The Unavoidable Metaphor of Memorial Architecture: The Boundaries and Event-Space of Chernobyl Reactor No. 4

10.26686/wgtn.16998784 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Christopher Ian van der Veen

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Functional Capacity ◽

Event Space ◽

The Past ◽

External Influences ◽

Built Form ◽

Actual Event ◽

Chernobyl Reactor

In the design of memorial architecture, there is encountered an overuse of literal metaphor in order to translate difficult concepts into the built form. These metaphors are explored in contemporary examples of memorial and hybrid-memorial typologies. Within Chernobyl, there is a set of criteria that enable these metaphorical interpretations to operate on a more complex level, and allow the act of memorialising a truer response. The unique conditions contained within the reactor allow for a reinterpretation of architectural process, which is already realised by the existing Sarcophagus - a reactive memorial itself, designed to entomb the burnt core and its radioactive properties. As such, the reactor and its attached site can no longer be re-used in any functional capacity; the proposed memorial embraces these criteria, exploiting phenomenological thought in order to locate a set of boundary conditions. This creates an event-space - that being the location of inhabitable architecture within the reactor. Event-space exists between the boundaries established, which is a conceptual entity that is able exist in reality, and enable flashes of the past events to surface, which are interpreted by the memorial inhabitants. The memorial uses this event-space, within the sites absence of function, to locate the actual event of the disaster in the past. This fragile undertaking is achieved by placing greater responsibility on architecture to mediate the design of memorial, and remove external influences that halt this process.

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Approximations and boundary conditions for continuous-time threshold autoregressive processes

Journal of Applied Probability ◽

10.2307/3215333 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 1103-1109 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rob J. Hyndman

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Continuous Time ◽

Linear Time ◽

Autoregressive Processes ◽

Threshold Autoregressive ◽

The Past ◽

Time Threshold ◽

Non Linear ◽

The Way

Continuous-time threshold autoregressive (CTAR) processes have been developed in the past few years for modelling non-linear time series observed at irregular intervals. Several approximating processes are given here which are useful for simulation and inference. Each of the approximating processes implicitly defines conditions on the thresholds, thus providing greater understanding of the way in which boundary conditions arise.

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Changes and Differentials in the Prevalence of Activity Limitations among Finns Aged 65-74: Comparison of the Mini-Finland Health Examination Survey (1978-80) and the FINRISK-97 Senior Survey (1997)

Finnish Yearbook of Population Research ◽

10.23979/fypr.44969 ◽

2002 ◽

pp. 55-75

Author(s):

Martelin Tuija ◽

Koskinen Seppo ◽

Kattainen Anna ◽

Sainio Päivi ◽

Reunanen Antti

Keyword(s):

Marital Status ◽

Functional Capacity ◽

Time Trends ◽

The Elderly ◽

Activity Limitations ◽

Health Examination ◽

The Past ◽

Health Examination Survey ◽

Gender Education ◽

Increasing Trend

This study analyses time trends in the prevalence of activity limitations andconsequent need for help according to gender, education and marital status amongFinns aged 65-74 years. The study is based on the Mini-Finland Health ExaminationStudy carried out in 1978-80 and the FINRISK-97 Senior Survey collected in 1997.During the past 20 years, functional capacity of the elderly at ages 65 to 74 hasimproved markedly. Women, more often than men, have limitations in severalactivities, but the reverse is true in some activities. Persons with higher than basiceducation have less activity limitations than others. Married or cohabiting men reportfewer difficulties in several activities than other men, but among women differencesaccording to marital status are small. A continuation of the observed decline infunctional limitations would significantly attenuate the increasing trend in the burdenof disability that is to be expected because of the ageing of the population.

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Trends in Stratospheric Ozone: Lessons Learned from a 3D Chemical Transport Model

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1175/jas3650.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 1028-1041 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

Richard S. Stolarski ◽

Anne R. Douglass ◽

Stephen Steenrod ◽

Steven Pawson

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Solar Cycle ◽

Ultraviolet Radiation ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Interannual Variability ◽

