scholarly journals ASEAN and African relations: towards a renewed partnership?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Kohnert
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
World Population ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Interregional Trade ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
The Eu

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : The ASEAN summit of October 2021 showed the increased geopolitical importance of the Indo-Pacific realm. Today ASEAN is the most successful regional organization in Asia and the second largest worldwide behind the EU. The establishment of the New Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) more than 15 years before (2005) aimed to revive the Bandung spirit of the non-aligned movement of 1955. This time with a stronger focus on economic ties. In 2013 these countries counted around 620 million inhabitants or 8.8% of the world population. They wanted to fight colonialism and neocolonialism by promoting Afro-Asiatic economic and cultural cooperation. Almost all member countries gained sovereignty and political independence by the 1960s and 1970s, with the exception of Palestine. However, the aftermath of the Bandung conference also promoted negative developments, including the polarization of Asian countries, the strengthening of political authoritarianism and regional interventions. In addition, most countries continued to grapple with economic and political challenges, including poverty, debt burdens, backwardness, ignorance, disease and environmental degradation. Their access to the markets of the industrialized countries also remained limited. At the global level, the NAASP received little attention so far. Despite the longstanding rhetoric of Asia-Africa solidarity, Asia and Africa still lack formal institutional and trade links. Although interregional trade increased, Africa remained a small part of ASEAN with only around 2% of its total market. The most important trading countries of ASEAN with Africa were Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore, while South Africa, Nigeria and Egypt were the largest African import markets. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RÉSUMÉ : 'Les relations commerciales entre l'ASEAN [ANASE] et l'Afrique: vers un partenariat renouvelé ?' --- Le sommet de l'ASEAN d'octobre 2021 a montré l'importance géopolitique accrue de la region indo-pacifique. Aujourd'hui, l'ANASE est l'organisation régionale la plus performante d'Asie et la deuxième au monde derrière l'UE. La création du Nouveau partenariat stratégique Asie-Afrique (NAASP) plus de 15 ans auparavant (2005) visait à raviver l'esprit de Bandung du mouvement des non-alignés de 1955. Cette fois en mettant davantage l'accent sur les liens économiques. En 2013, ces pays comptaient environ 620 millions d'habitants soit 8,8% de la population mondiale. Ils voulaient combattre le colonialisme et le néocolonialisme en promouvant la coopération économique et culturelle afro-asiatique. Presque tous les pays membres ont acquis leur souveraineté et leur indépendance politique dans les années 1960 et 1970, à l'exception de la Palestine. Cependant, les conséquences de la conférence de Bandung ont également favorisé des développements négatifs, notamment la polarisation des pays asiatiques, le renforcement de l'autoritarisme politique et les interventions régionales. En outre, la plupart des pays ont continué à faire face à des défis économiques et politiques, notamment la pauvreté, le fardeau de la dette, le retard, l'ignorance, la maladie et la dégradation de l'environnement. Leur accès aux marchés des pays industrialisés restait également limité. Au niveau mondial, le NAASP a reçu peu d'attention jusqu'à présent. Malgré la rhétorique de longue date de la solidarité Asie-Afrique, l'Asie et l'Afrique manquent encore de liens institutionnels et commerciaux formels. Bien que le commerce interrégional ait augmenté, l'Afrique est restée une petite partie de l'ASEAN avec seulement environ 2% de son marché total. Les principaux pays commerçants de l'ASEAN avec l'Afrique étaient la Thaïlande, l'Indonésie et Singapour, tandis que l'Afrique du Sud, le Nigéria et l'Égypte étaient les plus grands marchés d'importation africains.

scholarly journals Les relations entre l'ANASE et l'Afrique: vers un partenariat renouvelé

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Kohnert
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
World Population ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Interregional Trade ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
The Eu

