scholarly journals Review: Mechanisms of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Action in Female and Male Fertility in Humans and Animal Models

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3079
Author(s):  
Loïse Serra ◽  
Anthony Estienne ◽  
Claudine Vasseur ◽  
Pascal Froment ◽  
Joëlle Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Endocrine Disruption ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Males And Females

Glyphosate (G), also known as N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine is the declared active ingredient of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) such as Roundup largely used in conventional agriculture. It is always used mixed with formulants. G acts in particular on the shikimate pathway, which exists in bacteria, for aromatic amino acids synthesis, but this pathway does not exist in vertebrates. In recent decades, researchers have shown by using various animal models that GBHs are endocrine disruptors that might alter reproductive functions. Our review describes the effects of exposure to G or GBHs on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis in males and females in terms of endocrine disruption, cell viability, and proliferation. Most of the main regulators of the reproductive axis (GPR54, GnRH, LH, FSH, estradiol, testosterone) are altered at all levels of the HPG axis (hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, testis, placenta, uterus) by exposure to GBHs which are considered more toxic than G alone due to the presence of formulants such as polyoxyethylene tallow amine (POEA).” In addition, we report intergenerational impacts of exposure to G or GBHs and, finally, we discuss different strategies to reduce the negative effects of GBHs on fertility.

scholarly journals Short-term regular moderate exercise improved male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function via the reduction of hypothalamic neurokinin B expression in adult rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Nazli Khajehnasiri ◽  
◽  
Homayoun Khazali ◽  
Farzam Sheikhzadeh Hesari, ◽  
Hamid Reza Sadeghnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neurokinin B ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Intensive Exercise ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Gnrh Neurons

Introduction: In the arcuate nucleus, kisspeptin, neurokinin-B and pro-dynorphin (KNDy) neurons control the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Early investigations indicated that exercise with various intensities affects luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) in different ways. Meanwhile the molecular mechanisms underlying its function not yet been fully understood. Accordingly, the present study evaluated the role of alterations in the levels of KNDy mRNA upstream of GnRH neurons in conveying the effects of various short-term exercise intensities on the male hypothermic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Methods: Twenty-one adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, one-month regular moderate exercise (ME) and one-month regular intensive exercise (IE). In ME (22m/min) and IE (35m/min) groups, the rats were treated 5 days a week for 60min each day. Finally, we assessed serum levels of LH and T using the ELIZA technique and KNDy and Gnrh mRNA expression by the real-time PCR method. Results: The results revealed that in ME group the expression of Nkb was reduced and the expression of Gnrh mRNA and the LH and T serum levels were increased. However, intensive exercise did not change the serum levels of LH and T or the relative expression of kiss1, Nkb, Pdyn and Gnrh genes. Conclusion: The results suggested that monthly moderate exercise improved male reproductive axis function, while intensive exercise did not have an adverse effect on the reproductive axis. These various effects on the male HPG axis may be propagated by the change in hypothalamic Nkb gene expression.

scholarly journals Microplastics induced endocrine disruption, alteration in testicular tissue in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pre-fed on Amphora coffeaeformis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rania F. Ismail ◽  
Norhan E. Saleh ◽  
Alaa El-Din H. Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Disruption ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Natural Remedy ◽  
Amphora Coffeaeformis

Abstract This study examines the potential defending effects of the diatom, Amphora coffeaeformis, as a feed additive against the deleterious effects (mainly on gonads) caused by microplastics (MPs) in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromes niloticus. Male tilapia groups were pre-fed diets with four different supplementation levels of A. coffeaeformis (0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) for 70 days, then were exposed to 10 mg/L MPs for 15 days. The results showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher numbers of erythrocytes, but significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the number of RBCs, Hb, Ht, platelets, and eosinophil percentages. Testicular histological degenerative changes and testis-ova were found in the MPs-exposed fish. Thus, A. coffeaeformis supplementation displayed ameliorative properties that detoxified the negative effects of MPs. This study provides a better understanding of the reproductive injuries caused by MPs and provides evidence for the use of A. coffeaeformis as a natural remedy in freshwater tilapia.

scholarly journals Vasopressinergic Activity of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and mRNA Expression of Clock Genes in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Female Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Cristina Nicola ◽  
Larissa Brazoloto Ferreira ◽  
Milene Mantovani Mata ◽  
Tatiane Vilhena-Franco ◽  
Cristiane Mota Leite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Reproductive Events ◽  
Vasopressinergic Neurons

