thermomechanical loading on universal adhesives. Methods and Materials: Two universal adhesives, Peak Universal and Adhese Universal, were used in two etching modes as the experimental groups: Peak Universal etch-and-rinse (PER), Peak Universal self-etch (PSE), Adhese Universal etch-and-rinse (AER), and Adhese Universal self-etch (ASE). Two adhesives considered gold standards were used as control groups: OptiBond FL (OER) was used as a control group for the etch-and-rinse (ER) mode, and Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) was used as a control group for the self-etch (SE) mode. Standardized class V cavities were created on the buccal and lingual surface in 30 extracted caries-free human third molars. Each adhesive and resin composite was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were subjected to thermomechanical loading (TML) immediately after the fillings were placed. Before and after TML, replicas and photographs of the fillings were performed and evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. The Mann-Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis test was used for quantitative analyses, and Fisher exact test was used for qualitative analysis. Results: Adhese Universal achieved a significantly higher percentage of continuous margin in the enamel than Peak Universal for the two types of etching both before and after TML (except for the SE group after TML). In dentin, the greatest percentage of continuous margin was achieved for Adhese Universal in the ER group (100%) before TML and for both universal adhesives in the SE groups (61%) after TML. For both etching modes and both time points, Adhese Universal had a greater percentage of continuous margin than Peak Universal for the whole margin. For the ER approach, significant differences were observed both before and after TML, and for the SE approach, significant differences were observed before TML. TML did not cause a significant decrease in the percentage of continuous margin in the enamel, but the results were the opposite in dentin. A qualitative assessment using World Dental Federation criteria did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: Scanning electron microscope assessment of marginal integrity showed that the evaluated factors such as etching mode and TML significantly influenced the marginal integrity of the universal adhesives. The replica method shows that laboratory and clinical assessment methods complement each other and give a broader view of marginal integrity.

Download Full-text

Dentin Permeability and Nanoleakage of Universal Adhesives in Etch-and-rinse vs Self-etch Modes

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/19-276-l ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

JMMS Cruz ◽

ALGBM Silva ◽

RMRF Eira ◽

BMPR Sousa ◽

MMN Lopes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adhesive System ◽

Third Molars ◽

Adhesive Systems ◽

Dentin Permeability ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Mode Of Application ◽

Etch And Rinse ◽

Universal Adhesives ◽

Self Etch ◽

Ammoniacal Silver

Clinical Relevance Universal adhesives do not seem to have the ability to effectively seal dentin, regardless of the mode of application. SUMMARY Purpose: This study evaluates the reduction in dentin permeability (P) and the expression of nanoleakage in resin-dentin interfaces made with universal adhesives, comparing the self-etch mode of application with the etch-and-rinse mode of application. Methods and Materials: To measure dentin P at the baseline and after adhesive polymerization, 80 extracted noncarious human third molars (N=80) were sectioned to obtain 0.7-mm-thick midcoronal dentin disks. The specimens were randomly assigned to 8 groups according to the different adhesive systems and application modes used: Scotchbond Universal (SBU; etch-and-rinse [ER] mode vs self-etch [SE] mode), OptiBond XTR (OPT; etch-and-rinse mode vs self-etch mode), Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CL; etch-and-rinse mode vs self-etch mode), and Adhese Universal (ADH; etch-and-rinse mode vs self-etch mode). A two-way analysis of variance with interaction was used to evaluate the P reduction differences among the groups (α=0.05). Sixteen additional 0.7-mm-thick dentin disks were similarly prepared and treated, immersed in 50 wt% ammoniacal silver nitrate, and then processed according to conventional methods for analysis under transmission electron microscopy. Results: The differences in P reduction among the adhesives were significant (p=0.029). For OPT and ADH (p=0.0304 and p=0.0120, respectively), the P reduction was higher in the ER mode than in the SE mode. For CL and SBU, no differences in P reduction was observed between the two application modes (p>0.05). All the groups showed some pattern of nanoleakage. Conclusions: No adhesive system completely reduced dentin P. Dentin sealing was higher for OPT and ADH in the ER mode, while for SBU and CL, there was no difference between the two modes. All the adhesive systems showed nanoleakage.

Download Full-text

Influence of Conditioning Time of Universal Adhesives on Adhesive Properties and Enamel-Etching Pattern

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/15-213-l ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 481-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

AM Cardenas ◽

F Siqueira ◽

J Rocha ◽

AL Szesz ◽

M Anwar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Degree Of Conversion ◽

