scholarly journals Advantages of grass-grain crop rotations due to prolonged use of clover-alfalfa-timothy mixture

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 752-763
Author(s):  
A. K. Svechnikov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Significant Saving ◽  
Timothy Grass ◽  
One Year

It is known that significant saving of nitrogen fertilizers are due to perennial legume-cereal grasses use in crop rotations. From 2013 to 2018in the Mari El Republic six-field grass-grain fodder crop rotations were compared on sod-podzolic soils with a very high level of phosphorus and potassium. In the third rotation their productivity and bioenergetic efficiency, changes in several important soil fertility indicators, and crud protein content in the produced fodder were evaluated. The main difference between the crop rotations was based on the duration of the clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture (CAG) use: from one year to three years. In given experiment there was also studied the effect of mineral nitrogen (variants N0, N60) against Р60К60 background on the yield of crop rotations. During six years, there was no significant soil acidification in the variants. Each additional year of clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture use raised the energy efficiency ratio of crop rotations by 24-47 % (from 1.13-1.24 by one-year use to 2.08-2.25 by three years of use). Three-year CAG use as compared with one- and two-years has given to the crop rotation significant advantages in energy efficiency (up to two times) and productivity (approximately 40-80 %) of cultivated crops. After refusing to apply nitrogen fertilizations in such crop rotation, average crop productivity, soil humus and nitrogen content in the soil were better preserved. The average crude protein content in dry matter of the obtained fodder increased from 12.7 % to 14.6 % when prolonging theca use up to two years. The average energy value of the yield per rotation was recorded low (8.4-8.7 MJ/kg) and did not depend on the studied factors.

NITROGEN CYCLES IN CROP ROTATIONS DIFFERING IN FERTILIZATION

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulius GUŽYS ◽  
Stefanija MISEVIČIENĖ
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Cereal Crop

The use of nitrogen fertilizer is becoming a global problem; however continuous fertilization with nitrogen ensures large and constant harvests. An 8 year research (2006–2013) was conducted to evaluate the relationships between differently fertilized cultivated plant rotations. The research was conducted in Lipliunai (Lithuania) in the agroecosystem with nitrogen metabolism in fields with deeper carbonaceous soil, i.e. Endocalcari Endohypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-n-w-can). The research area covered three drained plots where crop rotation of differently fertilized cereals and perennial grasses was applied. Samples of soil, water and plants were investigated in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory of the Aleksandras Stulginskis University certified by the Environment Ministry of the Republic of Lithuania. The greatest productivity was found in a crop rotation with higher fertilization (N32-140). In crop rotation with lower fertilization (N24-90) productivity of cereals and perennial grasses (N0-80) was 11–35 % lower. The highest amount of mineral soil nitrogen was found in cereal crop rotation with higher fertilization. It was influenced by fertilization and crop productivity. The lowest Nmin and Ntotal concentrations in drainage water were found in grasses crop rotation. Crop rotations of differently fertilized cereals increased nitrogen concentration in drainage water. Nmin concentration in water depended on crop productivity, quantity of mineral soil nitrogen, fertilization, and nitrogen balance. The lowest nitrogen leaching was found in the crop rotation of grasses. Cereal crop rotation increased nitrogen leaching by 12–42 %. The usage of all crop rotations resulted in a negative nitrogen balance, which essentially depended on fertilization with nitrogen fertilizer.

Soybean production potential under crop rotation in the central forest-steppe of Trans-Urals