The important involvement of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the activity of vasopressinergic neurons in maintaining the rhythmicity of the female reproductive system depends on the mRNA transcription-translation feedback loops. Therefore, circadian clock function, like most physiological processes, is involved in the events that determine reproductive aging. This study describes the change of mRNA expression of clock genes, Per2, Bmal1, and Rev-erbα, in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) of female rats with regular cycle (RC) and irregular cycle (IC), and the vasopressinergic neurons activity in the SCN and kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of these animals. Results for gonadotropins and the cFos/AVP-ir neurons in the SCN of IC were higher, but kisspeptin-ir was minor. Change in the temporal synchrony of the clock system in the HPG axis, during the period prior to the cessation of ovulatory cycles, was identified. The analysis of mRNA for Per2, Bmal1, and Rev-erbα in the reproductive axis of adult female rodents shows that the regularity of the estrous cycle is guaranteed by alternation in the amount of expression of Bmal1 and Per2, and Rev-erbα and Bmal1 between light and dark phases, which ceases to occur and contributes to determining reproductive senescence. These results showed that the desynchronization between the central and peripheral circadian clocks contributes to the irregularity of reproductive events. We suggest that the feedback loops of clock genes on the HPG axis modulate the spontaneous transition from regular to irregular cycle and to acyclicity in female rodents.

scholarly journals Adaptation of bacteria to glyphosate: a microevolutionary perspective of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miia J. Rainio ◽  
Suvi Ruuskanen ◽  
Marjo Helander ◽  
Kari Saikkonen ◽  
Irma Saloniemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Epsp Synthase

ABSTRACTGlyphosate is the leading herbicide worldwide, but it also affects prokaryotes because it targets the central enzyme (EPSPS) of the shikimate pathway in the synthesis of the three essential aromatic amino acids in autotrophs. Our results reveal that bacteria easily become resistant to glyphosate through changes in the EPSPS active site. This indicates the importance of examining how glyphosate affects microbe-mediated ecosystem functions and human microbiomes.

scholarly journals Response of CO 2 -starved diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to light intensity transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1728) ◽  
pp. 20160396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Heydarizadeh ◽  
Wafâa Boureba ◽  
Morteza Zahedi ◽  
Bing Huang ◽  
Brigitte Moreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
High Light ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Low Light

In this study, we investigated the responses of Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells acclimated to 300 µmol m −2 s −1 photon flux density to an increase (1000 µmol m −2 s −1 ) or decrease (30 µmol m −2 s −1 ) in photon flux densities. The light shift occurred abruptly after 5 days of growth and the acclimation to new conditions was followed during the next 6 days at the physiological and molecular levels. The molecular data reflect a rearrangement of carbon metabolism towards the production of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) and/or pyruvate. These intermediates were used differently by the cell as a function of the photon flux density: under low light, photosynthesis was depressed while respiration was increased. Under high light, lipids and proteins accumulated. Of great interest, under high light, the genes coding for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids and phenolic compounds were upregulated suggesting that the shikimate pathway was activated. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms’.

scholarly journals Advisory and Extension Services Related to the Supply of Agricultural Inputs in Cameroon: The Case of the Mifi and Menoua Divisions

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Faylone Gaelle Mademguia Kuissu ◽  
Guillaume Hensel Fongang Fouepe ◽  
René Mbonomo Bikomo
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Advisory Services ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Agricultural Input

Aims: The liberalization of the agricultural sector has facilitated the advent of multitude stakeholders with varied profiles involved in the provision of numerous services to agriculture. This study analyzes the advisory and extension services that support the provision of agricultural inputs in two Divisions of the Western Region of Cameroon (Mifi and Menoua). Study Design and Methodology: These areas are home to about 60% of the private agricultural input distributors involved in the provision of agricultural advisory and extension services within the region Data collected by questionnaire and interview guide were carried out with 62 agricultural inputs sellers with input shops on the one hand, and 7 managers of a number of organizations involved in the provision of agricultural services on the other hand.   Results: private agricultural input providers use several agricultural advisory and extension approaches: 42% among them use agricultural extension approach, while 32% use advice to the family farm approach, 21% use organizational capacity building advice and 5%, demand driven approaches. The terms for providing these agricultural extension and advisory services depend on the rationalities of each of these providers. Some agricultural extension and advisory services providers (NGOs, CIGs) promote agroecology through the diffusion of organic inputs, while others promote conventional agriculture through the popularization of synthetic chemical inputs. Access to services by beneficiaries are either paid-offerings or free-offerings. Findings also reveal that in some cases, the actions of some of these providers in the field are intertwined and lead to a collaborative relationship, while in other cases providers work completely compartmentalized leading to negative effects and low performance of the local agricultural extension and advisory system. Conclusion: The advent of private providers has increased the number of actors with various profiles leading to potential advantages (e.g., includes access to agricultural information). Yet these potentials have not yet been fully valorized in the provision of agricultural advisory and extension services to farmers. And the needs of farmers have only been partially met. It would be equally crucial to factor climate risks as integral part of extension and advisory services.

