scholarly journals The Status of Technological Knowledge in the Scientific Mosaic

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 39-53
Author(s):  
Maxim Mirkin
Keyword(s):  
Technological Knowledge ◽  
Propositional Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Change ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
Sorting Algorithms ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Technological Methods

In this paper, I argue that there is accepted propositional technological knowledge which appears to exhibit the same patterns of change as questions, theories, and methods in the natural, social, and formal sciences. I show that technological theories attempting to describe the construction and operation of artifacts as well as to prescribe their correct mode of operation are not merely used, but also often accepted by epistemic agents. Since technology often involves methods different from those found in science and produces normative propositions, many of which remain tacit, one may be tempted to think that changes in technological knowledge should be somehow exempt from the laws of scientific change. Indeed, it seems tacitly accepted in the scientonomic community that, while scientific communities clearly accept theories, technological communities merely use them. As a result, scientonomy currently deals with natural, social, and formal sciences, and the status of technological knowledge within the scientonomic ontology remains unclear. To help elucidate the topic, I propose that the historical cases of sorting algorithms, telescopes, crop rotation, and colorectal cancer surgeries confirm that technological theories and methods are often an integral part of an epistemic agent’s mosaic and seem to exhibit the same scientonomic patterns of change typical of accepted theories therein. Thus, I suggest that propositional technological knowledge can be part of a mosaic.   Suggested Modifications [Sciento-2018-0011]: Accept the three-fold distinction between explicit, explicable-implicit, and inexplicable with the following definitions: Explicit ≡ propositional knowledge that has been openly formulated by the agent. Explicable-Implicit ≡ propositional knowledge that hasn’t been openly formulated by the agent. Inexplicable ≡ non-propositional knowledge, i.e. knowledge that cannot, even in principle, be formulated as a set of propositions. Also accept the following definition of implicit: Implicit ≡ not explicit. [Sciento-2018-0012]: Accept that propositional technological knowledge – i.e. technological questions, theories, and methods – can be part of a mosaic. Also accept the following questions as legitimate topics of scientonomic inquiry:  History of Technological Mosaics: What technological theories were accepted and what technological methods were employed by different epistemic agents at different time periods? The Status of Inexplicable Knowledge: Is there such a thing as inexplicable knowledge? Typology of Technological Knowledge: What types of technological knowledge are there?

scholarly journals The Status of Questions in the Ontology of Scientific Change

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
William Rawleigh
Keyword(s):  
Basic Element ◽  
Scientific Change ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Epistemic Agent ◽  
Distinct Class ◽  
Epistemic Stance ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theory Acceptance ◽  
Scientific Questions

The currently accepted scientonomic ontology includes two classes of epistemic elements – theories and methods. However, the ontology underlying the Encyclopedia of Scientonomy includes questions/topics as a basic element of its semantic structure. Ideally there should be no discrepancy between the accepted ontology of theoretical scientonomy and that of the Encyclopedia.  I argue that questions constitute a distinct class of epistemic elements as they are not reducible to other elements that undergo scientific change – theories or methods. I discuss and reject two attempts at reducing questions to either descriptive or normative theories. According to the descriptive-epistemic account, scientific questions can be logically reduced to descriptive propositions, while according to the normative-epistemic account, they can be reduced to normative propositions. I show that these interpretations are incapable of capturing the propositional content expressed by questions; any possible reduction is carried at the expense of losing the essential characteristic of questions. Further, I find that the attempts to reduce questions to theories introduce an infinite regress, where a theory is an attempt to answer a question, which is itself a theory which answers another question, ad infintum. Instead, I propose to incorporate the question-answer semantic structure from erotetic logic in which questions constitute a distinct class of elements irreducible to propositions. An acceptance of questions into scientonomic ontology as a separate class of epistemic elements suggests a new avenue of research into the mechanism of question acceptance and rejection, i.e. how epistemic communities come to accept certain questions as legitimate and others as illegitimate. Suggested Modifications [Sciento-2018-0001]: Accept the following definition of question: Question ≡ a topic of inquiry. [Sciento-2018-0002]: Accept the ontology of epistemic elements with theories, methods, and questions as distinct epistemic elements. Reject the previously accepted ontology of epistemic elements. [Sciento-2018-0003]: Provided that modification [Sciento-2018-0002] is accepted, accept that the epistemic stance that can be taken by an epistemic agent towards a question is question acceptance (the opposite is unacceptance), defined as follows:  Question Acceptance ≡ a question is said to be accepted if it is taken as a legitimate topic of inquiry. [Sciento-2018-0004]: Provided that modifications [Sciento-2018-0002] and [Sciento-2018-0003] are accepted, accept the following question as legitimate topics of scientonomic inquiry:  Mechanism of Question Acceptance: How do questions become accepted as legitimate? What is the mechanism of question acceptance?  Indicators of Question Acceptance: What are the historical indicators of theory acceptance? How can observational scientonomists establish that such-and-such a question was accepted as a legitimate topic of inquiry by a certain epistemic agent at a certain time?

