Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. E9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Manjila ◽  
Setti Rengachary ◽  
Andrew R. Xavier ◽  
Brandon Parker ◽  
Murali Guthikonda
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Surgical Outcome ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Surgical Results ◽  
Postoperative Evaluation ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Case ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of modern psychosurgery has been written in several ways, weaving around many pioneers in the field during the 19th century. Often neglected in this history is Gottlieb Burckhardt (1836–1907), who performed the first psychosurgical procedures as early as 1888, several decades before the work of Egas Moniz (1874–1955). The unconventional and original case series of Burckhardt, who claimed success in 50% of patients (3 of 6), had met with overt criticism from his contemporary medical colleagues. The authors describe 2 illustrative cases of cortical extirpation performed by Burckhardt and review his pioneering case series for surgical outcome, despite the ambiguity in postoperative evaluation criteria. Although Burckhardt discontinued the project after publication of his surgical results in 1891, neurosurgeons around the world continued to investigate psychosurgery and revitalized his ideas in 1910; psychosurgery subsequently developed into a full-fledged neurosurgical specialty.

scholarly journals Piśmiennictwo religijne Tatarów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego jako oryginalne źródło do badań polszczyzny północnokresowej

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Writings ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
The 19Th Century

The religious writings of the Tatars constitute a valuable source for philological research due to the presence of heretofore unexplored grammatical and lexical layers of the north borderland Polish language of the 16th-20th centuries and due to the interference-related and transfer-related processes in the context of Slavic languages and Slavic-Oriental contacts. Therefore the basis for linguistic analyses is constituted by one of the most valuable monuments of this body of writing – the first translation of the Quran into a Slavic language in the world (probably representing the north borderland Polish language), which assumed the form of a tefsir. The source of linguistic analyses is constituted by the Olita tefsir, which dates back to 1723 (supplemented and corrected in the 19th century). On the basis of the material that was excerpted from this work the author presents both borderland features described in the subject literature and tries to point the new or only sparsely confirmed facts in the history of the Polish language, including the formation of the north borderland Polish language on the Belarusian substrate. Research involves all levels of language – the phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and the lexical-semantic levels.

scholarly journals Dwa oświeceniowe wykłady geometrii — dyskursywny obraz świata

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 65-82
Author(s):  
Jerzy Biniewicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Practical Geometry ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dynamic Profiling

Two Enlightenment lectures on geometry: A discursive worldviewThis article focuses on the history of the Polish educational and scientific discourse. The paper examines Polish texts by Józef Czech — Euklidesa początków jeometryi xsiąg ośmioro, to iest sześć pierwszych, jedenasta i dwunasta z dodanemi przypisami i trygonometrią dla pozytku młodzi akademickiey Euclid’s six books on geometry, that is the first six books, the eleventh book and the twelfth book with notes and geometry for the benefit of university youth, 1807 and by Ignacy Zaborowski — Jeometria praktyczna Practical geometry, 1786.The science of the 19th century is an area for gaining empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge of the world. The paper discusses this problem in the context of methods which can be employed to analyze the image of the world. The author of the article presents the concept of discursive worldview, which is meant to enable the description of dynamic profiling of meanings in educational and scientific discourse.

History of Nursing

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
BORIE TOTH
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Human History ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
World War ◽  
Nursing Service ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The keynote of the book is found in the preface where it is stated that "the central thesis of the authors is the inextricable interweaving of nursing service with all other branches of human culture." The development of nursing is traced through the record of human history starting with primitive times and ending with the problems facing the world at the conclusion of World War II. Up to the middle of the 19th century, nursing was under the auspices of religious orders. After the Protestant revolt, nursing as a profession for lay people began to take root.

scholarly journals Facilitation Technologies in the Process of Understanding of the Writer’s Biography

