scholarly journals Conversion of Carbohydrates in Lignocellulosic Biomass after Chemical Pretreatment

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Magdalena Zborowska ◽  
Hanna Waliszewska ◽  
Boguslawa Waliszewska ◽  
Slawomir Borysiak ◽  
Jakub Brozdowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Methane Fermentation ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Qualitative Changes

The aim of the study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative changes taking place in biomass components actively participating in methane fermentation, i.e., in carbohydrates, as a result of chemical pretreatment. Analyses were conducted on agricultural waste (corn stover, also called corn straw, and corncobs) as materials most commonly used in methane fermentation, as well as poplar wood, a material relatively rarely used in biogas production. Pretreatment with the aim of increasing efficiency of methane fermentation was carried out with the use of acid and alkaline solutions of different concentrations. The effect of pretreatment on carbohydrates was analyzed based on the quantitative and qualitative changes in this component. Due to the structural heterogeneity of carbohydrates, their varied reactivity and fermentability were determined in terms of holocellulose, cellulose, and pentosans. The chemical structure of cellulose was also analyzed. It is shown in this study that chemical pretreatment causes transformations of carbohydrate components, which differ quantitatively and qualitatively in the compared raw materials. It was found that the alkaline treatment caused smaller changes in the percentage shares of the carbohydrate biomass components as compared to the acid treatment. Moreover, it was observed that the compared materials differ in terms of quantitative changes in their chemical composition depending on the composition of the raw material prior to pretreatment. In the case of corn waste subjected to the action of 1 and 3% NaOH, the share of pentosans in the biomass increased. It was established that this is a change with a positive effect on fermentation efficiency. The action of acids and alkalis on the biomass led to similar structural changes in cellulose, which are adverse for the fermentation process.

scholarly journals Utilization of Delignified Sawdust as Raw Material of Biogas Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 03054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asfarina Zumalla ◽  
Budiyono ◽  
Siswo Sumardiono
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Wood Sawdust ◽  
The Right

Biogas is one alternative to replace the irreplaceable energy source that has begun to diminish its existence. The raw materials for biogas manufacture are renewable biomass, usually using plantation waste, agriculture, and livestock. Using biogas can also reduce environmental pollution. One of the agricultural waste that has great potential to become the raw material of biogas is teak sawdust. Wood processing industry in Indonesia quite a lot, but wood has a high lignosesluosa content, so it needs the right method to process it. With the delignification of lignin levels on teak sawdust will decrease. Wood sawdust is soaked using NaOH for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days with 4% w / v concentration. The lowest lignin and hemicellulose content was 25.79% and 87.9% in pretreatment for 4 days, while the highest cellulose level was 57, 34%. The accumulated volume of biogas at 1 day pretreatment, ie 709 ml / g TS. Gcms shows the enlarged peak area of methanamine, N-methyl from before pretreatment. The fastest biogas formation (λ) in 4 days pretreatment, 1.60403 days and the largest constant A and U variables at 1 day were 914.5903 ml / g TS and 34.59765 ml / g TS.

scholarly journals WOOD COMPONENTS AS SOURCES OF PENTO-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS FOR SYNTHESIS OF USEFUL COMPOUNDS, PRODUCTS AND REAGENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Irina A. Chetvertneva ◽  
Oleg Kh. Karimov ◽  
Galina A. Teptereva ◽  
Natalia S. Tivas ◽  
Eldar M. Movsumzade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Monomer Unit ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Wood Processing

The paper considers the main components and products of wood processing, agricultural waste, pulp and paper industry waste and qualifies them as sources of pentose-containing resource-renewable domestic raw materials. The article describes in detail the structural components of wood as a natural polymer, which contains aromatic and carbohydrate parts. It is noted that these poly-mers are promising as raw materials for the production of useful chemical products. The role of lignin, cellolose and hemicellulose in the design of mechanical and structural properties of wood is considered. The article considers the features of the sulfonation reactions of the lignin monomer unit depending on the pH of the medium: acidic, neutral and alkaline. There are three main reac-tions that occur simultaneously with lignin in the process of wood delignification during sulfite cooking, such as the sulfonation reaction, the hydrolytic destruction reaction, and the condensation reaction. It is shown that the lignin-hemicellulose matrix contains three types of interconnected mesh structures: the lignin itself; a network of covalent bonds of lignin with hemicelluloses, and a network whose structure is obtained due to the hydrogen bond and the forces of the physical inter-action of lignin and hemicelluloses. The features of chemical transformations of the monomeric aromatic link of lignosulfonate – phenylpropane unit in the processes of wood delignification, the main chemical reactions of wood raw material delignification under the conditions of sulfite and neutral-sulfite brews are shown. The method of quantitative determination of monosaccharides in the composition of the carbohydrate part is proposed.