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
Ю.В. Суркова ◽  
И.Н. Цымбаленко ◽  
С.Д. Гилев
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Представлена комплексная оценка эффективности диверсификации севооборотов, а также способов обработки почвы и влияния азотных удобрений при возделывании сои в условиях засушливого климата центральной лесостепной зоны Зауралья. По результатам исследований, проведённых в 2010–2020 годах в Курганском НИИСХ – филиале УрФАНИЦ УрО РАН, установлено влияние гидротермических условий региона и агротехнических приёмов на формирование урожайности сои. В острозасушливые годы с гидротермическим коэффициентом 0,3–0,6 урожайность сои снижалась наполовину по сравнению с благоприятными по тепло- и влагообеспеченности периодами (ГТК — 1,1–1,2). На фоне удобрений и надёжной системы защиты посевов сои от сорных растений менее затратная поверхностная обработка по урожайности не уступала вспашке. Минеральный азот в дозе N30 на фоне средней обеспеченности почвы подвижным фосфором в острозасушливые годы обеспечил прибавку зерна сои 0,28 т/га, в благоприятные по условиям увлажнения годы прибавка от применения N30 увеличилась до 0,43 т/га. Диверсификация традиционного четырёхпольного зернопарового севооборота путём замены пшеничного поля посевами сои обеспечила повышение продуктивности, улучшение качества продукции и экономических показателей. Рентабельность производства продукции с севооборотной площади в вариантах с ресурсосберегающей поверхностной обработкой выросла до 110% без удобрений и до 117% — на фоне N30 против 49 и 66% в зернопаровом севообороте. В результате многолетних исследований в контрастных погодных условиях установлено, что производство сои в полевом севообороте в центральной лесостепной зоне Зауралья рентабельно даже в острозасушливые годы. При низком уровне урожайности (0,50–0,70 т/га) рентабельность составляет 30–50%. В благоприятные годы ресурсы зауральского климата позволяют получать урожайность сои на уровне 1,40–1,80 т/га. При этом рентабельность повышается до 220%. The report deals with the optimization of a rotation system as well as the effect of tillage and nitrogen fertilizers on soybean productivity under the drought of the central forest-steppe in Trans-Urals. The investigation was conducted at the Kurgan Research Institute of Agriculture in 2010–2020. The aim was to test the effect of tillage, moisture and temperature on soybean yield. Drought (hydrothermal coefficient of 0.3–0.6) reduced soybean productivity by 50% in comparison to favorable conditions (hydrothermal coefficient of 1.1–1.2). Less expensive surface tillage was as effective as plowing under fertilization and weed control. In dry years application of N30 increased grain yield by 0.28 t ha-1 under medium content of soluble P. Under favorable conditions the increase amounted to 0.43 t ha-1. Substitution of wheat with soybean in the conventional four-field crop rotation system resulted in higher crop productivity, yield quality and economic effectiveness. Payback raised up to 110% under surface tillage and no fertilization and 117% — on the background of N30 versus 49 and 66% obtained under fallow and grain crop rotation. Soybean production was cost-effective even under drought. Low soybean yield (0.50–0.70 t ha-1) resulted in profitability of 30–50%. Favorable conditions of the region provided soybean yield of 1.40–1.80 t ha-1, increasing profitability up to 220%.

scholarly journals Nitrogen migration in crop rotations differing in fertilisation

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e0303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulius Guzys ◽  
Stefanija Miseviciene
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
N Balance ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil N

<p>Inappropriate use of nitrogen fertilisers is becoming a global problem; however, continuous fertilisation with N fertiliser ensures large and constant harvests. To evaluate the relationships of differently fertilised cultivated plant rotation with N metabolism in the agroecosystem the research was conducted between 2006 and 2013 at Lipliūnai, Lithuania, in fields with calcareous gley brown soil, <em>i.e.</em> <em>Endocalcari Endohypogleyic Cambisol</em> (<em>CMg-n-w-can</em>). The research area covered three drained plots where crop rotation of differently fertilised cereals and perennial grasses were applied. The greatest productivity was found in a higher fertilisation (TII, 843 kg N/ha) cereals crop rotation. With less fertilisation (TI, 540 kg N/ha) crop rotation productivity of cereals and perennial grasses (TIII, 218 kg N/ha) was 11-35% lower. The highest amount of mineral soil N (average 76 kg/ha) was found in TI. It was influenced by fertilisation (<em>r</em>=0.71) and crop productivity (<em>r</em>=0.39). TIII tended to reduce N<sub>min</sub> (12.1 mg/L) and N<sub>total</sub> (12.8 mg/L) concentrations in drainage water and leaching of these elements (7 and 8 kg/ha). N<sub>min</sub> and N<sub>total</sub> concentrations in the water depended on crop productivity respectively (<em>r</em>=0.48; <em>r</em>=0.36), quantity of mineral soil N (<em>r</em>=0.65; <em>r</em>=0.59), fertilisation (<em>r</em>=0.59; <em>r</em>=0.52), and N balance (<em>r</em>=0.26; <em>r</em>=0.35). Cereal crop rotation increased N leaching by 12-42%. The use of all crop rotations resulted in a negative N balance. Nitrogen balance depended on fertilisation with N fertiliser (<em>r</em>=0.55). The application of perennial grasses crop rotation in agricultural fields was the best environmental tool, reducing N migration to drainage.</p>

