scholarly journals The Sankara Nethralaya Tamil Nadu Essilor Myopia (STEM) Study—Defining a Threshold for Non-Cycloplegic Myopia Prevalence in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215
Author(s):  
Aparna Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Jameel Rizwana Hussaindeen ◽  
Viswanathan Sivaraman ◽  
Meenakshi Swaminathan ◽  
Yee Ling Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
School Vision ◽  
Elite School ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of

The aim of this study was to investigate the agreement between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic autorefraction with an open-field auto refractor in a school vision screening set up, and to define a threshold for myopia that agrees with the standard cycloplegic refraction threshold. The study was conducted as part of the Sankara Nethralaya Tamil Nadu Essilor Myopia (STEM) study, which investigated the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for myopia among children in South India. Children from two schools aged 5 to 15 years, with no ocular abnormalities and whose parents gave informed consent for cycloplegic refraction were included in the study. All the children underwent visual acuity assessment (Pocket Vision Screener, Elite school of Optometry, India), followed by non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic (1% tropicamide) open-field autorefraction (Grand Seiko, WAM-5500). A total of 387 children were included in the study, of whom 201 were boys. The mean (SD) age of the children was 12.2 (±2.1) years. Overall, the mean difference between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) open-field autorefraction measures was 0.34 D (limits of agreement (LOA), 1.06 D to −0.38 D). For myopes, the mean difference between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic SE was 0.13 D (LOA, 0.63D to −0.36D). The prevalence of myopia was 12% (95% CI, 8% to 15%) using the threshold of cycloplegic SE ≤ −0.50 D, and was 14% (95% CI, 11% to 17%) with SE ≤ −0.50 D using non-cycloplegic refraction. When myopia was defined as SE of ≤−0.75 D under non-cycloplegic conditions, there was no difference between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic open-field autorefraction prevalence estimates (12%; 95% CI, 8% to 15%; p = 1.00). Overall, non-cycloplegic refraction underestimates hyperopia and overestimates myopia; but for subjects with myopia, this difference is minimal and not clinically significant. A threshold of SE ≤ −0.75 D agrees well for the estimation of myopia prevalence among children when using non-cycloplegic refraction and is comparable with the standard definition of cycloplegic myopic refraction of SE ≤ −0.50 D.

Effect of Thioridazine on Phenytoin Serum Concentration: A Retrospective Study

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Sands ◽  
J. Daniel Robinson ◽  
Ronald B. Salem ◽  
Ronald B. Stewart ◽  
Carlos Muniz
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinically Significant

Serum Phenytoin concentrations before and after the addition of thioridazine were retrospectively compared in 27 adults to determine if an interaction occurred between these two drugs. A change in the serum phenytoin concentration of ± 4 μg/ml was considered clinically significant; by this definition four patients (14.8 percent) had an increase, two (7.4 percent) had a decrease, and most (77.8 percent) demonstrated no change. The mean difference was 0.8 μg/ml ± 3.7 μg/ml and was not found to be statistically significant (p < 0.1). Clinically important alterations in phenytoin serum concentration as caused by thioridazine appear to be infrequent.

scholarly journals A comparative study to determine intermittent versus continuous phototherapy for reducing neonatal hyperbilirubinemia at tertiary care hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2287
Author(s):  
Diksha Suri ◽  
Krithika A. P. ◽  
R. Somasekar
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia ◽  
Serum Total Bilirubin ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sensory Neural

