The Embassy of Pyotr Potemkin to Spain, 1667–1668: Some Features of Mutual Perception and Dialogue of Two Diplomacies

2021 ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Vladimir Védyushkin
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Diplomacy

The Russian diplomacy of the 17th century had some specific features in comparison with the Western European diplomacy of the same time. The purpose of this article is to identify these features and analyze the perception of Russian ambassadors by European diplomats. The research is based on both Russian and Spanish documentation of the embassy of Piotr Potemkin (1667–1668), the first Russian embassy in Spain. Since there were no instances of diplomatic contacts between the two countries in the past, the diplomatic ceremonial was of crucial importance for P. Potemkin’s mission. Since no contact between the diplomats and the Ambassadorial Chancellery in Moscow was not possible due to the long distance between Russia and Spain, the detailed instructions (nakaz) given to P. Potemkin in Moscow acquired a special significance. Therefore the article aims to determine the extent and nature of the dependence of the diplomats’ actions on their instructions. A comparative analysis of the nakaz and the final report (stateinyi spisok) in the part related to the stay of the embassy in Madrid and the negotiation process shows that the ambassadors scrupulously observed the nakaz, taking initiative only in those cases that were not covered by it. All of its requirements had a logical explanation: not to harm the interests of Russia, not to lower the honour of the envoys of a great power, not to create a bad precedent in the diplomatic ceremonial. The Spanish side, not sufficiently aware of the specifics of the nakaz, sometimes did not understand the behaviour of the ambassadors, attributing it to their vanity, pettiness, and bad temper. At the same time, although the Russian embassy took Spanish diplomats wholly by surprise, the latter managed, within a limited time, to collect a variety of information about the Russians and take it into account, showing flexibility in organizing audiences and during negotiations. Although there were differences between Spanish and Russian diplomats, both sides adhered to European diplomatic practice. The absence of contradictions between the two states and their interest in establishing diplomatic relations and developing bilateral trade determined the success of P. Potemkin’s embassy.

COMBINING ORAL TRADITIONS AND BAYESIAN CHRONOLOGICAL MODELING TO UNDERSTAND VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN THE GULF OF PAPUA (PAPUA NEW GUINEA)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Chris Urwin ◽  
Quan Hua ◽  
Henry Arifeae
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Spatial History ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gulf Of Papua ◽  
The Village

ABSTRACT When European colonists arrived in the late 19th century, large villages dotted the coastline of the Gulf of Papua (southern Papua New Guinea). These central places sustained long-distance exchange and decade-spanning ceremonial cycles. Besides ethnohistoric records, little is known of the villages’ antiquity, spatiality, or development. Here we combine oral traditional and 14C chronological evidence to investigate the spatial history of two ancestral village sites in Orokolo Bay: Popo and Mirimua Mapoe. A Bayesian model composed of 35 14C assays from seven excavations, alongside the oral traditional accounts, demonstrates that people lived at Popo from 765–575 cal BP until 220–40 cal BP, at which time they moved southwards to Mirimua Mapoe. The village of Popo spanned ca. 34 ha and was composed of various estates, each occupied by a different tribe. Through time, the inhabitants of Popo transformed (e.g., expanded, contracted, and shifted) the village to manage social and ceremonial priorities, long-distance exchange opportunities and changing marine environments. Ours is a crucial case study of how oral traditional ways of understanding the past interrelate with the information generated by Bayesian 14C analyses. We conclude by reflecting on the limitations, strengths, and uncertainties inherent to these forms of chronological knowledge.

Ainsworth's Historical Accuracy Reconsidered

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Llewellyn Ligocki
Keyword(s):  
Historical Novel ◽  
Sir Walter Scott ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Waverley Novels ◽  
Literary Figure ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
The Common ◽  
Failure To Progress