scholarly journals International Slavic Studies: Concepts, History and Evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The West ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Formal Establishment ◽  
Slavic Studies

Abstract This paper departs from the definition of Slavistics and reviews the history of international Slavic studies, from its prehistory to its formal establishment as an independent discipline in the mid-18th century, and from the Pan-Slavic movement in the mid-19th century to the confrontation of Slavistics between the East and the West in the mid-20th century during the Cold War. The paper highlights the status quo of international Slavic studies and envisions the future development of Slavic studies in China.

scholarly journals Classifying Economics: A History of the JEL Codes

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 545-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Cherrier
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Economic Association ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Military

In this paper, I suggest that the history of the classification system used by the American Economic Association (AEA) to list economic literature and scholars is a relevant proxy to understand the transformation of economics science throughout the twentieth century. Successive classifications were fashioned through heated discussions on the status of theoretical and empirical work, data and measurement, and proper objects of analysis. They also reflected the contradictory demands of users, including economists but also civil servants, journalists, publishers, librarians, and the military, and reflected rapidly changing institutional and technological constraints. Until the late 1940s, disagreements on the general structure of the classification dominated AEA discussions. As the subject matters, methods, and definition of economics rapidly evolved after the war, methodological debates raged on the status of theoretical and empirical work and the degree of unification of the discipline. It was therefore the ordering and content of major categories that was closely discussed during the 1956 revision. The 1966 revision, in contrast, was fueled by institutional and technical transformations rather than intellectual ones. Classifiers essentially reacted to changes in the way economists' work was evaluated, the nature and size of the literature they produced, the publishing industry, and the use of computer facilities. The final 1988–90 revision was an attempt by the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) editors to translate the mature core fields structure of their science into a set of codes and accommodate the new types of applied work economists identified themselves with. The 1990 classification system was only incrementally transformed in the next twenty years, but that the AEA is currently considering a new revision may signal more profound changes in the structure of economics. (JEL A14)

Future of Classification in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2012 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Terence M. Keane ◽  
Mark W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter reviews the status of modifications to the definition of PTSD and proposed changes for DSM-5. We include a brief history of the diagnosis and trace its evolution in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). We discuss some of the current controversies related to the definition of PTSD including its location among the anxiety disorders, the utility of Criterion A and its subcomponents, and the factor structure of the symptoms. We review the rationale for the addition of new symptoms and modifications to existing criteria now and conclude with comments on future directions for research on PTSD.

Social mobility and scientific change: Stephen Gray's contribution to electrical research

1990 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ben-Chaim
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Experimental Philosophy ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Scientific Change ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Radical Transformation

The concept of electrical conductivity, or, as initially coined by Stephen Gray (1666–1736), ‘electrical communication’, has always been assigned an important role in the history of electrical research. Some thirty-five years after Gray's ‘electrical communication’ acquired wide attention, Priestley employed the concept of conductivity to define physical reality, thus giving a privileged position to the science he himself endeavoured to cultivate. As he argued in the introduction to The History and Present State of Electricity (1767), ‘the electrical fluid is no local, or occasional agent in the theatre of the world. Late discoveries show that its presence and effects are every where … It is not, like magnetism, confined to one kind of bodies, but every thing we know is a conductor or nonconductor of electricity’. Contemporary historians, for example, Heilbron, Home and Hackmann, link the concept of conductivity to a radical transformation of electrical research which pertained to its mode of organization and the definition of its subject-matter, and which culminated in its emergence as a distinctive branch of eighteenth-century ‘experimental philosophy’.

