scholarly journals PAKAIAN PANGULU DI NAGARI GUNUANG KOTA PADANGPANJANG PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Robi Anwar ◽  
Andar Indra Sastra ◽  
Edward Zebua
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Traditional Leader ◽  
The People ◽  
West Sumatra

AbstrakPenelitian ini mendiskripsikan tentang bentuk pakaian pangulu. Fokus penelitian ini adalah pakaian pangulu di Nagari Gunuang Kota Padangpanjang provinsi Sumatera Barat. Pakaian pangulu merupakan pakaian kebesaran seorang pemuka adat suatu kaum yang menyandang gelar pangulu. Pakaian pangulu mencerminkan nilai kewibawaan seorang pemimpin yang terlihat secara visual. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan tipe deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi pustaka, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini membahas tentang bentuk dan makna pakaian pangulu. Hasil tentang pakaian pangulu berupa pakaian adat untuk seorang pemimpin adat di Nagari Gunuang Kota Padangpanjang. Pakaian itu terdiri dari destar/saluak, baju hitam longgar/baju gadang, kain sandang/salempang, celana/sarawa, sarung/sisampiang, ikat pinggang/cawek, keris/karih, tongkat/tungkek. Makna dari pakaian pangulu adalah wibawa seorang pemimpin kaum dalam mengayomi anak kemenakan dan mampu menjadi hakim pada masyarakat.Kata Kunci: pakaian, pangulu, bentuk, makna.AbstractThis study describes the form of pangulu clothing. The focus of this research is pangulu clothing in Nagari Gunuang, Padangpanjang, West Sumatra province. Pangulu clothing is an oversized clothing of an adat leader, a people bearing the title pangulu. Pangulu's clothes reflect the dignity of a leader visually. The method in this study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive type. The technique of data collection is done by literature study, observation, and documentation. This study discusses the shape and meaning of pangulu clothing. The results of the pangulu clothing in the form of traditional clothing for a traditional leader in Nagari Gunuang, Padangpanjang City. The clothes consist of a sash/saluak, loose black clothes/gadang clothes, clothing/salempang cloth, pants/sarawa, sarongs/sisampiang, belts / cawek, keris/karih, sticks/tungkek. The meaning of pangulu's clothing is the authority of a leader of the people in protecting the children of nephews and being able to be judges in the community..  Keywords: clothes, pangulu, shape, meaning.

scholarly journals Kearifan Lokal Arsitektur Masjid Demakan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohhamad Kusyanto
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The People ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi dari keberadaan Masjid Agung Demak yang merupakan masjid pertama di Kabupaten Demak. Masjid yang telah berdiri sejak tahun 1479 M ini memiliki arsitektur masjid yang unik. Keunikan arsitektur masjid ini dilakukan penelitian lebih mendalam sehingga sehingga menjadi rujukan dalam membangun masjid lain di Kabupaten Demak. Arsitektur masjid ini telah terjaga kearifan lokalnya hingga berdiri sampai sekarang ini. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi, merumuskan arsitektur masjid Demakan sebagai salah satu arsitektur masjid yang dilestarikan di Kabupaten Demak. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan survei di lapangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan merupakan penelitian eksplorasi. Jenis penelitian bersifat deskriptif yakni menganalis dan menyajikan fakta secara sistematik sehingga mudah untuk dipahami dan disimpulkan. Adapun pengambilan data melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam pada sejumlah informan, dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian dapat dirumuskan bahwa kearifan lokal arsitektur masjid Demakan meliputi : (1) tata ruang yakni ruang utama salat, serambi dan ruang tambahan lain; (2) Struktur ditopang 4 saka guru dan 12 saka penanggap pada ruang utama salat dan struktur ditopang 8 saka guru dan 28 saka penanggap pada ruang serambi; dan (3) Ruang utama salat berbentuk bujur sangkar dengan atap tajug tumpang tiga dan serambi berbentuk persegi panjang dengan atap limasan. Arsitektur masjid Demakan sampai sekarang masih dilestarikan oleh masyarakat KabupatenDemak. This research is motivated by the existence of the Great Mosque of Demak which is the first mosque in the Demak Regency. The mosque, which was founded in 1479 AD, has a unique mosque architecture. The uniqueness of the architecture of the mosque is carried out in-depth research so that it becomes a reference in building other mosques in Demak Regency. The architecture of this mosque has maintained its local wisdom up to now. The purpose of this study is to identify, formulate the architecture of the Demakan mosque as one of the preserved mosque architectures in the Demak Regency. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The method of data collection is done by field surveys. This research uses a qualitative approach and is an exploratory study. This type of research is descriptive in that it analyzes and presents facts systematically so that it is easy to understand and infer. The data collection through observation, in-depth interviews with a number of informants, and literature study. The results of the study can be formulated that the local wisdom of the mosque architecture of Demakan includes: (1) spatial planning, namely the main prayer room, foyer, and other additional spaces; (2) The structure is supported by 4 saka teachers and 12 saka responders in the main prayer room and the structure is supported by 8 saka teachers and 28 respondent saka in the foyer room; and (3) The main prayer room is square with a overlapping roof and a rectangular porch with a pyramid roof. The architecture of the Demakan mosque is still preserved by the people of the DemakRegency.

