scholarly journals Effect of Source–Sink Ratio Manipulation on Growth, Flowering, and Yield Potential of Soybean

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Heba M. Ibrahim ◽  
Basharat Ali ◽  
Ali El-Keblawy ◽  
Taoufik Ksiksi ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Esawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Physiological Capacity ◽  
Source Sink

Trade-offs between growth and reproduction in soybean require resource availability manipulations. Decapitation and reducing sink strength through deflowering can affect the source–sink ratio that affects plant growth, development, and yield. The current study assesses the effect of decapitation (Decap) and removal of the two lowest racemes (R2LR) and their combination on growth, flowering, and yield capacity of soybean through controlling the source–sink ratio and inducing the “stay-green” phenotype. Two field experiments were conducted during 2018 and 2019 in the Agronomy Farm located at Mansoura University, Egypt. Decapitation was done at the V4 stage (35 days after sowing, DAS), during which four nodes on the main stem had fully developed leaves beginning with the unifoliolate nodes, whereas R2LR was performed at the R2 stage (50 DAS), during which the plants had one open flower at one of the two uppermost nodes on the main stem. Results indicated that Decap, R2LR, and their combination significantly increased seed yield per plant through increasing plant growth and flowering and improving biochemical attributes. The combination between Decap and R2LR was generally more effective in positively modulating plant vegetative, reproductive, and physiological capacity than either Decap or R2LR alone. Moreover, the number of branches as well as pods/plant and IAA content responded positively to Decap, whereas net assimilation rate, seed growth rate, number of flowers/node, and cytokinins content responded positively to R2LR. Decap and R2LR were interpreted in light of their effects on inducing the “stay-green” phenotype and altering the source–sink ratio. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that concealing the apical dominance in conjunction with reducing the sink strength through guided raceme removal would be beneficial for the reproductive potential in soybean.

Grain weight in wheat cultivars released from 1920 to 1990 as affected by post-anthesis defoliation

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. KRUK ◽  
D. F. CALDERINI ◽  
G. A. SLAFER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Source Sink

Although it has been generally recognized that the difference in yield potential amongst wheat cultivars released in different eras is related to differences in their reproductive sink strength, there have been few investigations about changes in source–sink ratios as a consequence of wheat breeding. In the present study, two field experiments, in which plots were fertilized and irrigated and lodging and diseases were prevented, were carried out with seven cultivars (including a commercial hybrid) representing different periods of plant breeding in Argentina from 1920 to 1990. The cultivars were defoliated during post-anthesis to analyse the response of grain weight at particular positions within the spike (which have intrinsic differences in potential size).Individual grain weight was virtually unaffected by defoliation in the old cultivars, but modern cultivars exhibited a significant reduction in individual grain weight for several positions within the spike, although this reduction was small (c. 15%) and many grains were unaffected. In addition, no relationship was found between individual grain weight in the controls and its reduction due to defoliation.We concluded that if the source–sink ratio is further reduced, the grain yield of modern wheats will be simultaneously limited by the source and the sink. Future breeding should therefore attempt to improve simultaneously both sink and source strengths.

Sink strength of citrus rootstocks under water deficit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone F da Silva ◽  
Marcela T Miranda ◽  
Vladimir E Costa ◽  
Eduardo C Machado ◽  
Rafael V Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Carbon Supply ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Orange Trees

Abstract Carbon allocation between source and sink organs determines plant growth and is influenced by environmental conditions. Under water deficit, plant growth is inhibited before photosynthesis and shoot growth tends to be more sensitive than root growth. However, the modulation of source-sink relationship by rootstocks remain unsolved in citrus trees under water deficit. Citrus plants grafted on Rangpur lime are drought tolerant, which may be related to a fine coordination of the source-sink relationship for maintaining root growth. Here, we followed 13C allocation and evaluated physiological responses and growth of Valencia orange trees grafted on three citrus rootstocks (Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo and Sunki mandarin) under water deficit. As compared to plants on Swingle and Sunki rootstocks, ones grafted on Rangpur lime showed higher stomatal sensitivity to the initial variation of water availability and less accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in roots under water deficit. High 13C allocation found in Rangpur lime roots indicates this rootstock has high sink demand associated with high root growth under water deficit. Our data suggest that Rangpur lime rootstock used photoassimilates as sources of energy and carbon skeletons for growing under drought, which is likely related to increases in root respiration. Taken together, our data revealed that carbon supply by leaves and delivery to roots are critical for maintaining root growth and improving drought tolerance, with citrus rootstocks showing differential sink strength under water deficit.