Optimal Design and Techno-Economic Analysis for Corncob Particles Briquettes: A Literature Review of the Utilization of Agricultural Waste and Analysis Calculation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto ◽  
Nissa Nur Azizah ◽  
Gabriela Chelvina Santiuly Girsang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Scale Production

Corncob is usually disposed of directly as waste, creating problems in the environment, while it can be converted into valuable materials. This research aimed to evaluate the literature review on briquette production from agricultural waste (using non-binder and cold press with a binder) and the current works on techno-economic analysis, to propose an optimal design for the production of briquette from corncob waste, and to perform a techno-economic analysis based on the selected optimal processing method. The engineering perspective based on stoichiometry and mass balance showed the potential corncob briquette manufacture in both home and large scales due to the possible use of inexpensive and commercially available equipment and raw materials. The economic perspective [based on several economic evaluation factors (i.e., gross profit margin, payback period, break-even point, cumulative net present value, return of investment, internal rate return, and profitability index) under ideal and non-ideal conditions by considering internal (i.e., sales, raw materials, utilities, and variable cost) and external aspects (i.e., tax)] confirmed the prospective development of the project in the large-scale production with a lifetime of more than 18 years. The main issue in the project is the raw material (i.e. tapioca flour), giving the most impact on the project’s feasibility. Even in severe conditions, the project is feasible. The great endurance was also confirmed in the case of a higher tax rate. This study demonstrates the importance of producing corncob-based briquettes for improving the economic value and giving alternatives for problem solvers in the utilization of agricultural waste.

scholarly journals Justification of economic performance of processing of grain crops in biogas

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazar Tkach ◽  
◽  
Tetiana Mirzoieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Biogas Plant ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Investment Projects

The article presents a study on the justification of the economic feasibility of processing cereals into biogas. Аt the first stage the sown areas and productivity of separate agricultural crops in the investigated enterprises of Brovarsky district, Kyiv region were analyzed. The tendency to increase the yield of agricultural crops in the studied enterprises was revealed. This was seen as evidence that they could potentially be fully self-sufficient in raw materials for the production of gaseous biofuels. At the second stage of the study, the potential volume of the raw material base for biogas production in the studied enterprises was calculated, potential volume of biogas production and economically feasible volume of biogas production for each enterprise. It is proposed to use part of the grown grain for bioenergy production, and this part should be 10-15% of the gross harvest of grain enterprises in order to prevent the food crisis in the country. At the third stage of the study to determine the economic efficiency of biogas production from wheat and corn, investment costs were calculated, necessary for the implementation of the project to install a biogas plant in the studied enterprises. The authors calculated the investment costs required to implement the project of installing a biogas plant at the studied enterprises. The authors also analyzed the costs of each company for future projects. Finally, the economic efficiency of the proposed project for biogas production in the studied enterprises of Brovary district, Kyiv region is calculated, the economic efficiency of the project in the long run is analyzed with the use of discounted indicators of economic efficiency with a life cycle of 5 years. It was found that the implementation of projects for biogas production may be accompanied by high efficiency, all enterprises will receive profits from the implementation of investment projects for the production of biogas and biofertilizers with the subsequent sale of biogas and the use of biofertilizers for their own needs.

scholarly journals Alpian, Yanciluk, dan Wahyu Supriyati

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Agrienvi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Simple Technology

Energy demand increase follow to population growth factors, high exploration costs, rising world oil prices andthe difficulty of finding sources of oil reserves. These factors cause the governments of several countries toimmediately produce alternative energy that is renewable and environmentally friendly. Wood pellets are analternative energy source. The availability of raw materials is very easy to obtain. Raw materials for wood pelletsfrom the exploitation waste such as logging residues, branches and twigs, wood industry waste such as scraps,sawdust and bark, agricultural waste such as straw and husks. Waste that is developed into a product will produce ahigher economic value. Making pellets from wood waste is an alternative energy material for meeting people's energyneeds. The opportunity to develop wood pellets as fuel is wide open because of the vast potential of forests inIndonesia and the large amount of waste from forest products, both from timber industry waste and exploitationwaste. Equipment, raw materials and the process of making pellets in a simple manner need to be socialized to thepublic so that they can be applied especially for the utilization of potential waste that can be used as raw material formaking pellets.Keywords : wood pellets, waste, simple technology, renewable energy

scholarly journals Production of briquettes from Indonesia agricultural biomass waste by using pyrolysis process and comparing the characteristics

Eksergi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyu Murni ◽  
Tutik Muji Setyoningrum ◽  
Muhamad Maulana Azimatun Nur
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Pressing Pressure ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Stem Wood

Indonesia biomass waste is a potential feedstock as a source of renewable energy since it can be converted into carcoal briquettes. However, the production of the briquettes using pyrolysis process using the agricultural waste was lacking. In this research, briquette was made from palm shells,  corncob and soybean stem wood due to its high availability and have high cellulose content. The purpose of this research was to produce briquettes from three kind of raw materials by employing pyrolysis process and compared the characteristics. The briquette was made from different type of raw materials (palm shells, corncob and soybean stem) and  the concentration of binder : 3-7 %. Pyrolysis was done at  500 °C, and 100 kg / cm2 of pressing pressure. Results showed that, the best charcoal briquette was achieved from palm shells by using 5% binder, which resulted 4,1% moisture content, 3.4% ash content,  15% volatile matter content, 77.5% carbon content,  7075 cal/g calorific value and  1.4 kg/cm2 compresive strength. It is found that the concentration of binder and raw material influenced the quality of the briquettes. In overall, the production of the briquettes by employing pyrolysis method could meet the standard.

