scholarly journals Translational Control by Ribosome Pausing in Bacteria: How a Non-uniform Pace of Translation Affects Protein Production and Folding

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Samatova ◽  
Jan Daberger ◽  
Marija Liutkute ◽  
Marina V. Rodnina
Keyword(s):  
Translational Control ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Translational Efficiency ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Protein Homeostasis ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Ribosome Pausing

Protein homeostasis of bacterial cells is maintained by coordinated processes of protein production, folding, and degradation. Translational efficiency of a given mRNA depends on how often the ribosomes initiate synthesis of a new polypeptide and how quickly they read the coding sequence to produce a full-length protein. The pace of ribosomes along the mRNA is not uniform: periods of rapid synthesis are separated by pauses. Here, we summarize recent evidence on how ribosome pausing affects translational efficiency and protein folding. We discuss the factors that slow down translation elongation and affect the quality of the newly synthesized protein. Ribosome pausing emerges as important factor contributing to the regulatory programs that ensure the quality of the proteome and integrate the cellular and environmental cues into regulatory circuits of the cell.

Applying Expanded Servicescape to the Hotel Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 109634802110115
Author(s):  
Seonjeong (Ally) Lee ◽  
Ning-Kuang Chuang
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Practical Implications

The physical environment plays an essential role in customers’ hotel stay experiences. Hotels offer a differentiated atmosphere that creates favorable customers’ evaluations. Based on the significant role of environmental cues, this study investigates the effects of an expanded servicescape on customers’ evaluations, including customer satisfaction, quality of life, and customer loyalty, in the context of the hotel industry. To test the proposed research framework, this study collects data from previous hotel customers and conducts a self-administered, online survey. Findings identified ambience, interactions with employees, authenticity, and fascination positively influenced customers’ satisfaction, which further influenced customer loyalty. Only ambience and fascination positively influenced quality of life, which in turn influenced customer loyalty. Results contributed to the application of expanded servicescape in the hotel context. Results also suggested practical implications of the holistic approach of servicescape in the hotel industry.

scholarly journals DDX3 Participates in Translational Control of Inflammation Induced by Infections and Injuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chang Ku ◽  
Min-Hua Lai ◽  
Chen-Chia Lo ◽  
Yi-Chuan Cheng ◽  
Jian-Tai Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Control ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Antibody Array ◽  
Transgenic Zebrafish ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Translational Efficiency ◽  
Macrophage Migration ◽  
Target Mrnas

ABSTRACT Recent studies have suggested that DDX3 functions in antiviral innate immunity, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We previously identified target mRNAs whose translation is controlled by DDX3. Pathway enrichment analysis of these targets indicated that DDX3 is involved in various infections and inflammation. Using immunoblotting, we confirmed that PACT, STAT1, GNB2, Rac1, TAK1, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) proteins are downregulated by DDX3 knockdown in human monocytic THP-1 cells and epithelial HeLa cells. Polysome profiling revealed that DDX3 knockdown reduces the translational efficiency of target mRNAs. We further demonstrated DDX3-mediated translational control of target mRNAs by luciferase reporter assays. To examine the effects of DDX3 knockdown on macrophage migration and phagocytosis, we performed in vitro cell migration assay and flow cytometry analysis of the uptake of green fluorescent protein-expressing Escherichia coli in THP-1 cells. The DDX3 knockdown cells exhibited impaired macrophage migration and phagocytosis. Moreover, we used a human cytokine antibody array to identify the cytokines affected by DDX3 knockdown. Several chemokines were decreased considerably in DDX3 knockdown THP-1 cells after lipopolysaccharide or poly(I·C) stimulation. Lastly, we demonstrated that DDX3 is crucial for the recruitment of phagocytes to the site of inflammation in transgenic zebrafish.

scholarly journals Translation initiation in bacterial polysomes through ribosome loading on a standby site on a highly translated mRNA

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (17) ◽  
pp. 4411-4416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Andreeva ◽  
Riccardo Belardinelli ◽  
Marina V. Rodnina
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Initiation Site ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Translational Efficiency ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Outer Membrane Lipoprotein ◽  
Rapid Formation ◽  
Membrane Lipoprotein ◽  
Early Recruitment

During translation, consecutive ribosomes load on an mRNA and form a polysome. The first ribosome binds to a single-stranded mRNA region and moves toward the start codon, unwinding potential mRNA structures on the way. In contrast, the following ribosomes can dock at the start codon only when the first ribosome has vacated the initiation site. Here we show that loading of the second ribosome on a natural 38-nt-long 5′ untranslated region oflppmRNA, which codes for the outer membrane lipoprotein fromEscherichia coli, takes place before the leading ribosome has moved away from the start codon. The rapid formation of this standby complex depends on the presence of ribosomal proteins S1/S2 in the leading ribosome. The early recruitment of the second ribosome to the standby site before translation by the leading ribosome and the tight coupling between translation elongation by the first ribosome and the accommodation of the second ribosome can contribute to high translational efficiency of thelppmRNA.