Background: Phototherapy is safe and effective in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Despite its worldwide application, questions regarding methods of optimizing efficacy remain unanswered, turning the infant is believed to be one of the methods to improve. Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is associated with kernicterus, condition characterized by athetoid spasticity, gaze and visual abnormalities, and sensory-neural hearing loss. It may also be associated with mental retardation. Aim of this study was conducted to compare the efficacy of intermittent with continuous phototherapy.Methods: Study was conducted in 100 neonates from February 2018 to July 2018 in Sree Balaji medical college and hospital. Inclusion criteria were weight >2000 grams, absence of other concomitant diseases, and hyperbilirubinemia not requiring exchange transfusion. The neonates were randomly divided into two groups. Continuous phototherapy group received phototherapy on and off for 2 hours and half an hour respectively and the intermittent phototherapy group on and then off for one hour. Serum total bilirubin levels were measured in every 36 hours.Results: Mean age of the patients was 3.89±1.83(p=.91) days, mean baseline bilirubin was 17.56mg/dl±1.42 (p=0.36), while the mean follow-up bilirubin was 12.85mg/dl±1.65 (p=.95), and the mean difference between the baseline and follow-up bilirubin was 4.7 mg/dl±1.19 (p=.32). For group A and B babies, the mean difference between the baseline and follow-up bilirubin was 4.78 mg/dl±1.20 (p=.32) and 4.63mg/dl±1.18(p=0.32) respectively. The difference between the mean age, mean baseline bilirubin, mean follow-up bilirubin, and the mean decrease in bilirubin for both the groups was statistically not significant.Conclusions: Intermittent and continuous phototherapies were found to be equally effective for reducing neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

scholarly journals Sirius Scheimpflug–Placido versus ultrasound pachymetry for central corneal thickness: meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yili Jin ◽  
Colm McAlinden ◽  
Yong Sun ◽  
Daizong Wen ◽  
Yiran Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Corneal Thickness ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Ultrasound Pachymetry ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Clinically Significant

Abstract Background To compare the difference in central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements in normal eyes between a rotating Scheimpflug camera combined with a Placido-disk corneal topographer (Sirius, CSO, Italy) and ultrasound pachymetry (USP). Methods A systematic literature search was conducted for relevant studies published on PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to August 1st, 2019. Primary outcome measures were CCT measurements between Sirius and USP. A random effects model was used to pool CCT measurements. Results A total of twelve studies involving 862 eyes were included in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis found CCT measurements between Sirius and USP to be statistically significantly different (P < 0.0001). The mean difference between Sirius and USP was −11.26 μm with a 95% confidence interval (CI) (−16.92 μm, −5.60 μm). The heterogeneity was I2 = 60% (P = 0.004). Conclusion CCT measurements with the Sirius Scheimpflug-Placido topographer were statistically significantly lower than USP. However, it may be argued that the mean difference of 11.26 μm is not a clinically significant difference.

scholarly journals Clinical Reliability of Point-of-Care Glucose Testing in Critically Ill Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Kylie Pilackas ◽  
Seraj El-Oshar ◽  
Chris Carter
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Testing ◽  
Capillary Glucose ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinically Significant

Background: Point-of-care (POC) glucometers are commonly used in intensive care units (ICUs). The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services have called into question the accuracy of POC glucometers in critically ill patients. This study sought to identify specific characteristics within our facility’s ICU patients that were associated with inaccuracies in POC glucose measurements. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study that compared POC capillary blood glucose samples with venous samples collected in our ICU. All nonpregnant patients >18 years old admitted to the ICU with orders for daily laboratory testing that included blood glucose were eligible for inclusion. Results: A total of 46 patients were enrolled and 85 samples were collected. The mean difference between venous and POC samples was 5.23 mg/dL (95% CI, 3.16-7.3 mg/dL). Measurement inaccuracies would have altered treatment in 7/85 instances (8.2%). The only clinically significant inaccuracy found was the omission of 2 units of insulin in 1 hyperglycemic patient. Measurement inconsistencies generally underestimated low blood glucose values (2/2 instances) and overestimated high blood glucose values (4/5 instances). Conclusions: In our study, the mean difference between venous and POC glucose samples was small. Similarly, measurement inaccuracies that would have altered treatment were rare and only one instance was deemed clinically significant. We conclude that POC capillary glucose testing within our cohort and in similar critically ill patients is likely safe and effective.