scholarly journals Effect of corn straw pretreatment on efficiency of biogas production process: Computer simulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-564
Author(s):  
Anja Antanasković ◽  
Maja Bulatović ◽  
Marica Rakin ◽  
Zorica Lopičić ◽  
Tatjana Šoštarić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Material Degradation ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Process Computer ◽  
The Impact

Anaerobic digestion is a natural process of organic material degradation by different kinds of microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. This process is used for industrial purpose to manage waste streams or to produce biogas. It gives a major contribution in reduction of harmful effects of organic waste disposal to the environment. The aim of agricultural waste pretreatment in biogas production is to decrease the retention time, improve utilization of raw material and improve the overall productivity and energy efficiency of the production process. In this paper the effects of combined chemical and mechanical pretreatment of corn straw biomass on biogas yield during anaerobic digestion of the feedstock were analyzed. The impact of pretreatment and process parameters in biogas production was analyzed by process simulation using the software SuperPro Designer. Using this tool, it was shown that alkaline pretreatment leads to an decrease of degradation time along with an increase in biogas yield.

TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN DAN PEMANFAATAN KARBON AKTIF UNTUK INDUSTRI

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Effendi Arsad
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Petroleum Chemical ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Chemical Materials

The  activated carbon is very important  for has  processed product activated carbon.   In south Kalimantan has a big prospects due to the big potential of the raw material provided by the nature and industrial waste. There are a lot of raw materials that can be used for the manufacture of activated carbon such as  agricultural waste, sugarcane waste, waste of sawn timber, lives stock waste and coal  processing waste.Manufacture of activated carbon can be done in  ways: chemical  and physical processes. Activation  is very important in the manufacture of activated carbon in addition to the raw materials used. Activated carbon is charcoal that has undergone changes in chemical properties  and physical properties due to be activated with the activator chemical materials or can by heating at high temperatures, so that absorption , surface area, and the ability to absorb become as very good. Activated carbon is used as an absorbent to absorb heavy metals, in medicine and food, on liquor, petroleum chemical, shrimp farming, the sugar industry of gas purification, catalyst and fertilizer processing.Key wood :  technology  processed, activated carbon

scholarly journals Increasing Biogas Yield from Fodder by Microbial Stimulation of Propionic Acid Synthesis in Grass Silages

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2843
Author(s):  
Krystyna Zielińska ◽  
Agata Fabiszewska ◽  
Katarzyna Piasecka-Jóźwiak ◽  
Renata Choińska
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Biogas Yield

A new direction in the use of lactic acid bacteria inoculants is their application for renewable raw materials ensiling for biogas production. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the possibility of stimulating the synthesis of propionic acid in the process of co-fermentation of selected strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. diolivorans as well as L. buchneri and Pediococcus acidilactici. L. buchneri KKP 2047p and P. acidilactici KKP 2065p were characterized by the special capabilities for both synthesis and metabolism of 1,2-propanediol. L. diolivorans KKP 2057p stands out for the ability to metabolize 1,2-propanediol to propionic acid. As a result of the co-fermentation a concentration of propionic acid was obtained at least 1.5 times higher in the final stage of culture in comparison to cultivating individual species of bacteria separately. The results of in vitro experiments were applied in agricultural practice, by application of two lactic acid bacteria inoculants in ensiling of grass silage and improving its suitability for biogas production. Grass silages made with the addition of the inoculant were characterized by the content of 1,2-propanediol, 1-propanol and propionic acid ensured extension of the aerobic stability from 4 to 7 days in comparison to untreated silages. It was found that the use of both inoculants resulted in an approximately 10 - 30% increase in biogas yield from this raw material.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE FROM RICE HUSK

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
KHEMJIRA JARMKOM ◽  
WARACHATE KHOBJAI ◽  
SURACHAI TEACHAOEI ◽  
DUANGRATANA SHUWISITKUL
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Health Products ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Husk Rice ◽  
Composition Changes

Objective: The purpose of this research was to produce carboxymethyl cellulose from rice husk (CMCRH) and used it as a raw material in food orhealth products.Methods: Cellulose was extracted from husk rice and converted to CMC (CMCRH) using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid inisopropanol (C3H8O).Results: CMCRH was characterized for chemical composition and morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy analysis showed thatchemical composition changes with increasing sodium content (Na-). Likewise, morphology has changed. Physicochemical and viscosity tests showedthat were similar properties compare with commercial CMC.Conclusion: CMC is derived cellulose that is used in products for various applications. RH is an agricultural waste that is carried out to synthesize CMC(CMCRH). Finally, CMCRH has the potential to be used in raw materials in food or health products which biodegradable material.

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