scholarly journals Energy efficiency of technology of cultivation of agricultural crops on the irrigated lands of the South of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Vozhegova ◽  
◽  
N. M. Galchenko ◽  
D. I. Kotelnikov ◽  
V. M. Мaliarchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Harvest Residues ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
No Till ◽  
Productivity Indicators

The article reflects the results of research on the study of crop rotation productivity and energy efficiency components of crop rotation technology in terms of depending on different methods and depth of basic tillage. The purpose of the research was to determine the impact of basic tillage and fertilization on crop rotation productivity indicators and indicators of economic efficiency of crop rotation technology in irrigated conditions in the south of Ukraine. Methods: the field, in-gravimetric, visual, laboratory, calculation-comparative, mathematically-statistical and confessedly in Ukraine methods and methodical recommendations. The research was conducted during 2016-2019 in the research fields of the Askanian SARS IIA NAAS of Ukraine. Results. The use of differentiated and shallow single-depth system of basic tillage to the same productivity indicators at the level of 8.21 and 8.22 t.o.o./ha of products. However, the use of shallow tillage with different depths increased the productivity to 8.49 tons of water/ha, or 3.3%, and with no-till the lowest productivity was obtained 7.15 tons of water/ha. At the same time, the organo-mineral system of fertilizer N90P40 + green manure + crop residues yielded at the level of 7.61 tons per hectare. The improvement of nitrogen nutrition of crop rotations to N105P40 + green manure to get her with the earning of crop residues increased this figure to 8.06 ton so.o./ha, or 5.9% more than the control. At the same time, the maximum productivity indicators of 8.52 tons per hectare were obtained for the N120P40 system + green manure + post-harvest residues, which is actually 12% more than in the control. The reduction of total energy consumption was obtained with a shallow single-depth system of main cultivation of 26.45 GJ/ha, and the lowest values of 25.27 GJ/ha were obtained with no-till, which is 6.8% less than in the control. Application of organo-mineral fertilizer system N90P40 + green manure + post harvest residues formed costs at the level of 24.94 GJ/ha, increase of nitrogen nutrition of crop rotations to N105P40 + green manure with post harvest residues increased costs to 26.35 GJ/ha, and the highest costs 26.37 GJ/ha was obtained in the variant N120P40 + green manure, where the figures were higher by 11.5% compared to the control. Almost the same energy yield was obtained for differentiated and single-depth shallow tillage systems 127.33 and 127.64 GJha, respectively. The application of the system of multi-depth tillage increased the yield to 133.24 GJ/ha. Conclusion. The calculation of energy efficiency testifies that growing of agricultural cultures at bringing of N120Р40 + green manure + post-harvest residues in the system of the plowless on different depth is most expedient and justified from the power point of view. Technology of growing, which is based on these agrotechnology measures provides the receipt of maximal energy coefficient at the level of 4,96

scholarly journals REVIEW OF THE INFLUENCE OF CROP ROTATION AND PRIMARY TILLAGE OPERATIONS ON WEED SEED BANK

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 407-421
Author(s):  
Nawal Al-Hajaj
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Weed Emergence