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.38) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Svetlana Ivanovna Grakhova ◽  
Karina Anatolievna Okisheva ◽  
Irina Mikhailovna Zakharova ◽  
Aleksandra Viktorovna Potanina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Group Work ◽  
Personal History ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Classroom Activities ◽  
World Cafe ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Work Model ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the methodology of organizing educational activities to study a writer’s biography with the help of facilitation approach. A key aspect of the paper is the group work model, i.e., “The World Café” which allowed the authors to process and comprehend a large amount of information about F.M. Dostoevsky, share it with students, and plan further work on the study of his creative writing.In addition, the article identifies important concepts in the comprehension of the first part of the posthumous biography “The materials for the biography of F.M. Dostoevsky”. The compiler of the biography was O.F. Miller, a professor of literature in St. Petersburg University (Russia), critic, publicist, and a famous educator of the 19th century. Interestingly, “Materials for the biography of F.M. Dostoevsky”, published in 1883, were not fully republished and did not receive sufficient scientific understanding until 2010, even though the work of O.F. Miller remained the main source the experts studying F.M. Dostoevsky. Of much importance is the fact that some parts of “Materials for the biography of F.M. Dostoevsky” appeared on the Internet only after 2012. This paradox highlights the importance of the research describing the biography.  In 2010, the personal history “Materials for the biography of F.M. Dostoevsky” became an integral part of the academic thesis by K.A. Okisheva “F.M. Dostoevsky and O.F. Miller: the history of relationships”. Our present study highlights the importance of biographies for the education of young generations. Our major concern is the methodology, according to which personal history’s information serves as an essential part of roundtable discussions which simultaneously target the acquisition of F.M. Dostoevsky’s biography and innovative classroom activities. 

scholarly journals Poetycka wyspa pokoju: O powstaniu, działalności i światowych aspiracjach arabskiego Stowarzyszenia Apollo

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Balwierz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
International Forum ◽  
Arabic Poetry ◽  
Monthly Review ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

THE POETIC ISLAND OF PEACE. THE FORMATION, ACTIVITY AND WORD-WIDE ASPIRATIONS OF THE ARABIC APOLLO SOCIETY The object of the book is the presentation of the genesis and activity of the Apollo Society, acting in Egypt within the years 1932-1934 for the benefit of the rebirth of Arabic poetry. Particular attention in this book was paid to the peaceful mission that the society itself selected, and the ideas of brotherhood, cooperation, and international literary exchange – on which it was based. The leading representatives of this group understood the rebirth of Arabic poetry as such an increase of its artistic level that would enable its creators to join the Parnassus of the world poetry, become equal partners alongside the English, French or German poets. They dreamed their poetic works would become the great pride of the Arabs in the international forum. The book presents the various stages of the rebirth of Arabic poetry in Egypt during the second half of the 19th century to the first four decades of the 20th century. Factors that enabled the development of poetry were characterized, the role of the Apollo Society and the monthly review published by it was shown in the history of Arabic literature. The 20s of the 20th

scholarly journals The notion of Māyā in Arthur Schopenhauer’s epistemological idealism

XLinguae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Christopher E. Koy
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Arthur Schopenhauer ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Philosophical Account ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Persian Translation

The Hindu texts known as the Upaniṣads were written by many different people from approximately 900 B.C. to about 300 B.C. The Upaniṣads represent one of the earliest efforts of man at giving a philosophical account of the world. As such, the Upaniṣads are invaluable in the history of human thought. The writings came to the West in bits and pieces in the first half of the 19th century in Latin, English and German translation. Soon after he finished his doctoral dissertation in 1813, Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), took note of the very first European-language translation (or rather a retranslation) of the Upaniṣads by Abraham Anquetil-Duperron, a Parisian Orientalist who had lived in or near India for six years and had mastered Persian. Anquetil-Duperron translated into Latin a Persian translation of fifty Upaniṣads from the original Sanskrit. This influential translation entitled Oupnek’hat (1802) held Schopenhauer’s great interest for the remainder of his life. Schopenhauer was one of the few serious philosophers who early on read and was profoundly interested in the philosophy coming out of the East in the first half of the 19th century. This contribution will examine his understanding of māyā and its role in Schopenhauer’s epistemology as revealed in his book The World as Will and Representation

A Struggle for Identity: The Ismailis in the Afghan War (1979-1989)

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Victoria Arakelova ◽  
Nelli Khachaturian
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The Political ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper is a part of a wider research on the Ismaili identity, peculiarities of the Ismailis’ self-identification in various parts of the world under different historical circumstances. The ambiguous status of the Ismailis in Afghanistan turned to be particularly problematic by the end of the 19th century when the Pashtuns became dominant in the traditionally Ismaili-inhabited areas. In a hostile milieu, under severe persecutions, the local Ismaili identity acquired a tendency of unification with other ethno-religious identities, the principle of taqiyya having been widely spread. Since then, the Ismailis became especially dependent on the political situation in Afghanistan and the policy of its rulers towards ethnic and religious minorities. The War of 1979-1989 turned to be the most dramatic episode in the history of the Ismaili community in Afghanistan when its very survival appeared to be questioned: Ismaili intellectuals left the region, and lower social layers got involved in drug cultivation and trafficking. Supporting any of the conflict’s sides could have led to a community tragedy, possibly to its complete annihilation. The limited information we obtained, including the memoirs of the Afghan War veterans, demonstrate the identity split in the Ismaili community of Afghanistan whose members were fighting on the opposite sides of the armed conflict.

scholarly journals Языковая репрезентация ценностной картины мира нижегородского старообрядчества на страницах газеты "Ведомости Нижегородской епархии" 1865-1868 гг.