After Sir Walter Scott made the historical novel popular with his Waverley novels, many other writers, including the major novelists Dickens and Thackeray and the minor novelists Ainsworth, G. P. R. James, Bulwer-Lytton, and Reade, took up the form. But while the major novelists are credited with artistry in their use of history, the minor ones are generally regarded as hacks who used history indiscriminately in any way they wished in order to “make saleable novels.” The disparaging criticism of William Harrison Ainsworth's use of history exemplifies this unreflective critical tendency.For several probable reasons, critics have not been inclined to credit Ainsworth with using history responsibly; however, none of the reasons is based on an examination of his sources: his rapid ascension and decline as an important literary figure, his popularity with the common reading public, and his failure to progress artistically after his first few good novels. His artistic growth seems to have ended in 1840, forty-one years before the publication of his last novel. These critics have seen him as a “manufacturer of fiction,” and therefore not responsible in his treatment of historical fact and his use of historical documents, even though time and place are of crucial importance to Ainsworth. One could hardly regard Ainsworth more incorrectly. A close reading of Ainsworth's historical sources demonstrates that Ainsworth's history is extremely reliable in both generalities and particulars; his alterations, usually minor, serve only to adumbrate his concept of history as cycle. Thus, even though he is a novelist and not a historian, the faithful revelation of the past is central to his work. He examines history carefully in order to present truths about life and in order to demonstrate how history reveals these truths.

From learning to labour to custody for the precariat

Ethnography ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ove Sernhede
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Young People ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Compulsory School ◽  
High Rise ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Large Groups

The globally reported riots in the poor high-rise suburbs of Sweden’s metropolitan districts in 2013 were stark manifestations of the increased social and economic inequality of the past 30 years. Large groups of young adults acted out their unarticulated claims for social justice. In the light of the riots, it is relevant to ask whether any trace of resistance or protest can be found in the compulsory school where the young people from these neighbourhoods spend their days. The ethnography sampled for the article comes from two public schools in two poor, multi-ethnic, high-rise neighbourhoods on the outskirts of Gothenburg. The article argues that the theoretical and methodological concepts and perspectives developed by Willis still is of crucial importance to any investigation aimed at understanding the presence or absence of resistance in contemporary Swedish schools.

scholarly journals Distinguishing technology from biology: a critical review of the use of GPS telemetry data in ecology

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1550) ◽  
pp. 2303-2312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hebblewhite ◽  
Daniel T. Haydon
Keyword(s):  
Animal Ecology ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Gps Telemetry ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Location Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Migratory Songbirds ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Gps Devices

In the past decade, ecologists have witnessed vast improvements in our ability to collect animal movement data through animal-borne technology, such as through GPS or ARGOS systems. However, more data does not necessarily yield greater knowledge in understanding animal ecology and conservation. In this paper, we provide a review of the major benefits, problems and potential misuses of GPS/Argos technology to animal ecology and conservation. Benefits are obvious, and include the ability to collect fine-scale spatio-temporal location data on many previously impossible to study animals, such as ocean-going fish, migratory songbirds and long-distance migratory mammals. These benefits come with significant problems, however, imposed by frequent collar failures and high cost, which often results in weaker study design, reduced sample sizes and poorer statistical inference. In addition, we see the divorcing of biologists from a field-based understanding of animal ecology to be a growing problem. Despite these difficulties, GPS devices have provided significant benefits, particularly in the conservation and ecology of wide-ranging species. We conclude by offering suggestions for ecologists on which kinds of ecological questions would currently benefit the most from GPS/Argos technology, and where the technology has been potentially misused. Significant conceptual challenges remain, however, including the links between movement and behaviour, and movement and population dynamics.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the works published in periodicals and as part of the books, with major texts of A. E. Kulakovsky

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Pavlovich Nogovitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Unpublished Works

This article examines the works of A. E. Kulakovsky based on theoretical positions of D. S. Likhachev and practical data from commentaries to the volume II of A. E. Kulakovsky (author P. V. Maksimov), as well as conducts comparative analysis of the early versions with major texts of A. E. Kulakovsky. The subject of this research is the comparative analysis of A. E. Kulakovsky's early publications with major texts. The goal consists in determination and description of the authorial editing and revisions, which allows substantiating their motives for, as well as tracing the evolution of author’s thought. The discrepancies between the texts of early period and major text are viewed as improvements: addition of lines, substitution of separate words, rearrangement lines and stanzas. The novelty of this study consists in substantiation of early publications of A. E. Kulakovsky and lifetime edition as the subject of textological research. From this perspective, early publications of the works of A. E. Kulakovsky's are attributed to as research materials of cross-disciplinary nature: as the testimonies of the stage of establishment of Yakut literature as a whole, and as the variants of writer's major texts that reveal the history of his works in particular. The relevance is defined by the fact that special textological studies of poet’s separate works, including profound examination of historiographical part of his literary heritage, are currently of special significance. Over the past decade, a sizeable corpus of new documents related to A. E. Kulakovsky’s biography, including the unpublished works and scientific writings, has been revealed; this gives a new perspective on the already familiar materials in the context of analysis of his evolution as a writer and the history of publication of his works in the XX century.