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : The ASEAN summit of October 2021 showed the increased geopolitical importance of the Indo-Pacific realm. Today ASEAN is the most successful regional organization in Asia and the second largest worldwide behind the EU. The establishment of the New Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) more than 15 years before (2005) aimed to revive the Bandung spirit of the non-aligned movement of 1955. This time with a stronger focus on economic ties. In 2013 these countries counted around 620 million inhabitants or 8.8% of the world population. They wanted to fight colonialism and neocolonialism by promoting Afro-Asiatic economic and cultural cooperation. Almost all member countries gained sovereignty and political independence by the 1960s and 1970s, with the exception of Palestine. However, the aftermath of the Bandung conference also promoted negative developments, including the polarization of Asian countries, the strengthening of political authoritarianism and regional interventions. In addition, most countries continued to grapple with economic and political challenges, including poverty, debt burdens, backwardness, ignorance, disease and environmental degradation. Their access to the markets of the industrialized countries also remained limited. At the global level, the NAASP received little attention so far. Despite the longstanding rhetoric of Asia-Africa solidarity, Asia and Africa still lack formal institutional and trade links. Although interregional trade increased, Africa remained a small part of ASEAN with only around 2% of its total market. The most important trading countries of ASEAN with Africa were Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore, while South Africa, Nigeria and Egypt were the largest African import markets. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RÉSUMÉ : 'Les relations commerciales entre l'ASEAN [ANASE] et l'Afrique: vers un partenariat renouvelé ?' --- Le sommet de l'ASEAN d'octobre 2021 a montré l'importance géopolitique accrue de la region indo-pacifique. Aujourd'hui, l'ANASE est l'organisation régionale la plus performante d'Asie et la deuxième au monde derrière l'UE. La création du Nouveau partenariat stratégique Asie-Afrique (NAASP) plus de 15 ans auparavant (2005) visait à raviver l'esprit de Bandung du mouvement des non-alignés de 1955. Cette fois en mettant davantage l'accent sur les liens économiques. En 2013, ces pays comptaient environ 620 millions d'habitants soit 8,8% de la population mondiale. Ils voulaient combattre le colonialisme et le néocolonialisme en promouvant la coopération économique et culturelle afro-asiatique. Presque tous les pays membres ont acquis leur souveraineté et leur indépendance politique dans les années 1960 et 1970, à l'exception de la Palestine. Cependant, les conséquences de la conférence de Bandung ont également favorisé des développements négatifs, notamment la polarisation des pays asiatiques, le renforcement de l'autoritarisme politique et les interventions régionales. En outre, la plupart des pays ont continué à faire face à des défis économiques et politiques, notamment la pauvreté, le fardeau de la dette, le retard, l'ignorance, la maladie et la dégradation de l'environnement. Leur accès aux marchés des pays industrialisés restait également limité. Au niveau mondial, le NAASP a reçu peu d'attention jusqu'à présent. Malgré la rhétorique de longue date de la solidarité Asie-Afrique, l'Asie et l'Afrique manquent encore de liens institutionnels et commerciaux formels. Bien que le commerce interrégional ait augmenté, l'Afrique est restée une petite partie de l'ASEAN avec seulement environ 2% de son marché total. Les principaux pays commerçants de l'ASEAN avec l'Afrique étaient la Thaïlande, l'Indonésie et Singapour, tandis que l'Afrique du Sud, le Nigéria et l'Égypte étaient les plus grands marchés d'importation africains.

Growth and Decline in South Africa's Churches, 1960-911

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-369
Author(s):  
David Goodhew
Keyword(s):  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The Political ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Expanding Population ◽  
Almost All

AbstractSouth Africa's churches grew or declined so quickly in the years after 1960 that by 1991 the country's religious map had been redrawn. This article charts and offers explanations for such developments. Almost all Christian churches grew substantially in the first half of the twentieth century but mainline churches were dominant. They continued to grow numerically into the 1960s and 1970s, but were beginning to shrink as a proportion of the expanding population. By contrast, Roman Catholic, African Independent and smaller independent denominations were growing quickly. By the 1990s, mainline Protestant churches were suffering considerable decline and Roman Catholicism's growth had stalled. African Independent and other churches continued to grow rapidly. A matrix of forces help to explain this phenomenon-including the political situation, socio-economic pressures, secularisation and particular religious factors. A comparative perspective shows South Africa's churches to have much in common with African and global trends.

The Party System: Structure, Policy, and Europeanization

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Niedermayer
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Party System ◽  
National Level ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
System Properties ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Eu

The German party system has changed since the 1980s. The relatively stable ‘two-and-a-half party’ system of the 1960s and 1970s has become a fluid five-party system. This development can generally be attributed to changes on the demand and supply sides of party competition and to the changing institutional framework. The European integration process is part of this institutional framework and this chapter deals with the question of whether it has influenced the development of the party system at the national level. To systematically analyse the possible impact, eight party-system properties are distinguished: format, fragmentation, asymmetry, volatility, polarization, legitimacy, segmentation, and coalition stability. The analysis shows that one cannot speak of a Europeanization of the German party system in the sense of a considerable impact of the European integration process on its development. Up to now, the inclusion of Germany in the systemic context of the EU has not led to noticeable changes of party-system properties. On the demand side of party competition, this is due to the fact that the EU issue does not influence the citizens' electoral decisions. On the supply side, the lack of Europeanization can be explained mainly by the traditional, interest-based pro-European élite consensus, the low potential for political mobilization around European integration, and the marginal role of ethnocentrist–authoritarian parties.

