scholarly journals Postharvest Burning of Crop Residues in Home Stoves in a Rural Site of Daejeon, Korea: Its Impact to Atmospheric Carbonaceous Aerosol

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Jin Sang Jung ◽  
Ji Hwan Kang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Crop Residue Burning ◽  
The Impact

To investigate the impact of burning postharvest crop residues in home stoves, PM2.5 samples (particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5 μm) were collected every 3 h at a rural site in Daejeon, Korea during the postharvest season in 2014. A high concentration of levoglucosan was observed with a peak value of 3.8 µg/m3 during the sampling period. The average mannosan/levoglucosan ratio (0.18) at the rural site during a severe BB episode (levoglucosan > 1 μg/m3) was similar to burnings of pepper stems (0.19) and bean stems (0.18) whereas the average OC/levoglucosan ratio (9.9) was similar to burning of pepper stems (10.0), implying that the severe BB episode was mainly attributed to burning of pepper stems. A very strong correlation was observed between levoglucosan and organic carbon (OC) (R2 = 0.81) during the entire sampling period, suggesting that the emission of organic aerosols at the rural site was strongly associated with the burning of crop residues in home stoves. The average mannosan/levoglucosan ratio (0.17 ± 0.06) in the rural area was similar to that in a nearby urban area in Daejeon (0.16 ± 0.04). It was concluded that crop residue burning in a home stove for space heating is one of the important sources of carbonaceous aerosols not only in a rural area but also in the urban area of Daejeon, Korea during the postharvest season.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on Poverty Estimates in India: A Study Across Caste, Class and Religion

2021 ◽  
pp. 2455328X2110514
Author(s):  
Krishna Ram ◽  
Shivani Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Past ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
The Impact

The impact of COVID-19 on poverty estimates is humongous. The economic tumult caused by the pandemic over the past two years has the potential to double the nation’s poverty, erasing the decade-long gains from the fight against poverty and inequality. Our calculations show that around 150–199 million additional people will fall under poverty in 2021–2022; a majority of which are from rural areas, owing to the immiserate nature of the rural economy. Further disaggregation reveals that the SC/ST, casual labour and the self-employed are the most impacted groups. Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha are the most affected states facing poverty ranging from 50% to 80% in the rural area and 40% to 70% in the urban area. Our analysis also identifies the rippling effect of poverty on the inter-group disparities in India.

scholarly journals Pattern of human dhole interaction in buffer area of Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 182-190
Author(s):  
Phub Dorji
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Educational Outreach ◽  
Livestock Depredation ◽  
Outreach Programs ◽  
Wildlife Conflict ◽  
Wild Predators ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict

Human-wildlife conflict is a serious problem to conservation efforts worldwide. This is also true for Bhutan, where carnivores depredate livestock of farmers, affecting farmer’s livelihood, however, there is sparse documentation on the extent of human dhole interaction in Bhutan’s some of the important areas of conservation interest. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the extent of human dhole interaction, income lost due to depredation and the perception of the farmers towards dhole conservation. Data were collected from 160 households within two strata of rural and semi-urban area in western Bhutan through semi-structured questionnaire and focused group discussions. Livestock depredation involved seven predators, which caused loss of 5% of the total average annual income of the farmers; which were significantly different between the predators involved. Dhole killed significantly more livestock than other predators and maximum kills were made in rural area than semi urban area. 60% of the incomes lost due to wild predators were caused by dhole with major impact in rural area. Majority of the respondents from rural area exhibited negative attitude towards dhole conservation. They suggested livestock depredation compensation schemes and other livelihood alternatives to minimize the impact of conflict, whereas majority of the respondents from semi-urban suggested electric fencing around their village as measures to reduce human wildlife conflict. Livestock compensation and insurance schemes, integrated conservation development programs, educational outreach programs with other livelihood alternatives such as ecotourism are recommended as intervention strategies to minimize human dhole conflict and create harmonic co-existence.