Systems Approach to Evaluate Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Management Practices in Virginia and North Carolina Cotton

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 2223-2234
Author(s):  
Seth J Dorman ◽  
Dominic D Reisig ◽  
Sean Malone ◽  
Sally V Taylor
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract Economically damaging infestations of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), tarnished plant bug, were sporadic in Virginia and North Carolina cotton before 2010. Given the sudden rise of L. lineolaris as an economic pest in these states, regionally specific management practices (i.e., chemical and cultural control) are needed to help producers protect yield potential while minimizing input costs. Field experiments were conducted in Virginia and North Carolina in 2018 and 2019 to 1) determine the effects of various management practices on L. lineolaris density, plant injury (i.e., square retention, internal boll injury), and lint yield, 2) calculate the economic trade-offs between integrated pest management (IPM) systems approach and current management practices for L. lineolaris in these states, and 3) evaluate economic benefits associated with various sampling thresholds. Lygus lineolaris populations peaked mid-season (i.e., August) during cotton flowering in both states. Weekly scouting and applying foliar insecticides when the current University Extension recommended economic threshold was reached was the most critical management treatment in maximizing economic returns. Additional costs among various IPM practices did not translate into significant yield protection and economic gains. Moreover, there were additional economic benefits associated with protecting glabrous and longer maturing varieties in Virginia. Lygus lineolaris density varied significantly between states; therefore, management recommendations should be modified based on the growing region. Results from this study will be used to create an IPM strategy to help cotton producers effectively manage this insect pest in the Southeast.

scholarly journals Adaptive Traits to Improve Durum Wheat Yield in Drought and Crown Rot Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Alahmad ◽  
Yichen Kang ◽  
Eric Dinglasan ◽  
Elisabetta Mazzucotelli ◽  
Kai P. Voss-Fels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Stay Green

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) production can experience significant yield losses due to crown rot (CR) disease. Losses are usually exacerbated when disease infection coincides with terminal drought. Durum wheat is very susceptible to CR, and resistant germplasm is not currently available in elite breeding pools. We hypothesize that deploying physiological traits for drought adaptation, such as optimal root system architecture to reduce water stress, might minimize losses due to CR infection. This study evaluated a subset of lines from a nested association mapping population for stay-green traits, CR incidence and yield in field experiments as well as root traits under controlled conditions. Weekly measurements of normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) in the field were used to model canopy senescence and to determine stay-green traits for each genotype. Genome-wide association studies using DArTseq molecular markers identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosome 6B (qCR-6B) associated with CR tolerance and stay-green. We explored the value of qCR-6B and a major QTL for root angle QTL qSRA-6A using yield datasets from six rainfed environments, including two environments with high CR disease pressure. In the absence of CR, the favorable allele for qSRA-6A provided an average yield advantage of 0.57 t·ha−1, whereas in the presence of CR, the combination of favorable alleles for both qSRA-6A and qCR-6B resulted in a yield advantage of 0.90 t·ha−1. Results of this study highlight the value of combining above- and belowground physiological traits to enhance yield potential. We anticipate that these insights will assist breeders to design improved durum varieties that mitigate production losses due to water deficit and CR.

The physiological genetic effects of 1BL/1RS translocated chromosome in "stay green" wheat cultivar CN17

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Luo ◽  
H. Y. Zhang ◽  
K. Shu ◽  
X. H. Wu ◽  
H. Q. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
High Yield Potential

Rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome arm 1RS in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic background has potential significance for yield improvement without affecting its resistance to several diseases. A new wheat cultivar, Chuannong17 (CN17), carrying the wheat-rye 1BL/1RS translocated chromosome, exhibited “stay green” phenotypes. To determine the genetic behavior and physiological effect, MY11, CN17, BC1F1, and F2 populations of MY11/CN17 were grown in the normal wheat growing seasons in 2004–2005 and 2005–2006. Analysis of photosynthetic parameters showed that the coordinate increase of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and flag leaf area duration from anthesis to maturation (D2) would be the physiological basis of the high yield potential of the 1BL/1RS translocation (CN17). The analysis for morphological indices proposed that the smaller leaf length (Ll), flag leaf width (Lw) and angle between stem and flag leaf (A) would be responsible for the morphological basis of the high yield potential. Analysis of the relationship between the yield and physiological indices suggested that the coordinate increase of source, the partitioning of assimilate from source to sink, and the sink strength was the material basis of the high yield potential. These results afforded some persuasive evidence to support the idea that wheat cultivar CN17 also shows a coordinate relationship between physiology and morphology and is indeed functionally a “stay green” cultivar. The results show that exploitation of a foreign chromosome or chromosome arm such as 1RS to develop “stay green” genotype cultivars in wheat breeding has the potential to increase yields. Key words: 1BL/1RS translocated chromosome, photosynthesis, physiological genetic effect, stay green, wheat

scholarly journals Comparative Performance of Hybrid and Elite Inbred Rice Varieties with respect to Their Source-Sink Relationship