On the Rise of Postwar Military Dictatorships: Argentina, Chile, Greece

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicos Mouzelis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Sociocultural Differences ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Latin American Countries

Despite marked geographical and sociocultural differences, Greece and the two major southern-cone Latin American countries share a significant number of characteristics which distinguish them from most other peripheral and semiperipheral societies. Although they began industralisation late and failed to industrialise fully in the last century, all three countries managed to develop an important infrastructure (roads, railways) during the second half of the nineteenth century, and they achieved a notable degree of industrialisation in the years following each of the two world wars. Moreover, until the beginning of the nineteenth century, all three countries were subjugated parts of huge patrimonial empires (the Ottoman and the Iberian) and thus had never experienced the absolutist past of western and southern European societies. Finally, all three acquired their political independence in the early nineteenth century and very soon adopted parliamentary forms of political rule; and despite the constant malfunctioning of their representative institutions, relatively early urbanisation and the creation of a large urban middle class provided a framework within which bourgeois parliamentarism took strong roots and showed remarkable resilience. It persisted, albeit intermittently, from the second half of the nineteenth century until the rise of military bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes in the 1960s and 1970s and, as the Greek and Argentinian cases suggest, such regimes do not necessarily entail the irreversible decline of parliamentary democracy.

scholarly journals Nieformalne struktury państw Unii Europejskiej w walce z międzynarodowym terroryzmem. Bilans współpracy i wyzwania

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Luiza WOJNICZ
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Community ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Political Cooperation ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Eu

The informal structures of the European Union employed in the struggle against international terrorism can be divided into those emerging inside the European Community, and those involving the states outside the EC, or third parties. The emergence of informal structures to fight terrorism resulted from the observation that the then EC did not cooperate to fight terrorism. In the 1960s and 1970s the increasing problem of terrorism stimulated efforts to look for ways to deal with it. It would have been a good solution to begin cooperation in the field of internal security on a Community scale, yet this approach stirred too many controversies and fears. Additionally, a general disinterest in political cooperation at that time made some states begin building informal structures aimed at the exchange of information on terrorist threats. It is worth emphasizing that the structures discussed in this paper (i.e. groups and clubs) are to a certain extent an element of European intelligence, as they involve intelligence agencies, structures operating within EU countries and outside, and the cooperation or synergy of intelligence provided by various mechanisms and activities. The cooperation within the framework of such structures goes beyond the EU and Europe, thus becoming more effective in fighting international, modern, globalized, non-territorial terrorism of a network character. Therefore, although the European Union has been conducting its own policy against terrorism involving all its member states, these informal structures with third parties will continue to play an important part in anti-terrorist cooperation between states that are at particular risk of terrorist activity.

scholarly journals A Scoping Review on Intergenerational Learning in Urban China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-80
Author(s):  
Yanyue Yuan ◽  
Linhui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Intergenerational Learning ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Journal Papers

Abstract Introduction: The ageing world gives rise to changing family structures, as well as the way different generations interact with each other. While research on intergenerational relationships and intergenerational learning have started as early as in the 1960s and 1970s in North America and Europe, little is known about scholarly discussions in this field in China. Purpose: This paper presents an overview of the published journal articles in Chinese on the topic of intergenerational learning in urban China, with the goal of identifying the common themes under discussion, the theoretical frameworks adopted in these studies, and empirical research in this field. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to look for relevant journal papers published in Chinese between the years 2006-2020. We identified 117 journal papers that fit our criteria and a majority of them were found by using the key words gedai jiaoyu (education in skip-generation situations). Conclusion: The overall quality of the published research is poor in that most authors only provided personal observations and opinions. Almost all studies set their focus on grandparenting and emphasis is often placed on how grandparenting affects young children’s growth, with little attention given to its influences on grandparents. Research on intergenerational interactions beyond family settings is almost non-existent. A number of recommendations for future studies are offered at the end of the article.

scholarly journals Status of Service Delivery System of Bangladesh Railway: An Empirical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 426-437
Author(s):  
Abu Jakaria Nishat ◽  
Shanjay Kumar Mukharjee ◽  
Avakova Olga Victorovna
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Public ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Almost All

The Bangladeshi Railway was given the name after the country gained independence in 1971. Even so, it had a history dating more than a century before that. By the turn of the century, it had just about 37 diesel-hydraulic and 231 diesel- electric locomotives. These ran about 100 coaches and 10900 freight wagons. This number has presently increased and it serves in a network of broad-gauges, dual-gauge and meter-gauge in around 440 railway stations. The public sector runs various transport modes like the Biman Bangladesh Airline, taxis, ferries, buses and other means that move freight around and out of Bangladesh. With a capacity to transport more than 60% of freight around Bangladesh, the public sector transport quite overshadows the BR, which suffers a number of challenges that cripple it to date. These challenges range in nature from lack of sufficient funds to operate the railway, to a poor railway network, part of which may be attributed to the Indo-Pakistan War that ground the services to a halt back between the 1960s and 1970s. Moreover, ongoing, coronavirus pandemic is proving to be another challenge that has grounded the normal operations at BR. The research has been conducted by a field survey using a structural and semi-structural questionnaires and face-to-face interview. A set of (---) questionnaires were given to (----) stakeholder at various levels at almost all the junctions in Mymensingh to observe the practical service delivery experiences of the railway sector. Over the survey a plethora of experiences have been gained which is givens as findings in this article and we have given some recommendations which will make this sector stronger.

