scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING OF THE APPLIED ART OF ARTSAKH OF THE 19TH CENTURY ON THE PAGES OF THE EASTERN ARMENIAN ERIODICAL PRESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (10(74)) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
M. Harutyunyan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Color Structure ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
Technical Mastery ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Thus, our scientific research led to the conclusion that the applied art which originated in the previous centuries continued to develop along with other branches of the culture of Artsakh in the second half of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century.  In this scientific article, we have presented mainly the following branches of the applied arts of Artsakh: carpet weaving, handicrafts, embroidery, silversmithing, pottery. We have mainly presented interesting information about the branches of the applied art which were covered in the periodicals of the second half of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century. Noting about the carpet weaving of Artsakh, we emphasized that the carpets of that region of Artsakh stood out with their color structure, richness of ornaments, technical mastery. We highlighted the role of handicrafts in the life of Armenian women, emphasizing that this form of the applied art was developed in Artsakh in the Middle Ages. In this article, we also presented a number of pottery samples found during excavations by foreign archaeologists. 

scholarly journals Features of Buddhism in China in the 19th Century According to the Works of the Missionary Saint Gury (Karpov), Archbishop of Tauride

2020 ◽  
pp. 181-190
Author(s):  
Александр Сергеев
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Chinese Buddhism ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Lay People ◽  
European Science ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

В статье рассматривается труд «Обеты буддистов и обряд возложения их у китайцев» посвященный особенностям Буддизма в Китае, составленный и переведенный миссионером святителем Гурием (Карповым), архиепископом Таврическим. Данная работа архиепископа Гурия напечатана в сборнике Трудов членов Российской Духовной миссии в Пекине и считается ценным вкладом в европейскую науку. В ней в частности, святителем Гурием выделяются буддисты ведущие безбрачную жизнь и семейную жизнь, описываются основные предметы воздержания для буддистов выраженные в определенных следующих заповедях и предлагается схема обетов буддистов, структура иерархии Буддийского общежития, говорится о роли отшельников и мирян в Буддизме, затрагивается тематика молитвенной практики и предлагается описание самых страшных преступлений и видов порока в Буддизме. Описывая данные положения, крымский миссионер ссылался в своем труде на образцовый буддийский требник, отталкивался от личных наблюдений и разговоров с Хэшанами и согласовывал свои выводы о Буддизме с китайцем, который отлично зналкитайский язык и понимал язык Буддизма. Таким образом можно сказать, что особый акцент делается на анализе и структурировании сведений о Буддизме, выделяются основные аспекты возложения буддийских обетов и показываются вероучительные, нравственно-аскетические, иерархические и административные особенности китайского Буддизма девятнадцатого века, которые полезно знать миссионерам, ведущим полемику с людьми, исповедующими Буддизм. The article is devoted to the work "Buddhist vows and the rite of laying them on the Chinese", which is devoted to the peculiarities of Buddhism in China, compiled and translated by the missionary Saint gurius (Karpov), Archbishop of Taurida, published in the collection of works of members of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing and is considered a valuable contribution to European science. In this work, in particular, Saint Gury singled out Buddhists who lead a celibate lifestyle and family life, described the main themes of abstinence for Buddhists, expressed in the following specific commandments and vows of the Buddhist hierarchy of the Buddhist community, mentioned the role of hermits and lay people in Buddhism, also touched upon the practice of prayer and the description of the most terrible crimes and vices in Buddhism. Describing these provisions, the Crimean missionary referred in his work to an exemplary Buddhist Breviary based on personal observations and conversations with Heshans, and coordinated his conclusions about Buddhism with a Chinese who knew Chinese perfectly and understood the language of Buddhism. Thus, we can say that special attention is paid to the analysis and structuring of information about Buddhism, highlighting the main aspects of Buddhist vows, as well as showing the doctrinal, moral, ascetic, hierarchical and administrative features of Chinese Buddhism of the XIX century, which are useful for missionaries who conduct polemics with people who profess Buddhism.