scholarly journals Anticipating the impact of natural disaster on foreign tourists through collaboration in the city of Pare-Pare

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-104
Author(s):  
Muh. Rusdi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The People ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
And Training ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The purpose of this research is to build a collaboration between the travel business and the relevant government and the people of the City of Parepare in dealing with disasters. In addition, the parties who are members of the collaboration group carry out the stages of the safety process for tourists affected by the disaster to facilitate the handling of accident victims in the field. in the City of Parepare. Then this study, using a descriptive qualitative approach, the data collection techniques used are interviews, literature study, observation and documentation. The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to establish cooperation carried out by travel business parties to related sectors in the form of collaboration and the need for a soup or guide book to be made as a way to facilitate and understand the duties of each member of the cooperation group. are required to be able to equip their employees by adding skills and training, especially those related to First Aid in Accidents (P3K) this is important for travel businesses and related agencies to avoid more serious accident victims for tourists.

scholarly journals PASANG RI KAJANG: THE NOBLE VALUES OF KAJANG TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY IN BULUKUMBA REGENCY

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raodah Raodah
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Traditional Leader ◽  
The People ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This study aimed to describe the noble values of Pasang in the beliefs of Kajang traditional community in South Sulawesi. Pasang ri Kajang is an oral message containing guidance, customary rules, guidelines, and institutionalized norms by Turie Arakna (God Almighty) to the first Ammatoa (the first people) for the all members of Kajang traditiobal community. These oral messages inherited from generation to generation, from the first Ammatoa into the present Ammatoa according to the faith teachings of Patuntung. Ammatoa as a traditional leader is mandated to carry out all the rules containing in Pasang, supervised the teaching violations of Pasang, and practiced the all teachings of Pasang as cultural values growth in Kajang traditional community. The glory of a person depended on his/her obedience to Pasang called Tu Salama (saved people). The people who throughout their lives adhere to the values of Pasang will feel an enjoy life. The essence of Pasang is to surrender to Turie Arakna, which means surrender to the God willing, do all teachings and avoid all prohibitions of Pasang. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques were interview, observation, and literature study, then be analyzed inductively. From the result study, it is known that there were three noble values of Pasang ri Kajang, namely the relationship between humans with their God, humans with humans, and human with nature. The relationship between humans with their God as the embodiment of values of Pasang ri Kajang is the essence of Manuntungi truth based on the Patuntung belief by Kajang traditional community.

SIMBOLISASI DALAM NOVEL SANG ALKEMIS KARYA PAULO QUELHO

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Endang Maruti
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Note Taking ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Data Collection Method

The research aims to uncover the symbols in the novel The Alchemist and to gain knowledge about the moral teachings in the symbol. This research is descriptive qualitative approach. Data sources in this study are words, phrases or sentences in the novel Alchemist. Data collection method is a literature study method with note taking technique. Data were analyzed using description and content analysis methods. The results showed that the novel The Alchemist contained many symbols. These symbols include: (1) wise parents, who symbolize both negative and positive things. From his appearance, parents can symbolize something bad, but behind his old age he symbolizes a knowledge that is very much and wise; (2) stones that symbolize something hard, not easily broken, and can provide clues to something; and (3) deserts or deserts which can be interpreted as symbols of drought, aridity, unattractiveness, emptiness, despair, determination for ignorance, and also as symbols of devotion.  