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Moinul Haque ◽  
Habibur Rahman Pramanik ◽  
Jiban Krishna Biswas ◽  
K. M. Iftekharuddaula ◽  
Mirza Hasanuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Source Sink

Hybrid rice varieties have higher yield potential over inbred varieties. This improvement is not always translated to the grain yield and its physiological causes are still unclear. In order to clarify it, two field experiments were conducted including two popular indica hybrids (BRRI hybrid dhan2 and Heera2) and one elite inbred (BRRI dhan45) rice varieties. Leaf area index, chlorophyll status, and photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, postheading crop growth rate, shoot reserve translocation, source-sink relation and yield, and its attributes of each variety were comprehensively analyzed. Both hybrid varieties outyielded the inbred. However, the hybrids and inbred varieties exhibited statistically identical yield in late planting. Both hybrids accumulated higher amount of biomass before heading and exhibited greater remobilization of assimilates to the grain in early plantings compared to the inbred variety. Filled grain (%) declined significantly at delayed planting in the hybrids compared to elite inbred due to increased temperature impaired-inefficient transport of assimilates. Flag leaf photosynthesis parameters were higher in the hybrid varieties than those of the inbred variety. Results suggest that greater remobilization of shoot reserves to the grain rendered higher yield of hybrid rice varieties.

Trinexapac-ethyl as an Alternative to Reduce Lodging and Preserve Grain Yield and Quality of Rye

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Magaiver Gindri Pinheiro ◽  
Clovis Arruda Souza ◽  
Elijanara Raissa Silva ◽  
João Francisco Costa Carneiro Junior ◽  
Alex Fernando Basilio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Best Response

Trinexapac-ethyl (henceforth referred to as trinexapac) is a growth regulator that can mitigate some undesirable vegetative growth in Poaceae plants, reducing lodging and optimizing the distribution of photoassimilates to reproductive organs. The objective of this research was to evaluate the morphophysiological and productive responses of rye cultivars and trinexapac doses applied at different phenological stages of plants. Two field experiments were performed in two different seasons. In the 2015 growing season, 8 doses of trinexapac were evaluated: 0, 75, 85, 100, 115, 130, 150, 200 g ha-1 of active ingredient (a.i.), applied at the plant growth stage with the 4th node visible on the main stem (GS34). In the 2018 growing season, two cultivars (IPR 89 and BRS Serrano) and five doses of trinexapac were evaluated: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g a.i. ha-1, applied at the plant growth stage with the 6th node visible on the main stem (GS36). The morphophysiological, productive and qualitative characteristics of grains were evaluated. In the 2015 season, trinexapac applied to shoot plants at GS34 only have low response in decreased plant lodging from around 20% to 10%. However, in the 2018 season, the application of trinexapac on plants at GS36, resulted in lower plant height, associated with reduced lodging and better quality of rye grains. Cultivar IPR 89 showed higher values for yield components and grain quality in comparison to cultivar BRS Serrano. Reduced lodging is dependent on speed of resumption of plant height growth, and the magnitude of response to trinexapac is also stage-cultivar-dose-dependent; in rye, the best response to trinexapac was found at GS 36 in comparison to GS 34, and for IPR 89 in comparison to BRS Serrano cultivar, respectively, with a dose range from 100 to 150 g ai ha-1. In conclusion, trinexapac (around 150 g a.i. ha-1), when applied to plants at GS36, reduces plant height, reduces the lodging index and enables the harvest of high-quality grains.

scholarly journals Bulking Duration and Daminozide Affect Growth and Flowering of Achillea בCoronation Gold’

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Mohan Li ◽  
J. Raymond Kessler ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
Wheeler G. Foshee
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Growth Retardant ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Single Shoot