scholarly journals Comparison of clinical effect of living alone between urban area and rural area in patient with acute coronary syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Takeuchi ◽  
T Dohi ◽  
N Takahashi ◽  
H Endo ◽  
H Wada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Clinical Effect ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Living Together ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background and objective Living alone is reported as an independent risk factor for worse clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Manifestations of psychological stress such as depression and anxiety in patients living alone is thought to be associated with subsequent cardiovascular events. The impact of living alone on the psychological factors of patients may be differ depending on their living environment. However, comparison of the effects of living alone in different living environment on the prognosis of patients with ACS has not been reported. Purpose The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical effect of living alone on clinical outcomes in patients with ACS between urban area and rural area. Methods Data from a multi-center, observational study of consecutive patients who underwent emergency PCI for ACS between January 2012 and December 2016 were analyzed. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). MACCE was defined as composite of cardiovascular death, ACS, and stroke. Results In this study, 1349 patients were enrolled and divided into two population according to their living environment: urban area population (n=417), and rural area population (n=932). In urban area population, 87 patients (20.9%) were living alone, and 330 (79.1%) were living together. In rural area population, 169 (18.1%) were living alone, and 763 (81.9%) were living together. There are no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the living alone group and the living together group in both urban area population and rural area population. During a median follow-up period of 2.1 years, Kaplan-Meier curves showed the living alone group had higher risk of MACCE than the living together group in urban area population (log-rank, p=0.01). On the other hands, there are no significant differences in the incidences of MACCE between two groups in rural area population (p=0.86). After adjustment for other covariates, the living alone was significantly associated with MACCE (hazard ratio [HR], 2.83; 95% confidential interval [CI], 1.16–6.91; p=0.02) compared with the living together group in urban area population. However, in rural area population, the living alone group was not significantly associated with MACCE (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.66–1.57; p=0.92) compared with the living together group. Conclusion Living alone was significantly associated with worse clinical outcomes after emergency PCI of ACS in urban area but not in rural area. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1

scholarly journals Atlantorchestoidea brasiliensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda) as an indicator of disturbance caused by urbanization of a beach ecosystem

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéria Gomes Veloso ◽  
Ilana Azevedo Sallorenzo ◽  
Bárbara Carolina Araújo Ferreira ◽  
Gabriela Neves de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Urbanized Area ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Janeiro State ◽  
Cabo Frio

This study analyzed a comparison of the Atlantorchestoidea brasiliensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda) density of a preserved area with that of an urbanized one, both on Peró Beach, Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro state. Seasonal samplings were conducted of the population of talitrideos and an estimation of the number of swimmers in these areas was made. The lowest frequency of swimmers was recorded in the preserved area regardless of sampling period. In the urbanized area swimmers were most frequent in January (550 individuals/m-1). The statistical tests showed the absence of Atlantorchestoidea brasiliensis in the urban area, indicating that this species is extremely sensitive to the urbanization of beaches. The use of the Talitridae family as an indicator of the impact of urbanization on the ecosystems of sandy beaches is also discussed.

scholarly journals Estimation of lifetime of carbonaceous aerosol from open crop residue burning during Mount Tai Experiment 2006 (MTX2006)

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 14363-14392 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. L. Pan ◽  
Y. Kanaya ◽  
Z. F. Wang ◽  
Y. Komazaki ◽  
F. Taketani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
East China ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Crop Residue Burning

Abstract. Studying the emission ratios of carbonaceous aerosols (element carbon, EC, and organic carbon, OC) from open biomass burning helps to reduce uncertainties in emission inventories and provides necessary constraints for model simulations. We measured apparent elemental carbon (ECa) and OC concentrations at the summit of Mount Tai (Mt. Tai) during intensive open crop residue burning (OCRB) episodes using a Sunset OCEC analyzer. Equivalent black carbon (BCe) concentrations were determined using a Multiple Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP). In the fine particle mode, OC and EC showed strong correlations (r > 0.9) with carbon monoxide (CO). Footprint analysis using the FLEXPART_WRF model indicated that OCRB in central east China (CEC) had a significant influence on ambient carbonaceous aerosol loadings at the summit of Mt. Tai. ΔECa/ΔCO ratios resulting from OCRB plumes were 14.3 ± 1.0 ng m−3 ppbv−1 at Mt. Tai. This ratio was more than three times those resulting from urban pollution in CEC, demonstrating that significant concentrations of soot particles were released from OCRB. ΔOC/ΔCO ratio from fresh OCRB plumes was found to be 41.9 ± 2.6 ng m−3 ppbv−1 in PM1. The transport time of smoke particles was estimated using the FLEXPART_WRF tracer model by releasing inert particles from the ground layer inside geographical regions where large numbers of hotspots were detected by a MODIS satellite sensor. Fitting regressions using the e-folding exponential function indicated that the removal efficiency of OC (normalized to CO) was much larger than that of ECa mass, with mean lifetimes of 27 h (1.1 days) for OC and 105 h (4.3 days) for ECa, respectively. The lifetime of black carbon estimated for the OCRB events in east China was comparably lower than the values normally adopted in the transport models. Short lifetime of organic carbon highlighted the vulnerability of OC to cloud scavenging in the presence of water-soluble organic species from biomass combustion.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Land Cover Dynamics on Surface Urban Heat Island Variations in Semi-Arid Cities: A Case Study in Ahmedabad City, India, Using Multi-Sensor/Source Data

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
pp. 3701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pir Mohammad ◽  
Ajanta Goswami ◽  
Stefania Bonafoni
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Surface Urban Heat Island ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

