scholarly journals The Effects of Edaphic and Climatic Factors on Secondary Lichen Chemistry: A Case Study Using Saxicolous Lichens

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Paukov ◽  
Anzhelika Teptina ◽  
Maria Morozova ◽  
Ekaterina Kruglova ◽  
Sergio E. Favero-Longo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Lichen Metabolites ◽  
Saxicolous Lichens ◽  
Crustose Lichens

Diversity of secondary lichen metabolites and their relationship to substrate and environmental parameters were studied in saxicolous lichens in the Middle and South Urals of Russia. Atranorin, usnic acid, gyrophoric acid, zeorin, norstictic acid, antraquinones and stictic acid were found in 73, 42, 41, 37, 36, 35 and 32 species, respectively, of 543 taxa collected. One hundred and ninety six species (i.e., 36% of total species documented) contained no secondary metabolites. Spectra of secondary metabolites of crustose lichens varied on different rock types, while in fruticose and foliose groups only those species without lichen acids were dependent on the substrate type. In Canonical Correspondence Analysis, secondary lichen metabolites were subdivided into groups depending on the concentration of Ca and metals in the substrate. Gyrophoric, lobaric, psoromic, rhizocarpic and stictic acids were common in crustose lichens in metal-poor habitats; species with antraquinones and lichens without any secondary metabolites were most abundant on limestone (alkalic and metal-poor), while other common lichen metabolites had no to minimal dependence on the chemistry of the substrate. The two additional abiotic factors affecting the composition of secondary metabolites were the maximum temperature of the warmest month and elevation. Our results suggest a range of possible relationships exist among lichen acids, rocks and climatic parameters. Furthermore, the same metabolite may affect both accumulation of metals and stress tolerance under unfavorable conditions.

Zur Phytochemie südamerikanischer Nephroma-Arten / The Phytochemistry of South American Nephroma-Species

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 739-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Renner ◽  
Aino Henssen ◽  
Ernst Gerstner
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
South America ◽  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
South American ◽  
Methyl Derivatives ◽  
Lichen Metabolites ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Gyrophoric Acid

New results on the phytochemistry of Nephroma, a genus of the lichen family Peltigeraceae are presented. Further eight species occuring in South America have been studied. Including earlier results, nine groupings of secondary metabolites within the genus are defined: The phytochemistry of pattern I is represented by N. analogicum containing ergochromes (ergochrome AB and AA), hitherto found only in members of the Parmeliaceae; pattern II: tenuiorin, methylgyrophorate, gyrophoric acid, 4-O-methyl gyrophoric acid, methylevernate, lecanoric acid, zeorin and usnic acid (represented by N. gyelnikii and N. pseudoparile); pattern III: Zeorin, 15α-acetoxy-22- hydroxyhopane and 15α-22-dihydroxyhopane (represented by N. parile and N. expallidum); pat­tern IV: stictic, constictic, hypostictic, hyposalazinic and usnic acid, zeorin and one unknown depsidone [PQ 4] (represented by N. antarcticum and N. lobuligerum); pattern V: no lichen metabolites (represented by N. resupinatum and N. plumbeum); pattern VI: perlatolic, stenosporic and glomelliferic acid, zeorin and five further metabolites being most likely O-methyl-derivatives of stenosporic and perlatolic acid (represented by N. cellulosum and N. lepidophyllum); pattern VII: usnic acid and phenarctin, including three further unknown depsides (represented by N. microphyllum and N. kuehnemanii); pattern VIII: usnic acid, phenarctin, nephroarctin and zeorin (represented by N. arcticum); pattern IX: usnic acid and 6oc-7β-22-trihydroxyhopane (represented by N. chubutense). A considerable variation in accessory compounds exists in pattern II, IV and VI which does not correlate with the variation in morphological characters. N. patagonicum Kremp. is placed to synonymy with N. analogicum Nyl.

scholarly journals STUDY OF THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF SECONDARY METABOLITES OF THE LICHEN USNEA BARBATA

2017 ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Надежда (Nadezhda) Сергеевна (Sergeevna) Лыскова (Lyskova) ◽  
Юлия (Iuliia) Генриховна (Genrikhovna) Базарнова (Bazarnova) ◽  
Игорь (Igor') Вадимович (Vadimovic) Кручина-Богданов (Kruchina-Bogdanov )
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Lichen Metabolites ◽  
Biologically Active Metabolites

In the modern society value of many biological resources remains underestimated. Lichens are one of the unique poorly studied bioresources. These are amazing organisms, formed by symbiosis of algae and fungus. Due to this combination, lichens have a number of unique properties.In this article the results of study the composition of biologically active secondary lichen metabolites of the Usnea barbata lichen. Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties of dry lichen extract against bacteria Bac. Subtilis. The conditions for extraction of biologically active metabolites using solvent systems such as water, water-ethanol mixtures with ethanol content of 40 and 70%, 1,4-dioxane and a mixture of 1,4-dioxane and water (1: 1) were selected. With use of the modern analytical methods, the composition of secondary metabolites in the extracts was studied. By the method of spectroscopy in the UV and visible region of the spectrum to determine the content usnic acid, which is 16,2 (solvent - water) to 60,0 (1,4-dioxane) mg/100 ml of extract.It is shown that the dioxane extract has pronounced atioxidant properties. The active substances (in terms of usnic acid) of the dry extract of lichen Usnea barbata are able to inhibit the growth of bacteria Bac. Subtilis.