Mexican Women's Pelves and Obstetrical Procedures: Interventions with Forceps in Late 19th-Century Medicine

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Cházaro ◽  
Paul Kersey
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mexican Women ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Safe Delivery ◽  
Medical Instruments ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Nature ◽  
Definition Of

This essay is an inquiry into the socio-cultural history of the use of forceps in 19th-century Mexico. It argues that the knowledge and practices that the use of such instruments implied were related to complex and controversial issues of the time regarding gender, race and national identity. In my study of operations involving forceps, I found that the adoption of medical instruments depended not only upon their supposedly greater operative efficiency but also upon the political and medical meanings attributed to the pelves of Mexican women. Early 19th-century obstetrics conceived the womb as an example of ‘living nature’ whose qualities assured that births were ‘normally happy events’ making the use of forceps and other instruments unnecessary. However, by mid-century, in the aftermath of independence, Mexico was desperately attempting to forge its identity as a nation. Due to European theories of race, Mexican women came to be characterized as having pathologically deformed pelves that evidenced possible defects of racial formation. The analysis of operative practices involving forceps reveals just how strongly such medical instruments became charged with a complex political definition of the ‘mestizo race’, which was seen to hold political promise for the future. In this context, forceps ceased to symbolize the threat of death, with which they had been associated since colonial times, and became artefacts that helped to assure the safe delivery of newborn mestizos by overcoming the problems of Mexican women's pathological pelves; although by the same token, the status of women as biologically inferior beings in need of medical assistance was reconfirmed.

scholarly journals Association between Appendicitis and Incident Systemic Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2337
Author(s):  
Kuang-Tsu Yang ◽  
James Cheng-Chung Wei ◽  
Renin Chang ◽  
Chi-Chien Lin ◽  
Hsin-Hua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Index Date ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Control

Objective: This nationwide study aimed to investigate the association between newly diagnosed systemic sclerosis (SSc) and previous appendicitis history. Methods: A total of 1595 patients who were newly diagnosed with SSc were recruited as the SSc cases from the 2003 to 2012 claims data of the entire population in Taiwan. The other 15,950 individuals who had never been diagnosed with SSc during 2003 and 2012 were selected as the non-SSc controls to match the SSc cases. We defined that the index date as the first date of SSc diagnosis of SSc cases and the first date of ambulatory visit for any reason of non-SSc controls. Conditional logistic regression analysis was applied for the association between appendicitis and the risk of the incident SSc, tested by estimating odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential confounders, including the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), a history of periodontal disease, salmonella infection, and intestinal infection, were controlled. We further designed sensitivity analyses by varying the definition of appendicitis according to the status of receiving primary appendectomy. Results: The mean age was 51 years in the case and control groups. Females accounted for 77.5%. A total of 17 (1.1%) out of 1595 SSc cases and 81 (0.5%) out of 15,950 non-SSc controls had a history of appendicitis before the index date had a history of appendicitis. A significant association between appendicitis and the risk of SSc was confirmed (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.14–3.60) after adjusting potential confounders. CCI ≥ 1 (OR, 8.48; 95% CI, 7.50–9.58) and periodontal disease (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.39–1.74) were also significantly associated with the risk of SSc. The association between appendicitis and SSc risk remained robust using various definitions of appendicitis. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated appendicitis was associated with the incident SSc. CCI ≥ 1 and periodontal disease also contributed to the risk of developing SSc.

scholarly journals CONTEMPORARY ART IN THE CONTEXT OF TEACHING PRACTICES: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
N.V. Shmeleva ◽  
A.K. Saimiddinov
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Art ◽  
University Education ◽  
Pedagogical Practice ◽  
Art Teaching ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Or History ◽  
Selection Of

