Synthetic metacognition as a link between brain and behavior in schizophrenia

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Lysaker ◽  
Petr Bob ◽  
Ondrej Pec ◽  
Jay Hamm ◽  
Marina Kukula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Personal Narratives ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Learning Potential ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDeficits in metacognitive capacity in schizophrenia can be conceptualized as existing along a spectrum from more discrete to more synthetic activities. These capacities may be of great importance in schizophrenia research given their potential to mediate and moderate the impact of illness-related factors on outcome. To explore this possibility this review summarizes research on synthetic metacognition using a paradigm in which metacognitive capacity is rated on the basis of spontaneously produced personal narratives. Evidence from a review of the literature shows that these deficits are detectable in patients with schizophrenia and are related to, but not reducible to, symptom severity and poorer neurocognitive function. Independent of symptoms and neurocognition, deficits in synthetic metacognition, which are likely linked to the brain’s ability to integrate information, are related to a range of outcomes including functional competence, learning potential, and insight. These deficits may also play a role in long term psychosocial functioning via their impact on the ability to sustain social functions.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Surgery for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer Liver Metastases: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis of Prognostic Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1141
Author(s):  
Gianpaolo Marte ◽  
Andrea Tufo ◽  
Francesca Steccanella ◽  
Ester Marra ◽  
Piera Federico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Liver Metastases ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Multidisciplinary Treatment ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
The Impact

Background: In the last 10 years, the management of patients with gastric cancer liver metastases (GCLM) has changed from chemotherapy alone, towards a multidisciplinary treatment with liver surgery playing a leading role. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the efficacy of hepatectomy for GCLM and to analyze the impact of related prognostic factors on long-term outcomes. Methods: The databases PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles from January 2010 to September 2020. We included prospective and retrospective studies that reported the outcomes after hepatectomy for GCLM. A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of prognostic factors was performed. Results: We included 40 studies, including 1573 participants who underwent hepatic resection for GCLM. Post-operative morbidity and 30-day mortality rates were 24.7% and 1.6%, respectively. One-year, 3-years, and 5-years overall survival (OS) were 72%, 37%, and 26%, respectively. The 1-year, 3-years, and 5-years disease-free survival (DFS) were 44%, 24%, and 22%, respectively. Well-moderately differentiated tumors, pT1–2 and pN0–1 adenocarcinoma, R0 resection, the presence of solitary metastasis, unilobar metastases, metachronous metastasis, and chemotherapy were all strongly positively associated to better OS and DFS. Conclusion: In the present study, we demonstrated that hepatectomy for GCLM is feasible and provides benefits in terms of long-term survival. Identification of patient subgroups that could benefit from surgical treatment is mandatory in a multidisciplinary setting.

Think twice, it’s all right: Long lasting effects of disrupted reconsolidation on brain and behavior in human long-term fear

2017 ◽  
Vol 324 ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Björkstrand ◽  
Thomas Agren ◽  
Fredrik Åhs ◽  
Andreas Frick ◽  
Elna-Marie Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals The Impact of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) on Brain and Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif E. R. Simmatis ◽  
Stephen H. Scott ◽  
Albert Y. Jin
Keyword(s):  
Transient Ischemic Attack ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
Ischemic Attack ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Pharmacoepidemiology of psychotropic drugs: examples of current research challenges on major public health issues

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Verdoux ◽  
Marie Tournier ◽  
Bernard Bégaud
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
The Impact

SummaryBackground– As a large number of persons are exposed to prescribed psychotropic drugs, their utilisation and impact should be further explored at the population level.Aims– To illustrate the interest of pharmacoepidemiological studies of psychotropic drugs by selected examples of major public health issues.Method– Selective review of the literature. Results – Many questions remain unsolved regarding the behavioural teratogenicity of prenatal exposure to psychotropic drugs, the impact of their increasing use in children, the long-term cognitive consequences of exposure to benzodiazepines, and the risks associated with extension of indications of antipsychotic drugs.Conclusion– Pharmacoepidemiological studies need to be further developed owing to the large number of public health questions raised by the extensive and expanding use of psychotropic drugs.