scholarly journals Law-Making of Municipal Self-Governing Authorities in the Russian Province in the Second Half of the XIX Century on the Example of City Dumas of the Novgorod Governorate

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Yulia P. Stepanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Law Making ◽  
Legal Procedures

The article analyzes the lawmaking activities of the city councils of the Novgorod province in the second half of the 19th century. An assessment of the level of lawmaking work is given, the features of the legal nature of acts issued by local self-government bodies are characterized. Examples of organization of legal procedures are given, the role of provincial government bodies in the organization and implementation of law-making practice of local self-government bodies is revealed.

Role of the method in pathology

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
F. Y. Chistovich
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The 19Th Century

The rapid development of pathology, which began in the second half of the 19th century and continues to the present time, was the result of the improvement of the microscope and the introduction of the experimental method into scientific research. The significance of these two fundamental foundations of modern scientific progress is clear to everyone; a good illustration is the tremendous impetus that Cohnheim's pathology received in 1867.

Autocratic Monarchy: Yu. F. Samarin’s Theoretical Concept and Historic Reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 156-166
Author(s):  
Galina V. Talina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
National History ◽  
The Third ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article describes Yu. F. Samarin’s interpretation of Russian autocracy evolution in the period from the last third of the 15th century and till the 60s–70s years of the 19th century, from the reign of Ivan the Third till the reign and reforms of Alexander the Second. For the present analysis of the well-known Slavophile’s views the author has used act materials, modern interpretation by our historians of the process of Russian monarchy transformation and the scientific research materials of the author of this article. Special attention in paid to the role of Peter the First in the national history, his infringement of inheritance succession of the throne and consequences of the innovations introduced by him. According to Samarin, that model of autocracy became an obstacle for the transition from the autocratic monarchy to the constitutional one in the middle of the 19th century, but did not contradict the role of Russia as the stronghold of the Slavic-Orthodox world.

scholarly journals The gender problem in the 19th century summary

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Nazifa Ashrafli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Queen Victoria ◽  
Gender Boundaries ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article addresses the gender issue of the 19th century. XIX century in England. This century is generally considered Victorian, although this is not quite the correct idea. The Victorian era refers to the period from 1837 to 1901, when Great Britain was ruled by Queen Victoria. So Queen Victoria began her reign only in 1837. In the Victorian era (1837-1901), it was the novel that became the leading literary genre in English. Women played an important role in this growth in the popularity of both authors and readers. Circulating libraries that allowed books to be borrowed for annual subscriptions were another factor in the novel's popularity. The 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of the social novel. It was a lot of things response to rapid industrialization, as well as social, political, and economic challenges associated with it and was a means of commenting on the abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor who did not profit from the English economy. Stories about the working-class poor were aimed at the middle class to help create sympathy and foster change. The greatness of the novelists of this period is not only in their veracity description of modern life, but also in their deep humanism. They believed in the good qualities of the human heart and expressed their hopes for a better future. At the end of the eighteenth century, two young poets, W. Wordsworth and S. Coleridge, published a volume of poems called "Lyric ballads". From this moment began the period of romanticism in England, although it did not last long, only three decades, but it was truly bright and memorable for English literature. It was this time that gave us many great novels. Even in the Middle ages, clear and distinct gender boundaries were drawn and stereotypes of gender behavior were defined. Everyone was assigned their own specific roles and their violation caused public hatred. A Victorian married woman was her husband's "chattel"; she had no right property and personal wealth; legal recourse in any question, if it was not confirmed by her husband. Socio-economic changes in the middle of the XIX century lead to changes in the status of women middle and lower strata: gaining material independence and sustainable development socio-economic status, women acquire a social status equal to that of men. Women are beginning to fight against double standards in relation to the sexes, for reforms in the field of property rights, divorce, for ability to work. The next step was to raise the issue of women's voting rights as a means to ensure legislative reform. Women they sought independence from men.