Adhesive Properties ◽

Universal Adhesive ◽

Etching Pattern ◽

Etch And Rinse ◽

Universal Adhesives ◽

Microshear Bond Strength ◽

Self Etch

SUMMARY Objectives: To evaluate the effect of application protocol in resin–enamel microshear bond strength (μSBS), in situ degree of conversion, and etching pattern of three universal adhesive systems. Methods and Materials: Sixty-three extracted third molars were sectioned in four parts (buccal, lingual, and proximals) and divided into nine groups, according to the combination of the main factors—Adhesive (Clearfil Universal, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc, Tokyo, Japan; Futurabond U, VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany; and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA)—and enamel treatment/application time (etch-and-rinse mode [ER], self-etch [SE] application for 20 seconds [SE20], and SE application for 40 seconds [SE40]). Specimens were stored in water (37°C/24 h) and tested at 1.0 mm/min (μSBS). The degree of conversion of the adhesives at the resin–enamel interfaces was evaluated using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The enamel-etching pattern was evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=0.05). Results: In general, the application of the universal adhesives in the SE40 produced μSBS and degree of conversion that were higher than in the SE20 (p<0.01) and similar to the ER mode. The deepest enamel-etching pattern was obtained in the ER mode, followed by the SE40. Conclusions: The active and prolonged application of universal adhesives in the SE mode may be a viable alternative to increase the degree of conversion, etching pattern, and resin–enamel bond strength.

Download Full-text

Longevity of Self-etch Dentin Bonding Adhesives Compared to Etch-and-rinse Dentin Bonding Adhesives: A Systematic Review

Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice ◽

10.1016/j.jebdp.2016.03.003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 96-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Nader Masarwa ◽

Ahmed Mohamed ◽

Iyad Abou-Rabii ◽

Rawan Abu Zaghlan ◽

Liviu Steier

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Dentin Bonding ◽

Etch And Rinse ◽

Self Etch

Download Full-text

Effect of the Photo-initiator System Contained in Universal Adhesives on Radicular Dentin Bonding

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/19-146-l ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 547-555

Author(s):

RF Carvalho ◽

AFM Cardenas ◽

CN Carvalho ◽

JJ de Souza ◽

JRO Bauer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adhesive Systems ◽

Fiber Post ◽

Hybrid Layer ◽

Etch And Rinse ◽

Polymerization System ◽

Feasible Alternative ◽

Universal Adhesives ◽

Initiator System ◽

Self Etch ◽

Push Out

Clinical Relevance The photo-initiator system based on an advanced polymerization system may be an alternative that can be used to overcome the disadvantages of radicular dentin, especially for the apical third. SUMMARY Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of universal adhesives with different photo-initiator systems applied in etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) modes on dentin interaction (push-out bond strength [PBS], nanoleakage [NL], and degree of conversion [DC] within the hybrid layer) in the different root thirds after fiber post cementation. Methods and Materials: Roots of endodontically prepared human premolars were randomly divided into six groups according to one of three adhesive systems (Scotchbond Universal [SBU], Ambar Universal [AMB], and Ambar Universal APS [AMB-APS]) and two adhesive strategies (ER and SE) for each system. Posts were cemented, and PBS was tested at 0.5 mm/min. The NL was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. DC was measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The data were analyzed by three-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results: AMB-APS showed similar performance in all root thirds (p>0.05) and higher values of DC, especially in the apical third (p<0.0001). AMB and SBU showed the lowest values in the apical third (p<0.0001). Conclusions: The APS photo-initiator system contained in universal adhesives is a feasible alternative for improving radicular bonding procedure.

Download Full-text

In Vitro Longevity of Bonding Properties of Universal Adhesives to Dentin

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/14-055-l ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 282-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

MA Muñoz ◽

I Luque-Martinez ◽

P Malaquias ◽

V Hass ◽

A Reis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Water Storage ◽

Storage Period ◽

Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy Data ◽

Universal Adhesive ◽

Etch And Rinse ◽

Universal Adhesives ◽

Self Etch

SUMMARY Purpose To evaluate the immediate and 6-month resin-dentin bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) of universal adhesives that contain or do not contain methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) and are used in the etch-and-rinse and self-etch strategies. Methods and Materials Forty caries-free extracted third molars were divided into eight groups for μTBS (n=5). The groups were bonded with the Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) and Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) as controls; Peak Universal, self-etch (PkSe) and etch-and rinse (PkEr); Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, self-etch (ScSe) and etch-and-rinse (ScEr); and All Bond Universal, self-etch (AlSe) and etch-and-rinse (AlEr). After composite restorations, specimens were longitudinally sectioned to obtain resin-dentin bonded sticks (0.8 mm2). The μTBS of the specimens was tested immediately (IM) or after 6 months of water storage (6M) at 0.5 mm/min. Some sticks at each storage period were immersed in silver nitrate and photo developed, and the NL was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed with two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=0.05). Results At the IM period, PkSe and PkEr showed μTBS similar to the control adhesives (p>0.05) but increased NL pattern and lower μTBS after 6M (p<0.05). ScSe and ScEr showed intermediary μTBS values at the IM period but remained stable after 6 months (p>0.05). AlSe showed the lowest μTBS (p<0.05), but μTBS and NL remained stable after 6M (p>0.05). AlEr showed higher IM μTBS but showed higher degradation after 6M (p<0.05). Conclusions Universal adhesives that contain MDP showed higher and more stable μTBS with reduced NL at the interfaces after 6 months of water storage.

Download Full-text