The article considers the status of contemporary art in the system of university education, addresses the need for determine the boundaries of art in the framework of pedagogical practice, offers methods of analysis of contemporary art, because such university courses as "World Art Studies" (WAS) and "History of Art" have a number of specific features. Firstly, a work of art is often presented as a cultural text with significant axiological meaning and considered as a history of the development of art, but not as art itself. Secondly, the logic of teaching requires the definition of clearer tools for the selection of studied works of art. Also, the teaching methods such disciplines as "WAS" or "History of Art" are closely intertwined with methods of analyzing the existing empirical base in the field of contemporary (or near modern) art. Teaching of artistic culture of the twentieth century, as a rule, rests in an insufficient understanding of the specifics of creative practices of the Modern and Postmodern eras (if you use some kind of common periodicals), therefore, often, extrapolating an established didactic platform relating exclusively to classical art is clearly not enough.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
J. Ladyman ◽  
K. Wiesner
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Complexity Science ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

This introductory chapter provides an overview and a brief history of complexity science, which is the study of complex systems. All living systems and all intelligent systems are complex systems. Complexity science is relatively new but already indispensable. Many of the most important problems in engineering, medicine, and public policy are now addressed with the ideas and methods of complexity science. However, there is no agreement about the definition of 'complexity' or 'complex system', nor even about whether a definition is possible or needed. The conceptual foundations of complexity science are disputed, and there are many and diverging views among scientists about what complexity and complex systems are. Even the status of complexity as a discipline can be questioned given that it potentially covers almost everything. The origins of complexity science lie in cybernetics and systems theory, both of which began in the 1950s. Complexity science is related to dynamical systems theory, which matured in the 1970s, and to the study of cellular automata, which were invented at the end of the 1940s. By then computer science had become established as a new scientific discipline.

The Bearer of the Traditions of Musical Performing Art in Society (On the Example of Kazakh Kobyzists and Ukrainian Kobzars)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Т. Шарипбаева
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
General Description ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Performing Art

В данной статье автор анализирует роль традиционного носителя музыкально-исполнительского искусства в социуме. На примере кобзарей и кобызистов раскрываются выполняемые ими функции в традиционном обществе. Описываются исторические особенности кобзарства, их жанры и традиции, с отсылкой к известным этнографам Ф. Колессе и Т. Шевченко. Автор обосновывает общее тюркское происхождение украинской кобзы и казахского кобыза. В статье дается характеристика деятельности кобызистов, с учетом работ известных этнографов А. Х. Маргулана и А. Ф. Эйхгорна. Рассматриваются примеры слепых кобызистов в истории казахского общества (Нышан, Шоже), а также описана династия исполнителей на кобызе, начиная с Ыхыласа Дукенова. Автор сопоставляет общее и особенное в истории развития народного искусства игры на кобзе и кобызе, показывает возможности поддержки и возрождения этого искусства в современном обществе. Предлагается введение статуса традиционного носителя музыкально-исполнительского искусства и его предназначения в современном обществе, дается авторская дефиниция вводимого термина. In this article, the author analyzes the role of the traditional carrier of musical and performing arts in society. He considers the creativity of kobzars and kobyzists to reveal the functions performed by them in the traditional society. It describes the historical features of kobzarstvo, their genres and traditions, with reference to the famous ethnographers F. Kolessa and T. Shevchenko. The author bases the general origin of instruments of ukrainian kobza and kazakh kobyz. The article gives a general description of the activities of kobyzists, with reference to the famous ethnographers A. H. Margulan and A. F. Eichhorn. Presented the examples of the blind kobzarey players in the history of the kazakh society (Nyshan, SHozhe). The author presents information from the primary source about the persecution of kobyzists in the difficult soviet period for national music and reveals the chain of succession of performing on kobyz from the classic of kobyz art, Yhylasa Dukenov. The author compares the general and special in the history of development of kobzars and kobyzists, shows the possibilities of supporting and reviving these folk music trends in modern society. It is proposed to introduce the status of the traditional “carrier” and its purpose in modern society, and the author's definition of the term is given.

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