scholarly journals A Preliminary Survey of the Eastern Harbor, Alexandria, Egypt, Including a Comparison of Side Scan Sonar and Remote Viewing

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-541
Author(s):  
Stephan Andrew Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Side Scan Sonar ◽  
To The Lighthouse ◽  
Shore Line ◽  
A Site ◽  
Möbius Groups ◽  
Remote Viewing

This paper reports a preliminary survey of one of humanity's most historic harbors--Alexandria, Egypt. It constitutes one phase of a broader joint land/sea examination of the largest and most famous city to bear Alexander the Great's name. The research overall had two goals: 1) to resolve locational uncertainties concerning the city's past configuration, particularly its Ptolemaic antecedents; and 2) to compare electronic remote sensing survey technologies with Remote Viewing generally, and the applications methodology developed by the Mobius Groups specifically. In the area of the Eastern Harbor, the aim of the research was: 1) the location of the ancient shore line; the locaton of and predictive description of several sites including the island of Antirrhodus and the Emporium/Poseidium/Timonium complex; a palace complex associated with Cleopatra; and a further elaboration, both in terms of location and predictive description, of the Pharos lighthouse area; 2) a comparison of Remote Viewing and side scan sonar data after each approach had surveyed the same area. This paper describes the probable location of the Emporium, the Poseidium, and the Timonium, the palace complex of Cleopatra, the island of Antirrhodus, a site at the tip of Fort Sisila (known prevously as Point Lochias), new discoveries pertaining to the lighthouse, andd an associated temple. The most important discovery though is the identification and location of the ancient seawall which extends some 65 meters farther out into the harbor than was previously suspected, and whoe location resolves a key piece in the puzzle of the ancient city's layout. The discoveries reported here were principally the result of Remote Viewing. Except for one clear "hit," side scan sonar proved unproductive because of the large amount of particulate in the water.

scholarly journals MEASUREMENTS OF FORCES ON DOLOS ARMOR UNITS AT PROTOTYPE SCALE

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Crescent City ◽  
Side Scan Sonar ◽  
Six Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Wave Measurements ◽  
A Site ◽  
Wave Induced

In-situ measurements of the structural bending moments and torque about the shank-fluke interface of the dolos armor unit have been made for 42-ton (36-metric tonne) dolosse at Crescent City, California jetty. The measurements include the static loads on the dolosse as well as wave induced forces. The data were obtained from internal strain gages cast into the dolos during construction along with a special data acquisition system. The measurement system was also capable of capturing impact forces caused by dolos rocking or movement. Measurements were made during the winter storm seasons from January 1987 through May 1988. Coincident with the structural measurements, wave height and period were measured at several water depths approaching the breakwater, including a site directly in front of the dolos test section. The Crescent City jetty is a shallow water breakwater with depth limited waves in about 10 meters of water depth. The structural measurements were made from 14 dolos units arranged in a rectangular section on the top layer of the trunk portion of the jetty. Four of these dolosse are also instrumented with an accelerometer platform to measure motion with six degrees of freedom. In addition, there are three instrumented dolosse on the bottom layer of the breakwater. These dolosse measure the static stress due to the units placed on top of them, as well as pulsating forces. The structural and wave measurements, reported here, are supplemented with hydrostatic pore pressure measurements in the core material of the breakwater, and by aerial photogrammetric motion analysis (Kendall, 1988), land based surveys, boudary condition surveys, hydrographic surveys, and side scan sonar surveys.

scholarly journals Using Remote Sensing Techniques to Document and Identify the Largest Underwater Object of the Baltic Sea: Case Study of the Only German Aircraft Carrier, Graf Zeppelin

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4076
Author(s):  
Artur Grządziel
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Aircraft Carrier ◽  
Side Scan Sonar ◽  
Underwater Object ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Impact

New shipwrecks are usually found during other work at sea. In 2006, the research vessel St. Barbara discovered probably the most massive wreck that lies on the bottom of the Baltic Sea. Its identity was unknown, and the Arctowski was sent to conduct research. In this study, the author describes how an adequately selected research methodology using remote sensing technology can lead to obtaining precious and accurate measurement data. The article proposes an appropriate approach to identifying the most massive underwater object in the Baltic Sea. The results of bathymetric and sonar tests are presented. Unconventional use of scanning sonar, which was undoubtedly not foreseen by the manufacturer, was also proposed. The article also shows how some remote sensing techniques support and complement each other when verifying objects on the bottom. Moreover, this paper addresses the impact of sonar frequency and survey methodology on image resolution and data quality. If imaged under the right conditions, side-scan sonar can deliver records based on which shipwreck identification is possible. The wreck of the aircraft carrier lies at the bottom of the Baltic Sea at a depth of about 90 m. Some difficulties in measurements were caused by the lack of a depressor, the use of a light cable line, or the lack of a standard side-scan sonar winch. However, these limitations did not significantly affect the quality of the recorded data. The research results prove that the proposed methodology for using side-scan sonar (SSS) or scanning sonar is correct, and the obtained measurement data make it possible to identify the detected object at the level of 99%.