Influence of abiotic factors and hosts on seasonal dynamic of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
ARVIND KUMAR ◽  
POOJA KHULBE
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
First Year ◽  
Green Lacewing ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Correlation Studies ◽  
Helianthus Annus ◽  
Sunflower Crop ◽  
Second Year

Influence of abiotic factors and hosts on population dynamics of green lacewing, Chrysoper lacarnea (Stephens) was studied in sunflower, Helianthus annus (Linn.).The maximum number of C. carnea population was found during mid March –mid April in the first year and mid April – mid May in the second year in sunflower crop. The maximum number of host population viz. egg and larva of Helicoverpa armigera and Myzuspe rsicae population were found during mid March –mid April in both the year and correlation studies revealed the positive and significant correlation between larval population of H. armigera, M. persicae and predator C. carnea. While there was no significant relationship found between eggs of H. armigera and C. carnea. The C. carnea population on H. annus during both the year was positively correlated with maximum temperature and found significant,while negatively correlated with relative humidity.However, no significant correlation of C. carnea was found with minimum temperature in both the year.

scholarly journals Strong controls of daily minimum temperature on the autumn photosynthetic phenology of subtropical vegetation in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peixin Ren ◽  
Zelin Liu ◽  
Xiaolu Zhou ◽  
Changhui Peng ◽  
Jingfeng Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Cumulative Precipitation

Abstract Background Vegetation phenology research has largely focused on temperate deciduous forests, thus limiting our understanding of the response of evergreen vegetation to climate change in tropical and subtropical regions. Results Using satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data, we applied two methods to evaluate temporal and spatial patterns of the end of the growing season (EGS) in subtropical vegetation in China, and analyze the dependence of EGS on preseason maximum and minimum temperatures as well as cumulative precipitation. Our results indicated that the averaged EGS derived from the SIF and EVI based on the two methods (dynamic threshold method and derivative method) was later than that derived from gross primary productivity (GPP) based on the eddy covariance technique, and the time-lag for EGSsif and EGSevi was approximately 2 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. We found that EGS was positively correlated with preseason minimum temperature and cumulative precipitation (accounting for more than 73% and 62% of the study areas, respectively), but negatively correlated with preseason maximum temperature (accounting for more than 59% of the study areas). In addition, EGS was more sensitive to the changes in the preseason minimum temperature than to other climatic factors, and an increase in the preseason minimum temperature significantly delayed the EGS in evergreen forests, shrub and grassland. Conclusions Our results indicated that the SIF outperformed traditional vegetation indices in capturing the autumn photosynthetic phenology of evergreen forest in the subtropical region of China. We found that minimum temperature plays a significant role in determining autumn photosynthetic phenology in the study region. These findings contribute to improving our understanding of the response of the EGS to climate change in subtropical vegetation of China, and provide a new perspective for accurately evaluating the role played by evergreen vegetation in the regional carbon budget.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability and Food Security of Nepal

2012 ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Roshan Kumar Mehta ◽  
Shree Chandra Shah
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Water Scarce

The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere is widely believed to be causing climate change. It affects agriculture, forestry, human health, biodiversity, and snow cover and aquatic life. Changes in climatic factors like temperature, solar radiation and precipitation have potential to influence agrobiodiversity and its production. An average of 0.04°C/ year and 0.82 mm/year rise in annual average maximum temperature and precipitation respectively from 1975 to 2006 has been recorded in Nepal. Frequent droughts, rise in temperature, shortening of the monsoon season with high intensity rainfall, severe floods, landslides and mixed effects on agricultural biodiversity have been experienced in Nepal due to climatic changes. A survey done in the Chitwan District reveals that lowering of the groundwater table decreases production and that farmers are attracted to grow less water consuming crops during water scarce season. The groundwater table in the study area has lowered nearly one meter from that of 15 years ago as experienced by the farmers. Traditional varieties of rice have been replaced in the last 10 years by modern varieties, and by agricultural crops which demand more water for cultivation. The application of groundwater for irrigation has increased the cost of production and caused severe negative impacts on marginal crop production and agro-biodiversity. It is timely that suitable adaptive measures are identified in order to make Nepalese agriculture more resistant to the adverse impacts of climate change, especially those caused by erratic weather patterns such as the ones experienced recently.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7206 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.59-63

scholarly journals Effect of Climatic Factors on Stem Biomass and Carbon Stock of Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla in Daxing’anling Mountain of Inner Mongolia, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilawar Khan ◽  
Muhammad Atif Muneer ◽  
Zaib-Un- Nisa ◽  
Sher Shah ◽  
Muhammad Amir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Larix Gmelinii ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Betula Platyphylla ◽  
Stem Biomass ◽  
Annual Minimum Temperature

