scholarly journals Improving Water Efficiency in a Municipal Indoor Swimming-Pool Complex: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10530
Author(s):  
Flora Silva ◽  
Ana M. Antão-Geraldes ◽  
Carmem Zavattieri ◽  
Maria João Afonso ◽  
Flávio Freire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Filter Backwashing

This study aimed to determine the water demand of a municipal swimming pool complex to propose water use efficiency measures. Concomitantly, the possibility of recycling and reusing the water from filter backwashing was evaluated. The pools consumed 25.6% of water, the filter backwashing 24.5%, and the showers 34.7%. Despite the current impossibility of reducing water consumption in pools and filter backwashing, it is feasible to promote more efficient use of water through reducing water consumption by adopting simple water-saving initiatives for showers, taps, and flushing cisterns. These were organized into three distinct scenarios: (a) flushing cistern volume adjustment and the replacement of washbasin and kitchen taps; (b) flushing cistern volume adjustment and shower replacement and (c) flushing cistern volume adjustment, shower, washbasin, and kitchen taps replacement. Under scenarios 1, 2, and 3, the water consumption reduction was 8.0, 13.2, and 20.4%, respectively. The initial investment for scenario 1 was €2290.5, €859.0 for scenario 2 and €3149.5 for scenario 3; the annual water bill reduction was €7115.4, €11,518.1, and €17,655.9, respectively. Therefore, the turnover of the investment was four (scenario 1), one (scenario 2), and three months (scenario 3). The filter washings attained the required standard for irrigation after being subjected to 15 h of sedimentation.

Technical Analysis for the Utilization of Unconventional Water Resource in Green Building

2013 ◽  
Vol 689 ◽  
pp. 167-171
Author(s):  
Xiang Yang Jiang ◽  
Ching Hin Law ◽  
Jian Kun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Current Problem ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Utilization Ratio

Building is a significant contributor for water consumption and it is necessary to increase water use efficiency. This research introduced the current problem in calculating water quota, discussed the calculation of domestic and miscellaneous water consumption and proposed the calculation method for the consumption of unconventional water resource. Finally by a case study, this paper summarized the calculation method and procedure for utilization ratio of unconventional water resource.

scholarly journals Economic incentives for water consumption reduction: case study of the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Water Policy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1266-1278
Author(s):  
Cláudia Orsini M. de Sousa ◽  
Nuno M. M. Dias Fouto
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
The City ◽  
Reduction Case

Abstract There are numerous studies regarding water pricing, demand and elasticity for certain regions. However, in Brazil, there are no studies on these matters, even though there is a need to explore the behavior of Brazil's population, especially because the nation is susceptible to extreme water events. São Paulo State, Brazil's most important economic region, has recently experienced a severe water scarcity status. In an attempt to control water demand, the São Paulo Water Agency (SABESP) implemented a ‘bonus and onus’ program. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the SABESP programs in terms of their structures and results using a panel model. The econometric results showed that (i) the bonus program was successful and more effective than the onus program, and (ii) water consumption reduction was more significant in regions supplied by water reservoirs where the relative water level was lower, although inhabitants of other regions also reduced their water consumption.

scholarly journals Evaluation of water efficiency programs in single-family households in the UK: a case study

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1785-1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Manouseli ◽  
S. M. Kayaga ◽  
R. Kalawsky
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Water Supply Company

Abstract Current water supply worldwide is facing growing pressure as a result of climate change and increasing water demand due to growing population and lifestyle changes. The traditional way of fulfilling the growing demand–supply gap by seeking new water supply options such as exploiting new fresh water resources and investing in the expansion of infrastructure is no longer considered environmentally or economically sustainable. A diverse portfolio of water efficiency measures is now a requirement for the majority of water companies in the UK. This paper presents results from a statistical analysis of a unique water efficiency program case study. The study evaluates the effectiveness of installing water-saving devices in single-family households in areas where a major UK water supply company operates. Using multilevel models, the study accurately measures the water savings achieved through the efficiency program and defines the factors that affect a household's potential to save water. Analysis illustrated a mean 7% decrease in consumption, explicitly attributable to the efficiency program. Research findings provide strong evidence that single resident and financially stretched households have a bigger potential to conserve water than larger and more affluent ones and also highlight the robustness of multilevel analysis, even in cases of data limitations.