scholarly journals Prenatal Developmental Origins of Future Psychopathology: Mechanisms and Pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Monk ◽  
Claudia Lugo-Candelas ◽  
Caroline Trumpff
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Distress ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Fetal Origins ◽  
Behavior Development ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis applied to neurodevelopmental outcomes asserts that the fetal origins of future development are relevant to mental health. There is a third pathway for the familial inheritance of risk for psychiatric illness beyond shared genes and the quality of parental care: the impact of pregnant women's distress—defined broadly to include perceived stress, life events, depression, and anxiety—on fetal and infant brain–behavior development. We discuss epidemiological and observational clinical data demonstrating that maternal distress is associated with children's increased risk for psychopathology: For example, high maternal anxiety is associated with a twofold increase in the risk of probable mental disorder in children. We review several biological systems hypothesized to be mechanisms by which maternal distress affects fetal and child brain and behavior development, as well as the clinical implications of studies of the developmental origins of health and disease that focus on maternal distress. Development and parenting begin before birth.

Disability pensions in severely disturbed in-patient adolescents

1998 ◽  
Vol 172 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pelkonen ◽  
M. Marttunen ◽  
E. Pulkkinen ◽  
P. Laippala ◽  
J. Lönnqvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Disability Pension ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Long Term Prognosis

BackgroundKnowledge of working capacity from adolescence until adulthood among severely disturbed in-patients is scarce.MethodIn a follow-up study of 61 adolescent in-patients, we studied associations between being on a disability pension 20 years after hospitalisation, and the patients' psychopathology and treatment-related factors during the hospitalisation and seven-year follow-up.ResultsOf the former in-patients. 27% had not been on a disability pension, 20% had short-term pension periods, and 53% were pensioned. Subjects whose overall psychosocial functioning had improved and who had not utilised in-patient services until the seven-year follow-up, had a better prognosis in terms of working capacity Half of the subjects who had not been on pension during the follow-up had received a diagnosis of conduct disorder at discharge, and half of those pensioned had a psychotic disorder.ConclusionsThe patients' level of psychosocial functioning and capability to work in young adulthood were associated with long-term prognosis in terms of working capacity Adolescence seems to be the critical time for intensive psychiatric care combined with vocational rehabilitation programmes.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF MEDICATION REGIMEN COMPLEXITY ON ADHERENCE TO LONG-TERM THERAPIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
SHAKEEL AHMAD MIR ◽  
DANISH SHAKEEL
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Medication Regimen ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medication Regimen Complexity ◽  
Regimen Complexity ◽  
High Adherence ◽  
The Impact

Objective: Adherence is a multifactorial phenomenon. Medication-related factors have long been the focus of attention. However, the results are inconsistent. Methods: In a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of outpatients, we assessed 180 patients suffering from chronic conditions. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of medication regimen complexity on adherence to long-term drug therapies. Results: 91.66% of patients receiving more than four drugs had good or high adherence. 80.94% of patients on thrice a day (or more) drug administration had good or high adherence. 91.66% of patients receiving drug therapy for more than 5 years had good or high adherence. In all other groups, the adherence was low. The adherence was significantly (p<0.05) and positively (rs=0.792 and 0.846) correlated to the frequency of drug administration and duration of treatment. Adherence was positively correlated to the number of drugs per day (rs=0.668) but the relationships were not statistically significant (p=0.102). All the correlations were large. Conclusions: We found adherence positively correlated with medication regimen complexity. An improved understanding of the determinants of medication adherence is needed. Keywords: Medication regimen complexity, Adherence, Long-term therapy, Chronic disease

scholarly journals Gonadal steroids, brain, and behavior: role of context

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-137 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Gonadal Steroids ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reproductive Endocrine ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

The nature and extent of the impact of gender and reproductive function on mood has been the subject of speculation and controversy for centuries. Over the past 50 years, however, it has become increasingly clear that not only is the brain a major target of reproductive steroid hormones, but additionally, the steroid hormones, as neuroregulators, create a context thai influences a broad range of brain activities; ie, neural actions and resultant behaviors are markedly different in the presence and absence of gonadal steroids. In turn, the actions of gonadal steroids are themselves context-dependent. Thus, even where it can be demonstrated thai gonadal steroids trigger mood disorders, the triggers are normal levels of gonadal steroids (to be contrasted with the mood disturbances accompanying endocrinopathies), and the mood disorders appear only in a subset of susceptible individuals. The context specificity and differential susceptibility to affective dysregulation seen in women with reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders are undoubtedly important underlying characteristics of a wide range of psychiatric disorders in which the triggers have not yet been identified. Consequently, reproductive endocrine-related mood disorders offer unparalleled promise for the identification of those contextual variables that permit biological stimuli to differentially translate into depression in individuals at risk.

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