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (XXIII) ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Anna Komyshkova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article is devoted to the linguistic research of journalistic essays devoted to Old Believers published in the newspaper Nizhny Novgorod Diocesan Gazette in 1865-1868. The culture of Old Believers in the middle of the 19th century in the Nizhny Novgorod land was very developed, which is why for several years the newspaper published essays about the history of this movement. The publication formulated its goal as informing and educating the reader, while the target audience of the newspaper was primarily considered to be rural priests. It is interesting that in the pursuit of an objective presentation of historical facts, the newspaper's journalists represent the system of values of dissenters in a peculiar way. The article analyzes the representation of such concepts as "sacrament", "sin" and "crime", and identifies the main value oppositions that express the conflict between the perception of the world by Old Believers and the authors of newspaper essays: "external – internal", "civil – spiritual".

scholarly journals La propaganda comercial como transmisora de elementos identitarios: Algunos ejemplos de la ephemera murciana a principios del siglo XX

Imafronte ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
José Miguel López Castillo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Siglo Xx

Uno de los apartados menos tratados de las representaciones visuales de Murcia ha sido el de la ephemera comercial. Por tal motivo, dado su uso limitado y efímero, en muchas ocasiones no se le ha considerado como un apartado estimable en la historia del arte. Pero lo cierto es que las etiquetas de fábricas de conservas, frutas, licores y otros establecimientos, desde los últimos años del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del XX, en base al diseño difundieron los elementos identitarios más significativos de este territorio por toda España y el resto del mundo. En la mayoría de casos, la marca publicitaria estaba basada en estampas e imágenes del Costumbrismo romántico murciano que ya se habían consolidado durante el ochocientos para la demanda social de esa corriente; en otros casos se fueron adaptando a los nuevos criterios estéticos del siglo XX. Finalmente, esta forma de publicitar cada producto ayudó a patentar la denominación de origen de diversas empresas de varios sectores, principalmente agroalimentarias, y al mismo tiempo a su asimilación con esta región levantina gracias a sus hitos arquitectónicos, la huerta o sus tipos populares. Esta última premisa es la que abordaremos dentro de este estudio al contrastarlas con otras representaciones anteriores. One of the less treated sections of the visual representations of Murcia has been the comercial ephemera. For this reason, given its limited and fleeting use, it has often not been considerated as a valvable section in the history of art. But the truth is that the labels of canning factories, fruits, liquors and other establishments, from the last years of the 19th century based on the design spread the most significant identity elements of this territory throughout Spain and the rest the world. In the majority of cases, the advertising brand was based on prints and images of Murcian romantic costums that had already been consolidated during the 19th century for the social demand of this currens, in other cases they were adapted to the new aesthetic criteria of the 20th century. Finally, this way of advertising each product helped to panted the denomination of origin of various companies, mainly agry-food, and at the same time to assimilate it with this southeast region thanks to its architectural landmarks, the orchard or its popular types. This last premise is the one we will address within this study when contrasting them other previous representations.

scholarly journals Scientific journeys to one of the oldest copper cementation sites in Central Europe (Smolník, Slovakia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-196
Author(s):  
Pavel Hronček ◽  
Bohuslava Gregorová ◽  
Dana Tometzová ◽  
Miloš Jesenský
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Mining Town ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Export Product

Abstract. The process of copper cementation has already been known since the period of antiquity in Europe. Nevertheless, the first historically relevant reports come from the 14th century from the mining town of Smolník in Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), which makes this site the oldest place of the commercial production of copper using cementation in Europe. It is one of the oldest known sites in the world after China, where this process has been used since the 11th century. The cementation copper from Smolník was considered to be a high-quality copper in the period between the 14th and 19th century and was an important export product of Hungary. The study processes the history of cementation and discusses the production process of the artificial cementation water, as well as its subsequent mining and sedimentation. A detailed description of the technological progress of cementation from the earliest times up to the first half of the 19th century is given. The study is based upon the historical works of medieval alchemists and the first miners and naturalists, which were published as early scientific books in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. These findings are complemented by original archival research.

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