TOLERANSI DAN KERUKUNAN ANTARUMAT BERAGAMA (POLA KOMUNIKASI TOKOH AGAMA DESA ANGGRASMANIS, JENAWI, KARANGANYAR)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Noval Setiawan ◽  
Sarbini Sarbini
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
The People ◽  
Direct Feedback ◽  
The Village

The people who live in Anggrasmanis village, consist of various kinds of religions. There are Islam, Christian, and Hinduism. The tolerance between religious communities in Anggrasmanis village was maintained even though it was often tinged with tension and suspicion. This encourages religious figure to build communication. This study aims to describe how the pattern of communication inter-religious figures in Anggrasmanis village, so attitude of tolerance is born. The type of research used  is a qualitative description method with qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and documentation. Researchers’ finding communication patterns of religious figures in Anggrasmanis village are linear communication patterns and circular communication patterns that occur in direct conversation between religious figures and direct feedback. The role of religious figures to building tolerance at Anggrasmanis village is by participating in activities at the village such as religious holidays.

POLA KOMUNIKASI ANTAR UMAT BERAGAMA MASYARAKAT DESA SINDANG JAYA, REJANG LEBONG, BENGKULU

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Idi Warsah ◽  
Amelia Avisa ◽  
Anrial Anrial
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Religious People ◽  
The People ◽  
Kinship Relations

This study aimed at finding out a depiction of the communication pattern among religious people in the Sindang Jaya community, Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province. This study used a qualitative approach, and the data collection techniques were observation and interviews. After the data were collected, the analysis was carried out with the stages of reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusion. This study drew the conclusion that First, the pattern of communication set by the people of Sindang Jaya Village was based on mutual respect among religions. Second, there were three forms of tolerance given by the people of Sindang Jaya Village, namely cooperation, religious freedom, and appreciation for the religious activities of other religions. Third, the strategy carried out to avoid conflicts was that both religious leaders, village officials, and the community in general always became fair, respected each other, had kinship relations, discussed every problem, helped each other, and cooperated with one another.

INOVASI APLIKASI SAMSAT RAME (SAMSAT RAMAH MERAKYAT) DALAM OPTIMALISASI PELAYANAN DI KANTOR BERSAMA SAMSAT GRESIK

Publika ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Shifani Fitri Sauli ◽  
Trenda Aktiva Oktariyanda
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The People ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
One Stop ◽  
Service Application