This study examines the behavior of land surface temperature (LST) and surface urban heat island (SUHI) from MODIS data over Ahmedabad city, Gujarat state (India), from 2003 to 2018. Summer and winter LST patterns were analyzed, both daytime and nighttime. Ahmedabad, one of the fastest growing metropolitan cities in India, is characterized by a semi-arid climate. The investigation focuses on the SUHI variations due to warming or cooling trends of both urban and rural areas, providing quantitative interpretations by means of multi-sensor/source data. Land cover maps, normalized differential vegetation index, surface albedo, evapotranspiration, urban population, and groundwater level were analyzed across the years to assess their impact on SUHI variations. Moreover, a field campaign was carried out in summer 2018 to measure LST in several rural and urban sites. During summer daytime, the rural zone exhibits a higher average LST than the urban area, resulting in a mean negative SUHI, typical of arid cities, while a slight positive SUHI (mean intensity of 0.4 °C) during winter daytime is present. An evident positive SUHI is found only during summer (1.8 °C) and winter nighttime (3.2 °C). The negative SUHI intensity is due to the low vegetation presence in the rural area, dominated by croplands turning into bare land surfaces during the pre-monsoon summer season. Higher LST values in the rural area than in the urban area are also confirmed by the field campaign, with an average difference of about 5 °C. Therefore, the impact of the rural LST in biasing the SUHI is evident, and a careful biophysical interpretation is needed. For instance, within the urban area, the yearly intensity of the summer daytime SUHI is not correlated with the evapotranspiration, while the correspondent summer daytime LST exhibits a significant negative correlation (−0.73) with evapotranspiration. Furthermore, despite the city growth across the years, the urban area does not generally reveal a temporal increase of the magnitude of the heat island but an enlargement of its spatial footprint.

Perubahan Pemaknaan Peran Perempuan Muslim dalam Pengasuhan Anak di Pedesaan Kawasan Prambanan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muryanti Muryanti
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Economic Reason ◽  
Domestic Worker

Muslim women worked in public sector in all variant jobs not only in urban area, but also in rural area phenomena. They had been doing it because of freedom, education, solidarity, or economic reason. When Muslim women worked in public sector, the new problems were appears, about care of children in the house as domestic work. These phenomenons were related to Indonesian’s culture and Islam perspective that believed the jobs of care of children was women burden. This article described about changing of meaning the role of Muslim women in the caring children. There were many institutions replaced care children, like day care etc. This article used qualitative research with observation and interview. The result of research, there were changing care of children in rural society. Before 2000, Muslim women were depend on family (extend family), neighbors, domestic worker, but in 2013, they prefered care of their children in the new institution (day care) because this institution gave early education to the child and save. But, majority Muslim women in this research believed that domestic works are their jobs.

REDUCING THE ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD OF THE URBAN AREA DUE TO MINIMIZING THE IMPACT OF FREIGHT TRANSPORT

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
S.N. GLAGOLEV ◽  
◽  
A.G. SHEVTSOVA ◽  
V.V. VASILEVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Environmental Load ◽  
The Impact

Chemical Composition and Metal Speciation in Porewaters from the Upper Qu’Appelle River Basin, Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Farrell ◽  
Jae E. Yang ◽  
P. Ming Huang ◽  
Wen K. Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Carbonate Equilibria ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porewater samples from the upper Qu’Appelle River basin in Saskatchewan, Canada, were analyzed to obtain metal, inorganic ligand and amino add profiles. These data were used to compute the aqueous speciation of the metals in each porewater using the computer program GEOCHEM-PC. The porewaters were classified as slightly to moderately saline. Metal concentrations reflected both the geology of the drainage basin and the impact of anthropogenic activities. Whereas K and Na were present almost entirely as the free aquo ions, carbonate equilibria dominated the speciation of Ca. Mg and Mn (the predominant metal ligand species were of the type MCO3 (s). MCO30. and MHCO3+). Trace metal concentrations were generally within the ranges reported for non-polluted freshwater systems. Whereas the speciation of the trace metals Cr(III) and Co(II) was dominated by carbonate equilibria, Hg(II)-, Zn(II)- and Fe(II)-speciation was dominated by hydroxy-metal complexes of the type M(OH)+ and M(OH)2°. The speciation of Fe(III) was dominated by Fe(OH)3 (s). In porewaters with high chloride concentrations (&gt; 2 mM), however, significant amounts of Hg(II) were bound as HgCl20 and HgClOH0. The aqueous speciation of Al was dominated by Al(OH)4− and Al2Si2O4(OH)6 (s). Total concentrations of dissolved free amino acids varied from 15.21 to 25.17 umole L−1. The most important metal scavenging amino acids were histidine (due to high stability constants for the metal-histidine complexes) and tryptophan (due to its relatively high concentration in the porewaters. i.e., 5.96 to 7.73 umole L−1). Secondary concentrations of various trace metal-amino add complexes were computed for all the porewaters, but metal-amino acid complexes dominated the speciation of Cu(II) in all the porewaters and Ni(II) in two of the porewaters.

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