Transport Model ◽

Stratospheric Ozone ◽

Chemical Transport ◽

Chemical Transport Model ◽

The Past

Abstract Stratospheric ozone is affected by external factors such as chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs), volcanoes, and the 11-yr solar cycle variation of ultraviolet radiation. Dynamical variability due to the quasi-biennial oscillation and other factors also contribute to stratospheric ozone variability. A research focus during the past two decades has been to quantify the downward trend in ozone due to the increase in industrially produced CFCs. During the coming decades research will focus on detection and attribution of the expected recovery of ozone as the CFCs are slowly removed from the atmosphere. A chemical transport model (CTM) has been used to simulate stratospheric composition for the past 30 yr and the next 20 yr using 50 yr of winds and temperatures from a general circulation model (GCM). The simulation includes the solar cycle in ultraviolet radiation, a representation of aerosol surface areas based on observations including volcanic perturbations from El Chichon in 1982 and Pinatubo in 1991, and time-dependent mixing ratio boundary conditions for CFCs, halons, and other source gases such as N2O and CH4. A second CTM simulation was carried out for identical solar flux and boundary conditions but with constant “background” aerosol conditions. The GCM integration included an online ozonelike tracer with specified production and loss that was used to evaluate the effects of interannual variability in dynamics. Statistical time series analysis was applied to both observed and simulated ozone to examine the capability of the analyses for the determination of trends in ozone due to CFCs and to separate these trends from the solar cycle and volcanic effects in the atmosphere. The results point out several difficulties associated with the interpretation of time series analyses of atmospheric ozone data. In particular, it is shown that lengthening the dataset reduces the uncertainty in derived trend due to interannual dynamic variability. It is further shown that interannual variability can make it difficult to accurately assess the impact of a volcanic eruption, such as Pinatubo, on ozone. Such uncertainties make it difficult to obtain an early proof of ozone recovery in response to decreasing chlorine.

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A Study of Regional Assertions in the Architecture of Delhi from the 1970s to the present

Buildings ◽

10.3390/buildings9050108 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 108 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sanyam Bahga ◽

Gaurav Raheja

Keyword(s):

Site Conditions ◽

Local Climate ◽

The Past ◽

External Influences ◽

Critical Regionalism ◽

Metropolitan Cities ◽

Philosophical Framework ◽

Similar Site ◽

Aesthetic Preferences

Critical regionalism is an architectural approach that seeks to correct sterile and abstract modernism by using contextual forces that focus on local needs and potential. As globalisation disrupts and displaces local building traditions in India’s metropolitan cities, critical regionalism offers resistance to the homogenising forces of global modernism. This paper analyses five key architectural works realised in Delhi in the past four decades that incorporate the ideas of critical regionalism in their designs. The different approaches adopted by regionalist architects in dealing with local climate, topography, materials and sociological complexes have been presented. By limiting itself to regionalist works in Delhi, the paper attempts to highlight that critical regionalism is not a set of aesthetic preferences but a philosophical framework capable of producing diverse forms of architecture despite analogous external influences arising from similar site conditions.

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The Influence of Self-Generated and Third-Party Claims Online: Perceived Self-Interest as an Explanatory Mechanism

Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication ◽

10.1093/jcmc/zmz011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 223-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David C DeAndrea ◽

Megan A Vendemia

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Communication Technology ◽

Third Party ◽

The Past ◽

Self Interest ◽

Explanatory Mechanism ◽

Insight Into

Abstract Over the past two decades, communication technology scholars have examined how viewers evaluate the authenticity of information online, with particular attention given to how self versus third-party claims differ in their degree of influence. We examine how self-interest perceptions serve an important explanatory function in the logic of warranting theory and help account for how people evaluate content online. Our results document how the source and valence of a message can interact to affect perceptions of source self-interest, which, in turn, affect perceptions of source trustworthiness, message accuracy, and, ultimately, evaluations of an online target. The findings establish boundary conditions for the warranting principle and our discussion offers insight into the production and evaluation of online claims.

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Beating the acetyl coenzyme A-pathway to the origin of life

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2012.0258 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 368 (1622) ◽

pp. 20120258 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Wolfgang Nitschke ◽