Genetic engineering: possibilities and prospects for its application in industrial microbiology

1980 ◽  
Vol 290 (1040) ◽  
pp. 369-386 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Enzymes ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Cells In Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hybrid Dna

A wide range of techniques is now available for the construction of hybrid DNA molecules comprising components from disparate species. Transfer of segments of DNA from other organisms, and especially eukaryotes, to Escherichia coli permits their preparation in quantities sufficient for detailed analysis of their structure and mechanism of expression. This information could be exploited to enhance the quantity or quality of polypeptide products from bacterial cells. Greatly increased yields of bacterial enzymes have been obtained in this way in several instances. The approaches that have been pioneered with bacteria are currently being applied to higher organisms. Much work is in progress with yeasts, in which transformation has been successfully demonstrated, with animal viruses and cells in culture and with some plant systems and offers the promise of wider applications of genetic engineering in the not too distant future.

scholarly journals Tunable protein synthesis by transcript isoforms in human cells

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen N Floor ◽  
Jennifer A Doudna
Keyword(s):  
Translational Control ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Untranslated Regions ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Transcript Isoforms ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Eukaryotic Genes ◽  
Control Protein

Eukaryotic genes generate multiple RNA transcript isoforms though alternative transcription, splicing, and polyadenylation. However, the relationship between human transcript diversity and protein production is complex as each isoform can be translated differently. We fractionated a polysome profile and reconstructed transcript isoforms from each fraction, which we term Transcript Isoforms in Polysomes sequencing (TrIP-seq). Analysis of these data revealed regulatory features that control ribosome occupancy and translational output of each transcript isoform. We extracted a panel of 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions that control protein production from an unrelated gene in cells over a 100-fold range. Select 5′ untranslated regions exert robust translational control between cell lines, while 3′ untranslated regions can confer cell type-specific expression. These results expose the large dynamic range of transcript-isoform-specific translational control, identify isoform-specific sequences that control protein output in human cells, and demonstrate that transcript isoform diversity must be considered when relating RNA and protein levels.

Vertebrate mRNAs with a 5'-terminal pyrimidine tract are candidates for translational repression in quiescent cells: characterization of the translational cis-regulatory element

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 3822-3833
Author(s):  
D Avni ◽  
S Shama ◽  
F Loreni ◽  
O Meyuhas
Keyword(s):  
Translational Control ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Translational Efficiency ◽  
Translation Control ◽  
Quiescent Cells ◽  
Terminal Oligopyrimidine ◽  
Mode Of Regulation

The translation of mammalian ribosomal protein (rp) mRNAs is selectively repressed in nongrowing cells. This response is mediated through a regulatory element residing in the 5' untranslated region of these mRNAs and includes a 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tract (5' TOP). To further characterize the translational cis-regulatory element, we monitored the translational behavior of various endogenous and heterologous mRNAs or hybrid transcripts derived from transfected chimeric genes. The translational efficiency of these mRNAs was assessed in cells that either were growing normally or were growth arrested under various physiological conditions. Our experiments have yielded the following results: (i) the translation of mammalian rp mRNAs is properly regulated in amphibian cells, and likewise, amphibian rp mRNA is regulated in mammalian cells, indicating that all of the elements required for translation control of rp mRNAs are conserved among vertebrate classes; (ii) selective translational control is not confined to rp mRNAs, as mRNAs encoding the naturally occurring ubiquitin-rp fusion protein and elongation factor 1 alpha, which contain a 5' TOP, also conform this mode of regulation; (iii) rat rpP2 mRNA contains only five pyrimidines in its 5' TOP, yet this mRNA is translationally controlled in the same fashion as other rp mRNAs with a 5' TOP of eight or more pyrimidines; (iv) full manifestation of this mode of regulation seems to require both the 5' TOP and sequences immediately downstream; and (v) an intact translational regulatory element from rpL32 mRNA fails to exert its regulatory properties even when preceded by a single A residue.

scholarly journals Translational Control of Secretory Proteins in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey L. Karamyshev ◽  
Elena B. Tikhonova ◽  
Zemfira N. Karamysheva
Keyword(s):  
Translational Control ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Signal Recognition Particle ◽  
Secretory Protein ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Signal Peptides ◽  
Protein Biogenesis ◽  
Health And Disease

Secretory proteins are synthesized in a form of precursors with additional sequences at their N-terminal ends called signal peptides. The signal peptides are recognized co-translationally by signal recognition particle (SRP). This interaction leads to targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and translocation of the nascent chains into the ER lumen. It was demonstrated recently that in addition to a targeting function, SRP has a novel role in protection of secretory protein mRNAs from degradation. It was also found that the quality of secretory proteins is controlled by the recently discovered Regulation of Aberrant Protein Production (RAPP) pathway. RAPP monitors interactions of polypeptide nascent chains during their synthesis on the ribosomes and specifically degrades their mRNAs if these interactions are abolished due to mutations in the nascent chains or defects in the targeting factor. It was demonstrated that pathological RAPP activation is one of the molecular mechanisms of human diseases associated with defects in the secretory proteins. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding of translational control of secretory protein biogenesis on the ribosome and pathological consequences of its dysregulation in human diseases.

scholarly journals Research on the parameters of producing filamentous textured soybean protein with soybean protein isolated and soybean protein concentrate

2018 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 04006
Author(s):  
Aiping Fei ◽  
Xiaoliang Hao ◽  
Junyu Jiang ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Yingxue Teng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Rate ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Screw Speed ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate

Textured soybean protein (TSP) is a product made from cooking and extrusion of soybean protein, which has been widely used in food, feed and other industries. This text made soybean protein isolated (SPI) and soybean protein concentrate (SPC) as the raw materials to produce filamentous protein production. By experiment, the influence of puffing temperature, screw speed and feed rate on the quality of the protein products was studied. Finally it was concluded that when the temperature of the barrel was 152 °C, the screw rotation speed was 119 rpm, the feed rate was 0.426 kg/min, the TSP product had the biggest expansion degree.

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