scholarly journals Water-Use Efficiency of Crops in the Arid Area of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River: Taking Zhangye City as an Example

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyuan Xiao ◽  
Limeng Fan ◽  
Xiubin Li ◽  
Minghong Tan ◽  
Tao Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Heihe River ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Seed Corn ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Use Efficiency

The middle reaches of the Heihe River are an important food base in the arid regions of Northwest China. The agricultural water consumption in this region accounts for about 90% of the total water consumption. The shortage of water resources is the primary reason for restricting agricultural development. Therefore, studying the efficiency of agricultural water use is essential to improving the effective use of water resources. Under the premise of considering agricultural water saving, we improved the water efficiency model from the perspective of pure agricultural income that farmers are more concerned about. In this study, we took Zhangye City in the middle reaches of the Heihe River as an example, based on meteorological crop data and farmer survey data. Then, we used the input–output method to quantitatively analyze the net income of the crops in Zhangye City. We used the CROPWAT model to calculate the water demand of crops during the growing season. Lastly, we used the improved water-use efficiency (WUE) model to analyze WUE differences of crops in the study area. We reached the following conclusions: (1) among the six crops in the study area, the net profit of seed corn was 20,520 yuan/ha, followed by field corn, 11,700 yuan/ha, then followed by potato, rapeseed, wheat, and barley; (2) the maximum water requirement for the crop growth period was 597.2 mm for field corn, followed by 577.3 mm for seed corn, then followed by rapeseed, wheat, barley, and potato; (3) among the six crops, the WUE calculated using the water efficiency model before and after improvement had obvious differences. The WUE calculated using the original model reached 9.03 yuan/m3 for potato, followed by 6.33 yuan/m3 for seed corn. The WUE calculated using the improved model reached 3.44 yuan/m3 for seed corn, which is the maximum, followed by potato with 2.25 yuan/m3. Considering the agricultural water saving and crop yields, we propose to properly expand the cultivation of seed corn and potato in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. This would be more conducive to achieving a “win-win” situation for water conservation and revenue.

Numerical analysis and field measurements of the airflow patterns and thermal comfort in an indoor swimming pool: a case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Lebon ◽  
Hachimi Fellouah ◽  
Nicolas Galanis ◽  
Abdelhakim Limane ◽  
Nasreddine Guerfala
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool

scholarly journals Investigation of Air Quality Problems in an Indoor Swimming Pool: A Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit Lévesque ◽  
Lorraine Vézina ◽  
Denis Gauvin ◽  
Patrice Leroux
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool

City water stress and industrial water-saving potential in stringent management of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongyong Zhang ◽  
Yuli Shan ◽  
Martin Tillotson ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Saving ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
City Water ◽  
Water Scarce

Abstract China’s industrial water withdrawal soared in the last decades and remained high. Stringent water management policies were set to save water through improving industrial withdrawal efficiency by 20% between 2015 and 2020. Although China has a nation-wide water scarcity, scarcity at city-level has not been fully explored. Thus, it is meaningful to use sectoral data to investigate industrial water saving potential and implication for alleviating scarcity. Here, we account for water withdrawal and scarcity in 272 prefectural cities, using a 2015 data benchmark. The top 10% of low-efficiency sectors occupied 46% water use. In scenario analysis of 41 sectors across 146 water scarce cities, we assume a convergence of below-average efficiencies to the national sector-average. Results reveal overall efficiency could be increased by 20%, with 18.9 km3 (±3.2%) water savings, equivalent to annual water demand of Australia or Hebei province in China. A minority of sectors (13%) could contribute to most (43%) water savings whilst minimizing economic perturbations. In contrast, implementing water efficiency measures in the majority of sectors would result in significant economic disruption to achieve identical savings. Water efficiency improvements should be targeted towards this minority of sectors: cloth(ing) supply-chain, chemical manufacturing, and electricity and heat supply.

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