Sasak People’s Resistance Against Mataram-Karangasem and Dutch Colonial Rulers: The Role of Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Ahmad Tohri ◽  
H. Habibuddin ◽  
Abdul Rasyad
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

This article discusses the Sasak people’s resistance against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonial rulers in the 19th century in Lombok, Indonesia. It particularly focuses on Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu and his central role in the emergence of Sasak people’s resistance which transformed into Sasak physical revolution local and global imperialismcolonialism. Using the historical method, this article collected data through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data analysis involved the historical methods of heuristics, verification or criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings show that Sasak people’s resistance was not only caused by economic factors but also related to other factors such as social, cultural, and religious ones. Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu played a key role in the Sasak people’s resistance in that it was under his leadership and influence that the resistance transformed into a physical struggle against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonialism as seen in Sakra War and Praya War which were led by his students and friends.

THE ACTIVITY OF SAMARKAND REGIONAL STATISTICAL COMMITTEE IN SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY -EARLY XX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Jonibek Butaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of the Samarkand Regional Statistics Committee in the second half of the XIX -early XX centuries. Statistical committees and departments established in the second half of the 19th century in the province of Turkestan and all regions to study the socio-economic, political and cultural life of the country, compile statistical reports and collections, as well as consolidate the colonial policy of the empire. The article analyzes the data of the Statistics Committee and the Department of Samarkand region.

Сирия (аш-Шам) в системе османских владений (XVI – начало XX в.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Zhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

Аннотация В статье рассматривается роль и место Сирии (включая Ливан и Палестину) в системе османских владений на протяжении нескольких веков от османского завоевания до периода правления султана Абдул-Хамида II. В течение четырех столетий османского владычества территория исторической Сирии (Билад аш-Шам) была одним из важнейших компонентов османской системы и играла роль связующего звена между Анатолией, Египтом, Ираком и Хиджазом. Необходимость ежегодной организации хаджа с символами султанской власти и покровительства над святынями Мекки и Медины определяла особую стратегическую важность сирийских провинций Османской империи. Несмотря на ряд серьезных угроз во время общего кризиса османской государственности (конец XVI начало XIX вв.), имперскому центру удалось сохранить контроль над Сирией путем создания сдержек и противовесов между местными элитами. В XIX в. и особенно в период правления Абдул- Хамида II (18761909 гг.), сохранение Сирии под османским контролем стало вопросом существования Османской империи, которая перед лицом растущего европейского давления и интервенции потеряла большую часть своих владений на Балканах и в Северной Африке. Задача укрепления связей между имперским центром и периферией в сирийских вилайетах в последней четверти XIX в. была в целом успешно решена. К началу XX в. Сирия была одним из наиболее политически спокойных и прочно связанных со Стамбулом регионов Османской империи. Этому в значительной степени способствовали довольно высокий уровень общественной безопасности, развитие внешней торговли, рост образования и постепенная интеграция местных элит (как мусульман, так и христиан) в османские государственные и социальные механизмы. Положение Сирии в системе османских владений показало, что процесс ослабления и территориальной дезинтеграции Османской империи в эпоху реформ не был линейным и наряду с потерей владений и влияния на Балканах, в азиатской части империи в течение XIX и начала XX вв. происходил параллельный процесс имперской консолидации.Abstract The article examines the role and place of Greater Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the system of Ottoman possessions over several centuries from the Ottoman conquest to the period of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. For four centuries of Ottoman domination, the territory of historical Syria (Bilad al-Sham) was one of the most important components in the Ottoman system and played the role of a link between Anatolia, Egypt, Iraq and Hijaz. The need to ensure the Hajj with symbols of Sultan power and patronage over the shrines of Mecca and Medina each year determined the special strategic importance of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Despite a number of serious threats during the general crisis of the Ottoman state system (late 16th early 19th centuries), the imperial center managed to maintain control over Syria by creating checks and balances between local elites. In the 19th century. And especially during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (18761909), keeping Syria under Ottoman control became a matter of existence for the Ottoman Empire, which, in the face of increasing European pressure and intervention, lost most of its possessions in the Balkans and North Africa. The task of strengthening ties between the imperial center and the periphery in Syrian vilayets in the last quarter of the 19th century was generally successfully resolved. By the beginning of the 20th century, Syria was one of the most politically calm and firmly connected with Istanbul regions of the Ottoman Empire. This was greatly facilitated by a fairly high level of public safety, the development of foreign trade, the growth of education and the gradual integration of local elites (both Muslims and Christians) into Ottoman state and social mechanisms. Syrias position in the system of Ottoman possessions clearly showed that the process of weakening and territorial disintegration of the Ottoman Empire during the era of reform was not linear, and along with the loss of possessions and influence in the Balkans, in the Asian part of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a parallel process of imperial consolidation.