Pelayanan publik menjadi suatu tolok ukur kinerja pemerintah yang paling kasat mata. Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi dan banyaknya tantangan yang harus dihadapi maka pelayanan publik harus diselaraskan dengan terobosan atau inovasi. Salah satu pelayanan publik yang perlu dioptimalkan adalah Sistem Administrasi Manunggal Satu Atap (SAMSAT). Oleh karena itu, Kantor Bersama Samsat Gresik membuat aplikasi yang diresmikan pada tanggal 14 Juli 2020 adalah SAMSAT RAME (Samsat Ramah Merakyat) yaitu sebuah aplikasi pelayanan pajak serta informasi terkait pengurusan perpanjangan masa berlaku surat tanda nomor kendaraan (STNK) bermotor. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana optimalisasi pelayanan Kantor Bersama Samsat Gresik melalui Inovasi Aplikasi Samsat Rame (Samsat Ramah Merakyat) sehingga mampu menjawab beberapa permasalahan pelayanan publik Teknik analisis data dengan pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi dan studi literatur.  Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi Samsat Ramah Merakyat (Samsat Rame) belum efisien karena input pelayanan masih memberatkan para pengguna jasa. Belum efektif karena tidak berhasil mencapai tujuan yang dikehendaki oleh penyelenggara. Serta kualitas hasil yang buruk dikarenakan faktor pendukung terkesan membuat aplikasi Samsat Rame di lakukan karena mendesak tanpa memikirkan jangka panjang. Sedangkan faktor penghambat lebih berpengaruh pada keberhentian inovasi Samsat Rame. Salah satu saran yang dapat diajukan yaitu meningkatkan sosialisasi dan promosi kepada masyarakat Kabupaten Gresik. Kata Kunci : Pelayanan Publik, Inovasi Pelayanan Pajak, Samsat Rame (Samsat Ramah Merakyat)   Public service becomes the most visible measure of government performance. Along with technological developments and the many challenges that must be faced, public services must be aligned with breakthroughs or innovations. One of the public services that need to be optimized is the One-Stop One-Stop Administration System (SAMSAT). Therefore, the Samsat Gresik Joint Office made an application that was inaugurated on July 14, 2020, namely SAMSAT RAME (Samsat Ramah Merakyat), which is a tax service application as well as information related to the extension of the validity period for motorized vehicle registration certificates (STNK). The purpose of this study is to find out how to optimize the services of the Samsat Gresik Joint Office through the Samsat Rame Application Innovation (Samsat Ramah Merakyat) so that it is able to answer several public service problems. Data analysis techniques are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion / verification. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation, documentation and literature study. The results of this study indicate that the Peoples Friendly Samsat application (Samsat Rame) is not efficient because service inputs are still burdensome for service users. Not yet effective because it failed to achieve the goals desired by the organizers. As well as the poor quality of results due to supporting factors that seem to make the Samsat Rame application done because it is urgent without thinking about the long term. While the inhibiting factor has more influence on the discontinuation of the Samsat Rame innovation. One of the suggestions that can be put forward is to increase socialization and promotion to the people of Gresik Regency. Keywords: Public Service, Tax service innovation, Samsat Rame (Samsat Ramah Merakyat)

scholarly journals KONSEP POLA HIDUP MASYARAKAT DALAM PETATAH PETITIH MINANGKABAU DENGAN PENDEKATAN INDIGENIUS (THE CONCEPTION OF COMMUNITY LIFE IN PETATAH PETITIH MINANGKABAU WITH INDIGENEOUS APPROACH)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mega Febriani Sya Zuriyati Zuriyati dan Siti Gomo Attas
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Indigenous Psychology ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
Desk Research

Abstract The Conception of Community Life in Petatah Petitih Minangkabau with The Indigeneous Approach. This study aims to identify the Minangkabau conceptions values as depicted in the petatah petitih Minang (proverb). This research examines Minang Proverb with the Indigenous Psychology approach. Qualitative research methods, describing, interpreting the concept of values in the Minangkabau community which is illustrated by the Minang proverb. The data collection technique used is desk research and interview. Sources of literature study are from the Minangkabau Adat textbook obtained from the Rumah Gadang Minangkabau pavilion in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Jakarta; the results of previous studies / research, and relevant information from online mass media. Online Interview was conducted with the Chief Advisor of the Bundo Kanduang Council Organization Advisor Solok City, West Sumatra. The results show that there are ten values or Minangkabau life concept which are contained in the Minang proverb which is inherent in the Minang identity, namely; hiduik baraka, baukue jo bajangko; baso basi –malu jo sopan; tenggang raso; loyal; fair; thrifty; watchful; braveness; wise diligent and humble. Key words: Minangkabau conceptions, Minang proverb, Indigenous psychology Abstrak Konsep Pola Hidup Masyarakat dalam Petatah Petitih Minangkabau dengan Pendekatan Indigenius. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi konsepsi nilai-nilai adat yang berkaitan dengan pola hidup masyarakat Minangkabau (Minang) yang tergambar dalam Petatah Petitih (pepatah) Minang. Penelitian ini mengkaji psikologi yang lekat pada budaya adat Minangkabau yang tertuang dalam Pepatah Minang dengan pendekatan Indigenous Psychology (Psikologi Indigenius). Metode penelitian kualitatif, yakni menggambarkan, menafsirkan konsepsi nilai-nilai adat pada masyarakat Minangkabau yang tergambar pepatah Minang. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan cara studi kepustakaan (desk research) dan wawancara. Sumber studi kepustakaan adalah dari buku teks Adat Minangkabau yang diperolah dari anjungan Rumah Gadang Minangkabau di Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Jakarta; hasil kajian/penelitian sebelumnya, dan informasi yang relevan dari media massa daring. Wawancara dilakukan kepada Ketua Penasehat Organisasi Bundo Kanduang Kota Solok Sumatera Barat secara daring. Hasil menunjukan terdapat sepuluh nilai atau konsep pola hidup masyarakat Minang yang tertuang dalam pepatah minang yang melekat pada jati diri orang Minang yakni; hiduik baraka, baukue jo bajangko; baso basi-malu jo sopan; tenggang raso; setia; adil; hemat cermat; waspada; berani karena benar; arif bijaksana; rajin dan rendah hati. Kata-kata kunci: nilai budaya Minangkabau, pepatah Minang, psikologi indigenius