In this study, we reviewed weed seed bank dynamic and main agriculture operations to come up with the weed seed management modeling designed to increase crop productivity by removing weed competition. Weed contributing with 10% loss of total global grain production. Weed seed bank regulate by five demographic processes seedling recruitment and survival, seed production, dispersal and seed survival in soil. The main agriculture operations that interference with weed seed bank are crop rotation and primary tillage. Tillage systems affect weed emergence, management, and seed production; therefore, changing tillage practices changes the composition, vertical distribution, and density of weed seed bank in agricultural soils. Weed species vary in their response to various crop rotations, due to the variability of weed-crop competition in their relative capacity to capture growth–limiting resources. Crop rotations affect weed emergence, management, composition, and density of weed seed bank. Finally, the study suggests elevating crop competitiveness against weeds, through a combination of crop rotation and reduce_ zero tillage, has strong potential to reduce weed-induced yield losses in crop.

scholarly journals Rhizosphere microbial communities explain positive effects of diverse crop rotations on corn and soybean performance: microbiome explain benefits of diverse rotations.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Soledad Benitez ◽  
Patrick Ewing ◽  
Shannon L. Osborne ◽  
R. Michael Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Previous Crop

Abstract In agricultural systems, crop rotation diversity influences soil microbial communities and often increases crop productivity. Yet the specific contributions of microorganisms to crop rotation benefits are unknown. We studied corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) within a two-year corn-soybean rotation and four, four-year, four-crop rotations with varying crop sequences. We hypothesized that rhizosphere microbial communities would predict crop productivity contingent on rotation diversity and previous crop legacy. Sampling at seedling and flowering stages, we assessed rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, plant tissue nutrients, aboveground biomass, and yield. Rhizosphere communities varied with rotation diversity and previous crop legacy. Concurrently, corn and soybean yields and biomasses were larger in more diverse rotations and with different crop legacies, but not tissue nutrients. Fungal communities predicted the suppression of corn seedlings when following soybean, and soybean seedlings when following corn, independently of rotation effects. This fungal effect ultimately predicted suppressed corn yield in the corn-soybean rotation, while in more diverse rotations, bacterial communities predicted corn would fully recover from a soybean legacy by flowering. These results suggest that corn-soybean rotations select for yield-suppressive microbial communities and highlight a microbial mechanism behind the benefits of diverse rotations.

scholarly journals Reduction of anthropogenic loading on an agroecosystem by increasing its energy efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
T. Gnatiuk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Fertilizer System

For full functioning , an artificially created agroecosystem should include qualitatively and quantitatively balanced components. This is possible if the anthropogenic burden on such a system is reduced and energy costs are balanced within it. In order to substantiate this statement, a production experiment was conducted in which short-term crop rotation was introduced on the land of an experimental field. Determination of energy efficiency of crop rotations and crop rotations in general was carried out by calculating technological maps of cultivating the corresponding crops. The higher the energy efficiency, the less the energy spent on cultivating crops and the less the cost of obtaining a unit of production from the corresponding area. After three years of research, we have determined that the most energy-intensive crop in short-term rotation is potatoes, less energy is spent on the cultivation of field pea-oat mixture, rye, oats with sowings of clover, and clover alone. The most energy-efficient was the organic fertilizer system (manure) for growing winter rye with a coefficient of energy efficiency of 5.10. For cultivation of field pea with oats for the same fertilizer system, the cultivation efficiency was 5.70. Growing oats with sowings of clover and using an organic system (manure) had an energy utility of 4.11. After application of the organic system (siderate) for the cultivation of winter rye, the coefficient of energy efficiency was 5.03 and for potatoes 2.21. After using the organoleptic system 50 : 50 to grow perennial grasses, this ratio was 33.05, and after the use of the mineral system for growing potatoes, 2.13. However for the cultivation of perennial grasses, we used the aftereffects of fertilizers introduced under the clover of the first year, and in the second year, under the perennial grasses, fertilizers were not applied at all, but for the cultivation of clover in crop rotation it is expedient to use an organomineral system of 50 : 50. Adhering to the basic principles of biological agriculture, namely the introduction of a scientifically grounded alternation of crops, rejecting the use of chemical plant protection products, avoiding the replacement of organic fertilizers (manure and siderate) by mineral fertilizers, it is possible to reduce energy costs for growing crops of crop rotation and crop rotation in general as a consequence, and thus to reduce the anthropogenic load on the whole agroecosystem .

scholarly journals PROTEIN AND ITS FRACTIONAL COMPOSITION IN GRAIN OF SPRING WHEATDEPENDING ON TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND WEED INFESTATION OF CROPS