Theoretical and methodological determinants of the Robert von Mol’s concept of the social state

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Svetlana Pirozhok
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Social State ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The relevance of determining the theoretical and methodological determinants of the Robert von Moll’s concept of the social state is due to the need to determine the patterns of evolution of ideas about the state and law, as well as the need to assess the ability to use the potential of the Robert von Moll’s theoretical and legal heritage, his predecessors and contemporaries to identify the optimal model of the social state. Modern Russia attempts to build such state. The proclamation and consolidation of Russia as a social state governed by the rule of law at the constitutional level requires attention both to the experiments carried out in social and legal development, and to the practices of social reform, and also to those ideas that have not yet been embodied. The ideas of European scholars regarding the evolution of the state-legal organization of society in the early modern period, based on which Robert von Mohl (1799–1875) developed original concepts of a social state and a state governed by the rule of law are discussed in the article. An analysis of the state of European political and legal thought and identification of the factors that have a significant impact on the development of Robert von Mohl’s doctrine of a social state governed by the rule of law are the purposes of the scientific article. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical-materialistic, general scientific (historical, systemic) and special (historical-legal, comparativelegal) methods of legal research. The method of reconstruction and interpretation of legal ideas had great importance. As a result of the study, it was concluded that in the first half of the 19th century in European political and legal thought various approaches was formed to consider the problems of social protection and how to resolve them. The development trend of European political science became the transition from ideas and principles formed in the conditions of police states and enlightened absolutism to the ideas of a state governed by the rule of law (constitutional) that protects the rights and freedoms of a citizen. At the same time, it was a question of the rights and freedoms of only a part of the population: the proletariat growing in number and significance was not always evaluated as an independent social stratum. The axiological principles of state justification have also changed. Rights and utility principle became dominant principles. In the first half of the 19th century the social issue as an independent scientific problem of the European political and legal thought was not posed and not systematically developed. Questions about the social essence of the state, the specifics of the implementation of the state social function, the features of public administration in the new stage of socio-economic development of society predetermined the emergence of the idea of a social state. This idea was comprehensively characterized in the Robert von Mohl’s works. He went down in the history of political and legal thought as founder of the concepts of social and governed by the rule of law state.

The challenges of the primary teachers in the XIX century: from the materials needed to teach classes to the payment of the salaries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Silveira Amorim
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Primary Teachers ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Primary Teacher ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Qualified Teacher ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Different aspects impacted the work of primary school teachers in the 19th century: the lack of materials for the teaching of classes, the delay in paying salaries and the release of resources to pay the rent of the houses where the classes worked, the health issues that implied the removal of the teacher for treatment, among others. Given this context, the objective is to inform how the teaching profession was configured based on the challenges faced by primary teachers in the 19th century. As a research in the field of History of Education, newspapers and official communications will be taken as sources, being analyzed from the conceptions of configuration and representation. It is possible to perceive that the profession of primary teacher was configured in the face of challenges and confrontations, corroborating the construction of the representation of the qualified teacher in the 19th century.

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