scholarly journals Analisis Konflik Arab Spring di Suriah

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ridho ◽  
Yanyan Muhammad Yani ◽  
Arfin Sudirman
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Arab Spring ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
The Arab Spring

This study aim to explain phenomenon of Arab spring that occurred in Syria and describing the triggering factors of conflict Syria and the analysis of Alawie group in Syria. The type of this study uses a qualitative approach with the literature study method, because the data collection techniques used make books and documents related to the Arab spring in Syria as a reference frame, as well as some data from a valid website. Data analysis techniques through three components, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions in which data verification is also accompanied by triangulation of data sources. The results showed that the phenomenon of Arab spring that occurred in Syria converged on inter-ethnic conflict that occurred between the Sunni-Alawie, then triggered by the phenomenon of Arab spring that spread in the Middle East.

scholarly journals Analisis Implementasi Kebijakan Pengaturan Pengoperasian Kendaraan Bentor Sebagai Moda Transportasi Di Gorontalo

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Andi Yusuf Katili ◽  
Nolfi S. Tueno
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The People ◽  
Transportation Service ◽  
Mode Of Transportation

Bentor is a modification between a rickshaw and a motorcycle which has become a characteristic of public transportation vehicles or modes of transportation for the people of Gorontalo. Bentor can operate from one place to another, it can even take passengers to household stairs, this cannot be done by other public transportation. This advantage makes most Gorontalo people choose it as the main transportation because it operates 24 hours. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of the implementation of policies on the operation of bentor vehicles as a mode of transportation based on Gorontalo Provincial Regulation No. 6 of 2006. The research method used in this research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that (1) Compliance of Bentor riders with traffic regulations is still low, so it is necessary to take action by the relevant authorities; (2) Coordination between officers of the Transportation Service and the Police in carrying out their duties has not been well established, so that violations continue to occur; (3) The supervision of related offices of apparatus in the field in implementing regional regulations is still low, due to the lack of officers who will be assigned as field supervisors.Bentor merupakan modifikasi antara becak dan sepeda motor yang telah menjadi ciri khas kendaraan angkutan umum atau moda transportasi masyarakat Gorontalo. Bentor dapat beroperasi dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain, bahkan dapat mengantar penumpangnya hingga ke tangga rumah, hal ini tidak dapat dilakukan oleh kendaraan umum lainnya. Kelebihan ini yang membuat sebagian besar masyarakat Gorontalo memilihnya menjadi transportasi utama karena beroperasi selama 24 jam. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan analisis mengenai Implementasi Kebijakan Pengaturan Pengoperasian Kendaraan Bentor Sebagai Moda Transportasi Berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Gorontalo Nomor 6 Tahun 2006. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Kepatuhan pengendara Bentor terhadap peraturan berlalu lintas masih rendah sehingga perlu dilakukan penindakan oleh aparat terkait; (2) Koordinasi antara petugas Dinas Perhubungan dengan Kepolisian dalam melaksakan tugas belum terjalin dengan baik, sehingga pelanggaran pun terus terjadi; (3) Pengawasan dinas terkait terhadap aparat di lapangan dalam menjalankan peraturan daerah masih rendah, karena minimnya petugas yang akan ditugaskan sebagai pengawas lapangan.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document