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Наталья Бакаева ◽  
Natalya Bakaeva ◽  
Ольга Салтыкова ◽  
Olga Saltykova
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Fractional Composition ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Middle Volga Region

The purpose of research is improvement of biochemical parameters of spring wheat grain quality. The studies were conducted in 2007-2010 in the conditions of forest-steppe of the Middle Volga Region. The object of the study was the released varieties of Kinelskaya 59 spring soft wheat grain. The soil of experimental plot is typical chernozem medium loamy, medium. Spring wheat was placed in crop rotation and green manure with clean steam. In crop rotations the following fertilizer were used: no fertilizer application (control) and application N22P22K22 before sowing (azofoska of 1.4 t/ha). Spring wheat crops in 2007 were treated in tillering stage with herbicide Difezan (0.2 l/ha); in 2008 – in the phase of tillering herbicide Logran (10 g/ha). In crop rotations in three different systems of primary tillage were studied. Found that in crop rotation with bare fallow total protein content was little more than link with green manure and steam amounted to an average of 12.7 percent. This was contributed to the increase in the protein fractions of wheat globulins by more than 5% of glutelins more than 9 percent. Thus, when plowing by 20-22 cm increased the accumulation fraction of that prolamins, and fertilizing (N22P22K22) contributed more knock-tunately fractions albumins an average of more than 6% and globulins by 16%, which led to an increase in total protein more than 5% compared to zero tillage. Depending on the subtype of clogging of crops in crop rotation and green manure with clean steam fractional composition of grain increased in the variant without weeds. The fraction of albumin was higher on average by 13%, globulins 11%, glutelins 21%, and the fraction of Pro-laminam has changed slightly. Young and perennial subtypes clogging of the wheat crops reduced the protein content on average by 7-9% in comparison with the variant without weeds.

Long-term cropping system impact on quality and productivity of a Dark Brown Chernozem in southern Alberta

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwin G. Smith ◽  
H. Henry Janzen ◽  
Francis J. Larney
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
System Impact

Smith, E. G., Janzen, H. H. and Larney, F. J. 2015. Long-term cropping system impact on quality and productivity of a Dark Brown Chernozem in southern Alberta. Can. J. Soil Sci. 95: 177–186. Long-term cropping system studies offer insights into soil management effects on agricultural sustainability. In 1995, a 6-yr bioassay study was superimposed on a long-term crop rotation study established in 1951 at Lethbridge, Alberta, to determine the impact of past cropping systems on soil quality, crop productivity, grain quality, and the relationship of yield productivity to soil quality. All plots from 13 long-term crop rotations were seeded to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a strip plot design [control, nitrogen (N) fertilizer]. Prior to seeding, soils were sampled to determine soil chemical properties. Total wheat production for the last 4 yr of the study was used as the measure of productivity. The 1995 soil analysis indicated crop rotations with less frequent fallow and with N input had higher soil quality, as indicated by soil organic carbon (SOC) and light fraction carbon (LF-C) and N (LF-N). SOC had a positive relationship to total wheat yield, but was largely masked by the application of N in this bioassay study. Frequent fallow in the previous crop rotation lowered productivity. The concentration of LF-C had a negative relationship, whereas LF-N had a positive relationship to total wheat yield, with and without N fertilization in this bioassay study. Grain N concentration was higher with applied N and when the long-term rotation included the addition of N by fertilizer, livestock manure, annual legume green manure or legume hay. This study determined that long-term imposition of management practices have lasting effects on soil quality and crop productivity.

Crop rotations with clover and their productivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Gladysheva ◽  
Oksana Artyuhova ◽  
Vera Svirina
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Gray Forest Soil ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Pure Steam ◽  
Positive Effect

The results of long-term research in experiments with crop rotations with different clover saturation are presented. It is shown that the cluster has a positive effect on the main indicators of vegetation of dark-gray forest soil. The introduction of two fields of perennial grasses into the six-field crop rotation significantly increases both the humus reserves and increases the productivity of arable land by 1.5–2 times compared to the crop rotation with a field of pure steam.

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