STATE OF EREMURUS SPECTABILIS BIEB POPULATIONS IN THE STAVROPOL KRAI

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
T.N. ISAENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
The State ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Stavropol Krai

The study of the floral composition, including rare species on the territory of the Stavropol Krai, started from the first days of the operation of the botanical garden in Stavropol, the 1960s. Between the 1960s and 1970s, the garden staff identified the growing areas of Eremurus spectabilis Bieb. in natural conditions, as well as studied the questions related to biology, morphology, morphogenesis, photoperiodism and methods of its reproduction. In 2009, the garden employees set the task of studying the dynamics of the current state of populations of the Eremurus representative in the vicinity of Stavropol, in the Yankulskaya (Shatyr Kurgan mountain) and Sengileevskaya hollows (Balka Trety Log). The survey of the territories according to the first level of monitoring was carried out in the Andropov region and in the Caucasian Mineral Waters (Kavminvody) region. As a result of long-term expedition trips, some deterioration in the state of the Eremurus spectabilis populations has been recently established in the Trety Log hollow (balka): a decrease in the habit of peduncles and inflorescences, seedcase setting, the manifestation of inflorescence deformation in almost all populations. This can be attributed to deteriorated weather conditions – a prolonged dry spring-summer period against the background of a heavy clay composition of the soil. No diseases or pests have been found. The populations are stable, since the renewal of plants in the populations at this stage is equal to their decrease. According to the ratio of age groups, growing populations are currently noted on Shatyr Kurgan, where young, not yet reproductive individuals prevail. Observations of the state of Eremurus spectabilis in natural habitats should be continued in dynamics (once every 3–5 years) in order to note the success and stability of a particular cenopopulation in the community or toanalyze the critical points of its development.

Rural to Urban Migration in the People's Republic of China

1994 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 669-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Xiaoying Wu
Keyword(s):  
Planning System ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Urban Population Growth ◽  
Political Economic

The history of modern economic development suggests that urbanization through migration is a result of industrialization. Despite different political, economic and technological conditions in today's developing countries, many studies have found that the patterns of urbanization in these countries are similar to those seen in today's industrialized countries at earlier stages of their development. China, as suggested by its rapid, post-reform urbanization through migration, is not an exception. Nevertheless, China's post-reform experience contrasted sharply with its slow and even stagnated urban population growth in the 1960s and 1970s, when it sought its industrialization goal under a central planning system. Perhaps because of its uniqueness of size and development experience, China's urbanization and rural to urban migration have remained a topic of great interest.

scholarly journals The Exorcist in Istanbul: Processes of Transcultural Appropriation Within Turkish Popular Cinema

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Robert Smith
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Intercultural Dialogue ◽  
Popular Cinema ◽  
Turkish Cinema ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Cultural Bridge ◽  
The Eu

In 1974, producer Hulki Saner hired acclaimed director Metin Erksan to direct an unofficial remake of William Friedkin’s The Exorcist (1973). The resultant film, ?eytan, took the plot, characters and set-pieces from the prior film and translated them into a predominantly Islamic setting. This process of intercultural dialogue exemplifies Yesilçam, a cycle of low-budget cinema from Turkey that flourished throughout the 1960s and 1970s in which elements of Western popular culture were being borrowed and remoulded into the Turkish context. Drawing on Tom O’Regan’s model of cultural exchange and transmission, this article seeks to build a model of intercultural dialogue attendant to the underlying tensions and negotiations within this hybridised cultural text, an issue of particular contemporary resonance at a time when the EU is proposing 2008 as the ‘Year of Intercultural Dialogue’ and Turkey is itself in talks over its accession to the EU. Building upon that oft used model of Istanbul as a ‘cultural bridge’ between East and West, this article shall examine how Turkish cinema of the 1970s drew upon and appropriated elements from US popular culture. While ?eytan has been dismissed by some cultural commentators as derivative plagiarism, this article argues for a more nuanced model of cross-cultural exchange based around dialogue and interaction, attendant to the interstitial relationships through which cultures meet and interact.

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