scholarly journals Effect of the Confinement Imposed By Covid-19 on Algerians Physical Activity Through Lens оf Gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Houar Abdelatif ◽  
Kacem Abdelhadi ◽  
Zerf Mohamed ◽  
Bengoua Ali
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Algerian Population ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Lifestyle Physical Activity ◽  
The Impact

Background. To estimate the level of PA before and during quarantine, in both sexes, according to four categories (vigorous, moderate, walking and sitting) and to provide suggestions to reduce the negative effects of the latter (quarantine) on the health of the Algerian population. Methods. A sample of 1210 of Algerian males and females, age around 18 to 60 years old have been taken a part in this study: males: 991–81,9 %, females: 219–18,1 %. Interviewed by IPAQ (short form) to estimate the impact of confinement on Algerians gender lifestyle physical activity. Results. We confirmed that sitting long hours was the main problem for two sexes. As well as males are more active than females in all comparisons practiced. Conclusion. Confinement is a fundamental safety step to avoid the spreading of Covid-19. Whereas some guidelines for avoiding prolongation are requested to reduce inactivity and sedentary lifestyle, especially for our females. Support by health and exercise videos broadcast by national television in order to improve physical activity and routinely exercising in a safe home environment. Support in this study, as an important governmental policy, helps their citizens for healthy living during the corona virus crisis. Admitted as guidelines for our females, permitting them to maintain their physical function and mental health during this critical period.

scholarly journals Minipuberty: Looking Back to Understand Moving Forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lucaccioni ◽  
Viola Trevisani ◽  
Alessandra Boncompagni ◽  
Lucia Marrozzini ◽  
Alberto Berardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Related Pattern

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activation occurs three times in life: the first is during fetal life, and has a crucial role in sex determination, the second time is during the first postnatal months of life, and the third is with the onset of puberty. These windows of activation recall the three windows of the “Developmental Origin of Health and Disease” (DOHaD) paradigm and may play a substantial role in several aspects of human development, such as growth, behavior, and neurodevelopment. From the second trimester of pregnancy there is a peak in gonadotropin levels, followed by a decrease toward term and complete suppression at birth. This is due to the negative feedback of placental estrogens. Studies have shown that in this prenatal HPG axis activation, gonadotropin levels display a sex-related pattern which plays a crucial role in sex differentiation of internal and external genitalia. Soon after birth, there is a new increase in LH, FSH, and sex hormone concentrations, both in males and females, due to HPG re-activation. This postnatal activation is known as “minipuberty.” The HPG axis activity in infancy demonstrates a pulsatile pattern with hormone levels similar to those of true puberty. We review the studies on the changes of these hormones in infancy and their influence on several aspects of future development, from linear growth to fertility and neurobehavior.

scholarly journals Nesfatin-1 suppresses fish reproductive axis and gonadal steroidogenesis

Reproduction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-454
Author(s):  
Jithine Jayakumar Rajeswari ◽  
Suraj Unniappan
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Brain Aromatase ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Family

Nesfatin-1 is a naturally occurring orphan ligand in fish and mammals. Research in our lab resulted in the identification of an inhibitory role for nesfatin-1 on pituitary hormones (goldfish) and oocyte maturation (zebrafish). The present study is an extension of these original findings and aimed to determine whether nesfatin-1 has any additional effects on HPG genes in male and female goldfish. We found that a single i.p. injection of synthetic nesfatin-1 (50 ng/g body weight) downregulated the expression of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sgnrh), chicken gnrh-II (cgnrh-II), kisspeptin receptor (gpr54a) and brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) mRNAs in the hypothalamus of both male and female goldfish at 15 min post-administration. In the pituitary of both males and females, nesfatin-1 reduced luteinizing hormone beta (lhβ) and follicle stimulating hormone beta (fshβ) mRNA expression at 60 min and gpr54a mRNA at 15 min. Similarly, the gonadotropin receptors lhr and fshr were downregulated in the gonads. Meanwhile, gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (gnih), gnih receptor, kisspeptin 1 (kiss1) and gpr54a mRNA expression in the gonads were increased post-nesfatin-1 treatment. Nesfatin-1 negatively influences the star, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1, anti-mullerian hormone and aromatase mRNAs. In agreement with these results, nesfatin-1 reduced plasma estradiol and testosterone in female and male goldfish circulation at 60 min post-injection. The information generated through this research further solidified nesfatin-1 as an inhibitor of reproductive hormones in fish. Targeting nesfatin-1 and related peptides could yield beneficial effects in fish reproduction and aquaculture.

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