A study was conducted to determine the effects of bulking duration and the plant growth retardant daminozide on plant growth and flowering of greenhouse-grown ‘Coronation Gold’ yarrow (Achillea בCoronation Gold’). Single-shoot liners of yarrow were transplanted on October 14 and December 2, 2010, into 15 cm (6 in) containers and bulked for 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks prior to exposure to night-interrupted lighting (NIL). Increasing the bulking duration increased the number of shortened, thickened stems of rosette-like appearance, or offsets, that had developed from the base of the main stem by the end of bulking by 100 to 367% and reduced days to first and five open inflorescences, hereafter referred to as flowers, from the beginning of NIL by 13 to 16 days and 10 to 20 days for the October and December potting dates, respectively. Increasing the bulking duration increased flower and flower bud number by 67 and 25% in the October 14 and December 2 potting dates, respectively. Therefore, more flowers and flower buds formed on yarrow when potted early, compared to late potting. Lengths of the first five open flower stems were inconsistent and minimally affected by bulking duration. In a repeat of the experiment potted on December 2 using the same bulking treatments, 5,000 ppm of daminozide was applied as a foliar spray when half the plants in a bulking duration had begun to elongate and was reapplied 1 week later. Daminozide application decreased stem length at first open flower by 20 to 43%, but increased days to first flower and five open flowers by 6 and 8 days, respectively. As in the first experiment, increasing the bulking duration increased the number of offsets and flower and flower bud number and reduced days to first and five open flowers.

scholarly journals Genetic Yield Gains and Changes in Morphophysiological-Related Traits of Winter Wheat in Southern Chilean High-Yielding Environments

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro del Pozo ◽  
Claudio Jobet ◽  
Iván Matus ◽  
Ana María Méndez-Espinoza ◽  
Miguel Garriga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Genetic Progress ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Stay Green

Both the temperate-humid zone and the southern part of the Mediterranean climate region of Chile are characterized by high wheat productivity. Study objectives were to analyze the yield potential, yield progress, and genetic progress of the winter bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and changes in agronomic and morphophysiological traits during the past 60 years. Thus, two field experiments: (a) yield potential and (b) yield genetic progress trials were conducted in high-yielding environments of central-southern Chile during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. In addition, yield progress was analyzed using yield historical data of a high-yielding environment from 1957 to 2017. Potential yield trials showed that, at the most favorable sites, grain yield reached ∼20.46 Mg ha–1. The prolonged growing and grain filling period, mild temperatures in December-January, ample water availability, and favorable soil conditions explain this high-potential yield. Yield progress analysis indicated that average grain yield increased from 2.70 Mg ha–1 in 1959 to 12.90 Mg ha–1 in 2017, with a 128.8 kg ha–1 per-year increase due to favorable soil and climatic conditions. For genetic progress trials, genetic gain in grain yield from 1965 to 2019 was 70.20 kg ha–1 (0.49%) per year, representing around 55% of the yield progress. Results revealed that the genetic gains in grain yield were related to increases in biomass partitioning toward reproductive organs, without significant increases in Shoot DW production. In addition, reducing trends in the NDVI, the fraction of intercepted PAR, the intercepted PAR (form emergence to heading), and the RGB-derived vegetation indices with the year of cultivar release were detected. These decreases could be due to the erectophile leaf habit, which enhanced photosynthetic activity, and thus grain yield increased. Also, senescence of bottom canopy leaves (starting from booting) could be involved by decreasing the ability of spectral and RGB-derived vegetation indices to capture the characteristics of green biomass after the booting stage. Contrary, a positive correlation was detected for intercepted PAR from heading to maturity, which could be due to a stay-green mechanism, supported by the trend of positive correlations of Chlorophyll content with the year of cultivar release.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization, and Encapsulation of Novel Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) in Biopolymer Matrices

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1847
Author(s):  
Kristina Vlahoviček-Kahlina ◽  
Slaven Jurić ◽  
Marijan Marijan ◽  
Botagoz Mutaliyeva ◽  
Svetlana V. Khalus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dimethyl Ester ◽  
Plant Growth Regulation ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Growth Regulating Activity

Novel plant growth regulators (PGRs) based on the derivatives of dehydroamino acids 2,3-dehydroaspartic acid dimethyl ester (PGR1), Z-isomer of the potassium salt of 2-amino-3-methoxycarbonylacrylic acid (PGR2) and 1-methyl-3-methylamino-maleimide (PGR3) have been synthesized and their growth-regulating properties investigated. Laboratory testing revealed their plant growth-regulating activity. PGR1 showing the most stimulating activity on all laboratory tested cultures were used in field experiments. Results showed that PGR1 is a highly effective environmentally friendly plant growth regulator with effects on different crops. Biopolymeric microcapsule formulations (chitosan/alginate microcapsule loaded with PGR) suitable for application in agriculture were prepared and characterized. Physicochemical properties and release profiles of PGRs from microcapsule formulations depend on the molecular interactions between microcapsule constituents including mainly electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The differences in the microcapsule formulations structure did not affect the mechanism of PGRs release which was identified as diffusion through microcapsules. The obtained results opened a perspective for the future use of microcapsule formulations as new promising agroformulations with a sustained and target release for plant growth regulation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document