The Functional Movement Screen test as a tool for functional evaluation of movement patterns in long-distance runners

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (88) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Iwona Sulowska-Daszyk ◽  
Agnieszka Skiba
Keyword(s):  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Screen Test ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
Functional Movement Screen ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quality Of Movement

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the results achieved in the Functional Movement Screen test and various aspects of training as well as injury history in long-distance runners. Basic procedures: The study involved 30 long-distance runners aged 20 to 45 years, training regularly from two to seven days a week and covering a total distance from 10 to 100 km. The subjects completed a questionnaire containing queries about training and past injuries. The Functional Movement Screen test was used to assess the quality of movement patterns. Results: The mean total score in the FMS test was 16.03 points. Results within the range from 18 to 21 points were achieved by 6 subjects, 3 of the subjects suffering injuries in the past. Results in the range from 14 to 17 points were obtained by22 subjects, 14 subjects having a history of injury. Ascore below 14 points was reachedby 2 subjects, both of them suffering injuries in the past. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that a lower FMS score is associated with a greater number of injuries in the past. Warming up before training is a good way to prevent injury, while stretching after training does not seem reduce the incidence of injury.

Optimization of physical fitness of rowers-academics

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
O. Shalar ◽  
Y. Strikalenko ◽  
V. Huzar ◽  
V. Homenko ◽  
R. Andreeva
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Basic Training ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
National Team ◽  
The Past ◽  
Preparatory Period ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Rowing Ergometer ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Sports Skills

The article reveals and analyzes the content of physical training of rowers-academics of two schools of higher sportsmanship: Kherson and Dnipro in the preparatory period. The training programs included exercises in gyms with different weights, namely lying down, squats with a barbell; rowing on an ergometer; long distance running. The magnitude of the training load, the intensity of training was determined by coaches depending on the condition of the athlete. Changes in the indicators of physical fitness of these athletes were studied. It is proved that after the training camp in the preparatory period of training rowers-academics the result on the rowing ergometer Concept 2 increased and the growth rate in the national team of Dnipro SHVSM was 1.2%, and in the national team of Kherson SHVSM 0.7%. According to the test, the thrust of the barbell lying - in the national team of the Dnieper SHVSM 11.7%, and in the national team of the Kherson SHVSM 27.8%. A promising area of further work is to study the features of technical training of rowers-academics. The need for targeted training in the training process from the stage of preliminary basic training to higher sports skills requires finding the best options for training planning in each age group and for different periods and stages of the annual cycle. The experience of the past years shows that the process of development of sports results in rowing is organically connected with the improvement of the physical fitness of the rower, but the reserves in this direction are not yet exhausted.

Introductory Remarks by Scott Anderson

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 141-158
Author(s):  
Scott Anderson
Keyword(s):  
International Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
The Past ◽  
Optional Protocol ◽  
International Commitments ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Trump Administration

Over the past two years, we have really seen the Trump administration make treaty withdrawal something of a signature move, from the Treaty of Amity with Iran to the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, to the Optional Protocol for the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. The administration has taken steps to remove the United States, rightly or wrongly, from a wide array of longstanding international legal obligations. And while it is far from unprecedented, the administration has done so at a little bit of a faster pace than certain prior administrations have—and has embedded a lot of these moves within a consistent critique of international institutions and international commitments that promises further change on the horizon.

Distal radical migration strategy: an emerging synthetic means

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weipeng Li ◽  
Wentao Xu ◽  
Jin Xie ◽  
Shouyun Yu ◽  
Chengjian Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Bond Functionalization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Radical Migration

In the past three years, we have witnessed the rapid development of C–C and C–H bond functionalization by means of long-distance radical migration events which bring us a new platform to deal with the challenging C–C and C–H bond functionalization.

The Financing of Public Investment in Communist China

1961 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Feng-Hwa Mah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Communist China ◽  
Substantial Investment ◽  
Two Alternatives

For underdeveloped countries bent on accelerating their economic development, there are two alternatives: one is a mixed economy compatible with democracy, the other is planned development under totalitarianism. What has been happening in Communist China during the past few years is a striking example of the latter case, and its degree of success will undoubtedly have far-reaching influences on other economically backward countries desiring rapid economic development. Since rapid economic development is unattainable without substantial investment, the sources of investment funds are of crucial importance in the whole development program. The purpose of this paper is to explore how public investment was financed in Communist China, and to estimate which population groups bore the burden of such financing.

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