Three-Dimensional Map Generation From Side-Scan Sonar Images

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Cuschieri ◽  
M. Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Map Building ◽  
Side Scan Sonar ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Map Generation ◽  
Sonar Systems ◽  
Sonar Images ◽  
Direct Generation

The generation of three-dimensional (3-D) images and map building are essential components in the development of an autonomous underwater system. Although the direct generation of 3-D images is more efficient than the recovery of 3-D data from 2-D information, at present for underwater applications where sonar is the main form of remote sensing, the generation of 3-D images can only be achieved by either complex sonar systems or with systems which have a rather low resolution. In this paper an overview is presented on the type of sonar systems that are available for underwater remote sensing, and then a technique is presented which demonstrates how through simple geometric reasoning procedures, 3-D information can be recovered from side scan-type (2-D) data. Also presented is the procedure to perform map building on the estimated 3-D data.

scholarly journals Ice gouging topography on the Caspian and Aral seas bottom

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Ogorodov ◽  
S. V. Maznev ◽  
P. I. Bukharitsin
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Anthropogenic Influence ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Side Scan Sonar

Ice gouging is a destructive mechanical impact of ice on the underlying ground surface associated with ice cover dynamics, ice hummocking (ridging) and formation of grounded hummocks (stamukhas) under hydrometeorological factors and coastal topography. Ice scours in the Northern Caspian Sea were discovered in 1950s, but ice gouging processes were taken into consideration only in 2012, when the accident on Kashagan gas field (Kazakhstan) occurred. Recently we found ice scours on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea. Ice gouging microrelief on the Caspian seabed was researched using specialized geophysical equipment — side-scan sonar and multibeam sounding. We have a unique opportunity to study ice scours on the Aral Sea dried bottom by direct methods, but now they are observed only by remote sensing technologies. When sea level is not stable the most intensive gouging takes place on the depths from 2 to 5 m. Ice scours are widespread on the Caspian and Aral seabed because their level was significantly changing during XX century. Climatic changes and anthropogenic influence can cause changes in conditions of ice scour formation. Studying of the ice scours parameters on the Aral Sea dried bottom has a great economic and fundamental importance for comprehension of ice gouging conditions and intensity in shallow freezing seas and big lakes.

scholarly journals PADUS, SANDALUS, GENS FADIENA. UNDERWATER SURVEYS IN PALAEO-WATERCOURSES (FERRARA DISTRICT – ITALY)

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-5/W5 ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
G. Bucci
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Underwater Archaeology ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Side Scan Sonar ◽  
Inland Water

In the ambit of our program of researches on ancient rivers in Ferrara hinterland (Italy), we have been joining a Scientific – Didactic Project between <i>Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Emilia Romagna, Comune di Portomaggiore Assessorato alla Cultura</i>, CMAS A.CDCI. - <i>Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Federation ITA F07</i> – <i>Associazione CMAS Diving Center Italia</i>. The Project is focused on underwater archaeological surveys in ex quarry lakes, following the Rivers Padus and Sandalus between Voghiera, Gambulaga and Portomaggiore (Ferrara District). Here we are going to introduce our most recent results, after the last immersions and a 3D bathymetrical survey completed by echo-side scan sonar in Tramonto Lake at Gambulaga, explaining the connection with remote sensing investigations and direct surveys applied to underwater archaeology of the inland water. The main submerged structure individuated is a part of wooden dock on the left side of <i>Padus</i>, in front of the Necropolis of <i>Fadieni</i> (1<sup>st</sup>-3<sup>rd</sup> cent. A.D.). Thanks to the study of 183 finds coming from the lake, involving students and young collaborators of the Archaeological National Museum of Ferrara, we are reconstructing the ancient landscape between Proto-Imperial Age and Late Antique.

Search and Documentation of Underwater Archaeological Sites

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Tuttle
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Magnetic Anomalies ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
General Survey ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
Area Survey ◽  
A Site ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Archaeological survey is fundamental to archaeological data collection. Underwater archaeology is developing and maturing as a discipline. The levels of technology available for investigations are variable depending on the objectives of surveys. Prior to entering the field, it is essential to do a complete desktop research, an in-office examination of available literature, and to develop a survey plan. This article describes different methods and the tools used for probing, which are used for examining subsurface features or defining the extent of a site. Remote sensing is an effective method to search for cultural material in a marine context. Once a general survey has located acoustic targets, magnetic anomalies, or other areas of interest, a predisturbance site survey of the targets may be conducted. Accurate positioning during a predisturbance investigation is critical. With an area survey complete or a predisturbance survey conducted, the next step in the archaeological process is excavation.

Selecting Sites for Artificial Recharge of Groundwater with the Help of GIS, Remote Sensing and Geophysical Investigations in Jakhaura Block, Lalitpur, Uttar Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VIII) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Shubham Chandra Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Thematic Layers ◽  
Multi Criteria Evaluation ◽  
Geophysical Investigations ◽  
A Site ◽  
Resistivity Meter ◽  
Very High

Water is a type of natural resource which has its application in almost every aspect of life and due to this it’s exploitation is observed at an increasingly fast rate. Our country is also suffering from water scarcity because its population is more than almost17% of the world’s population with only 4% of the World’s renewable water resources. In Indian sub-continent our dependency on Groundwater has increased very much. As a result, the Groundwater storage of our country is decreasing at very high rate and to address this we have thought to view the possibility of artificially recharging the Groundwater. This paper aims to find the suitable sites for building rainwater harvesting structures from combined use of Remote sensing, Geophysical technique and GIS in Jakhaura block of Lalitpur, Uttar Pradesh. The hard terrain feature of Jakhaura block makes the runoff very high and as a result infiltration of the rainwater to the groundwater is very low. For multi criteria evaluation, different thematic layers such as base map of area, drainage network, land use/ land cover, slope map, lineament, VES ( Resistivity meter) data, pseudo section using Zohdy software are taken into account. The overlay analysis of thematic layers has helped to make ground water prospects map, which has helped to make a site suitability map of different rainwater harvesting structures including percolation tanks, nala bunds, distillation tank and check dams etc.

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