Climate change has become a global concern for scientists as it is affecting almost every ecosystem. Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla are native and dominant forest species in the Daxing’anling Mountains of Inner Mongolia, playing a major role in carbon sequestration of this region. This study was carried out to assess the effect of climate variables including precipitation and temperature on the biomass of Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla forests. For this purpose, we used the climate-sensitive stem biomass allometric model for both species separately to find out accurate stem biomass along with climatic factors from 1950 to 2016. A total of 66 random plots were taken to attain the data from this study area. Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla stem biomass have a strong correlation with annual precipitation (R2 = 0.86, R2 = 0.71, R2 = 0.79, and R2 = 0.59) and maximum temperature (R2 = 0.76, R2 = 0.64, R2 = 0.67, and R2 = 0.52). However, annual minimum temperature (R2 = 0.58, R2 = 0.43, R2 = 0.55, and R2 = 0.46) and annual mean temperature (R2 = 0.40, R2 = 0.22, R2 = 0.36, and R2 = 0.19) have a relatively negative impact on tree biomass. Therefore, we suggest that both species have a very strong adaptive nature with climatic variation and hence can survive under drought and high-temperature stress climatic conditions.

The ecology of immature phases of Trichostrongyle nematodes: II. The effect of climatic factors on the availability of the infective larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis to the host

Parasitology ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Crofton
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
High Death ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation

1. Eggs and larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis were used.2. The rate of hatching of eggs was shown to be mainly related to temperature. From November to March, when maximum temperatures were below 50° F., there was no hatching. When maximum temperatures of 50–55° F. occurred eggs hatched on or before the fifteenth day, but never during the first 8 days. Eggs hatched in 8 days or less when maximum temperatures of 60–80° F. occurred.3. When the rate of evaporation in the air was high, eggs still hatched and reached the infective stage, the grass blades reducing the rate of loss of moisture from the faecal pellet. Laboratory experiments show that eggs may not develop to the infective stage if the faecal pellets are on a grassless portion of the pasture. This is most likely to occur when the rate of evaporation is high and the temperature low.4. Hatching may be delayed by cold conditions, but some eggs remain viable for long periods and they hatch when the temperature rises. Eggs passed by the host in the autumn can survive a cold winter and hatch in the spring, but eggs passed during the coldest period die.5. During periods when the maximum temperature never exceeded 55° F., little or no migration of larvae occurred. When temperatures rose above 55° F. the number of larvae migrating increased; but rise of temperature was associated with increase in the rate of evaporation. High rates of evaporation reduced the number of larvae migrating on the grass blades.6. Some infective larvae died soon after exposure on grass plots, but a small number survived long periods. In cold weather some larvae were still alive after 20 weeks. A high death-rate occurred in warm weather. A large proportion of the larvae died during periods in which the rate of evaporation was high; in one of these periods 95% of the larvae were dead at the end of 4 weeks' exposure.7. The number of larvae on grass blades of a pasture was shown to be dependent, at any time, upon the climate at that time, and upon past conditions which had influenced hatching and survival:

scholarly journals Impact of abiotic factors on build-up of citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama population in Punjab, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hijam S. Devi ◽  
D. R. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Weak Links ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Citrus Psylla

Seasonal abundance of citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri) Kuwayama was studied on Kinnow mandarin under Punjab conditions during 2012 and 2013. Population of D. citri was present throughout the year but only adults found surviving during December and February. There was no nymphal population when maximum temperature was > 39°C or < 7°C. Two population peaks of nymphs wer e observed, first in April-May and second in August- September. Thereafter, there was abrupt decline in nymphal population during June and July during both the years when the weather conditions i.e. maximum, minimum temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), rainfall (m m) and sunshine (hrs) ranged from 24.4-44, 22.4-31.8, 25.5-100, 0-108.0 and 0-13.5, respectively. Highest peaks of adult were found during May followed by June. With the decrease in temperature from the end of September, the population of D. citri started to decrease and reached its lowest during winter season. Correlation analysis for both the years indicated that maximum and minimum temperature, sunshine and rainfall were positively correlated with nymphal, adult and mixed population but the effect of rainfall on adult population was non-significant, while relative humidity was negatively correlated. The study is useful to find out the weak links of psyllid populations in relation to abiotic factors and that could be exploited to curb its infestation and disease transmission.

scholarly journals Urgensi dan Mekanisme Biosintesis Metabolit Sekunder Mikroba Laut

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa Nofiani
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Secondary Metabolite Production ◽  
Marine Microorganism ◽  
Metabolite Production ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
Living Materials

Marine microorganism is one of biologically active potential resources of secondary metabolites. Its potency areso promising that the knowledge of how its secondary metabolite occured need to be studied and collected. Thoseknowledges will enable further study is improving secondary metabolite production in the laboratory. In nature,secondary metabolites synthesis occur when there are effect of both biotic and abiotic factors such as sea waterand microbe symbiosis with other living materials. When this is explained in metabolic pathways, secondarymetabolite synthesis affected by available nutrient and regulated by autoinducer molecules through quorum sensingmechanism

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