Michael J. Russell

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Origin Of Life ◽

Carbon Metabolism ◽

Acetyl Coenzyme A ◽

The Past ◽

Proposed Model ◽

The Origin Of Life ◽

To Come ◽

Present Understanding

Attempts to draft plausible scenarios for the origin of life have in the past mainly built upon palaeogeochemical boundary conditions while, as detailed in a companion article in this issue, frequently neglecting to comply with fundamental thermodynamic laws. Even if demands from both palaeogeochemistry and thermodynamics are respected, then a plethora of strongly differing models are still conceivable. Although we have no guarantee that life at its origin necessarily resembled biology in extant organisms, we consider that the only empirical way to deduce how life may have emerged is by taking the stance of assuming continuity of biology from its inception to the present day. Building upon this conviction, we have assessed extant types of energy and carbon metabolism for their appropriateness to conditions probably pertaining in those settings of the Hadean planet that fulfil the thermodynamic requirements for life to come into being. Wood–Ljungdahl (WL) pathways leading to acetyl CoA formation are excellent candidates for such primordial metabolism. Based on a review of our present understanding of the biochemistry and biophysics of acetogenic, methanogenic and methanotrophic pathways and on a phylogenetic analysis of involved enzymes, we propose that a variant of modern methanotrophy is more likely than traditional WL systems to date back to the origin of life. The proposed model furthermore better fits basic thermodynamic demands and palaeogeochemical conditions suggested by recent results from extant alkaline hydrothermal seeps.

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Regulatory Politics And Short Selling

University of Pittsburgh Law Review ◽

10.5195/lawreview.2009.145 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erik R. Sirri

Keyword(s):

Short Selling ◽

Regulatory Framework ◽

Market Quality ◽

The Past ◽

External Influences ◽

Quality Issues ◽

Regulatory Politics

The SEC has plenary authority over the short selling of exchangeregistered securities. In the past it has altered the regulatory framework for short selling only occasionally, relying primarily on no-action letters to guide evolving practices and issues. Since early 2008, the SEC promulgated, either on a proposing, final, interim-final, or emergency basis, a raft of rules related to short selling, all of which generally restrict the ability of investors to sell stocks short. Much of this rulemaking reverses a course of policy set out by the SEC to carefully balance efficiency and market quality issues. This paper considers various reasons the SEC may have struck out on such a divergent course. In particular, it highlights the role of external influences on the SEC as it relates to short selling policy.

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Boundary Conditions

10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0017 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sauro Succi

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Fluid Dynamic ◽

Fluid Flows ◽

Dynamic Simulations ◽

The Past ◽

Surrounding Environment ◽

The Subject ◽

The Difference

The actual dynamics of fluid flows is highly dependent on the surrounding environment, whose influence is mathematically described through the prescription of suitable boundary conditions. Boundary conditions play a crucial role, as they select solutions which are compatible with external constraints. Accounting for these constraints may be comparatively simple for idealized geometries but for general ones it represents a delicate (and sometimes nerve-probing!) task. In fact, the treatment of the boundary conditions often makes the difference in the quality of fluid dynamic simulations. This chapter illustrates the most common ways to impose boundary conditions to LB flows. The subject is very technical and has grown considerably for the past decade, which means that this chapter can only serve as a guiding introduction to the vast and still growing original literature.

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Tradition: Connecting the Past and Present A Case Study of Xintiandi in Shanghai

Asian Culture and History ◽

10.5539/ach.v8n2p10 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Fengqi Qian

Keyword(s):

Urban Development ◽

Urban Environment ◽

Binary Opposition ◽

Way Of Life ◽

The Past ◽

Built Form ◽

Housing Form ◽

Renewal Project

Tradition and modernisation are often seen as a binary opposition. In an urban environment, traditional built form seems incompatible to modern way of life, and the adaptation of traditional neighbourhoods to modern use often causes controversy. Nowadays, ideas about ‘what is tradition’ become shifting, and traditional townscape does not necessarily mean an obstacle to modernisation. This paper reveals how the role of traditional elements is played in China’s urban development. The case study of Xintiandi, Shanghai, where traditional townscape is restored, highlights the connection of the city’s past and present. Xintiandi is a successful yet controversial city renewal project, where Shanghai’s traditional housing form Shikumen is restored and put into adaptive uses. In the course of urban modernisation, the role of tradition as a representation of the connection between the city’s past and present deserves more study. This paper aims to add a perspective to the literature on the study of tradition. It argues for the diversity and fluidity of the ideas about tradition. In this view, tradition is not necessarily in dichotomy with, or opposite to modernisation; rather, tradition justifies the needs of modernisation and supplements its outcomes. The paper is developed in light of works on tradition by Shils, Hobsbawm, Giddens and others; The case study of Xintiandi shows what Old Shanghai tradition means to this city today, and how traditional elements are adapted and used in the course of urban modernisation.

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