Comparison of Fluorine(18)-fluorodeoxyglucose and Gallium(68)-citrate PET/CT in patients with tuberculosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (05) ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Alfred O. Ankrah ◽  
Ismaheel O. Lawal ◽  
Tebatso M.G. Boshomane ◽  
Hans C. Klein ◽  
Thomas Ebenhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
The Mean ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gallium 68 ◽  
Attending Physician ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain

Abstract 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate PET/CT have both been shown to be useful in the management of tuberculosis (TB). We compared the abnormal PET findings of 18F-FDG- and 68Ga-citrate-PET/CT in patients with TB. Methods Patients with TB on anti-TB therapy were included. Patients had a set of PET scans consisting of both 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate. Abnormal lesions were identified, and the two sets of scans were compared. The scan findings were correlated to the clinical data as provided by the attending physician. Results 46 PET/CT scans were performed in 18 patients, 11 (61 %) were female, and the mean age was 35.7 ± 13.5 years. Five patients also had both studies for follow-up reasons during the use of anti-TB therapy. Thirteen patients were co-infected with HIV. 18F-FDG detected more lesions than 68Ga-citrate (261 vs. 166, p < 0.0001). 68Ga-citrate showed a better definition of intracerebral lesions due to the absence of tracer uptake in the brain. The mean SUVmax was higher for 18F-FDG compared to 68Ga-citrate (5.73 vs. 3.01, p < 0.0001). We found a significant correlation between the SUVmax of lesions that were determined by both tracers (r = 0.4968, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Preliminary data shows 18F-FDG-PET detects more abnormal lesions in TB compared to 68Ga-citrate. However, 68Ga-citrate has better lesion definition in the brain and is therefore especially useful when intracranial TB is suspected.

Immunologic Assessment of Patients Treated with Bovine Fibrin as a Hemostatic Agent

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (06) ◽  
pp. 0925-0931 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F Carroll ◽  
Keith A Moskowitz ◽  
Niloo M Edwards ◽  
Thomas J Hickey ◽  
Eric A Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Human Fibrinogen ◽  
Bovine Thrombin ◽  
Thrombotic Complications ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinically Significant

SummaryTwenty-one cardiothoracic surgical patients have been treated with fibrin as a topical hemostatic/sealing agent, prepared from bovine fibrinogen clotted with bovine thrombin. Serum samples have been collected before treatment with fibrin and postoperatively between 1 and 9 days, 3 and 12 weeks, and 6 and 8 months. The titers of anti-bovine fibrinogen antibodies, measured by ELISA specific for immunoglobulins IgG or IgM, increased to maximal values after about 8 or 6 weeks, respectively. After 8 months, IgG titers were on average 20-fold lower than the mean maximal value, while IgM titers returned to the normal range. IgG was the predominant anti-bovine fibrinogen immunoglobulin as documented by ELISA, affinity chromatography and electrophoresis. Anti-bovine fibrinogen antibodies present in patients reacted readily with bovine fibrinogen, but did not cross-react with human fibrinogen as measured by ELISA or by immunoelectrophoresis. A significant amount of antibodies against bovine thrombin and factor V has been found, many cross-reacting with the human counterparts. No hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications, or clinically significant allergic reactions, occurred in any patient, in spite of antibody presence against some bovine and human coagulation factors. The treatment of patients with bovine fibrin, without induction of immunologic response against human fibrinogen, appeared to be an effective topical hemostatic/sealing measure.

The specifics of mergers and acquisitions of innovative and technological companies

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1186-1204
Author(s):  
A.V. Fedorov ◽  
Zh.S. Peredera
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Technology Sector ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Innovation And Technology ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Subject. The article reviews distinctions of M&A deals in innovation and technology. Objectives. We determine the specifics of innovative and technological companies and its impact on the synergy, process, finance, valuation of M&A deals. Methods. The article employs methods of generalization, comprehensive analysis, systematization, specification, comparison, study into trends and the structure. Graphics and tables are used to display the findings. Results. We conducted the content analysis of the term Mergers & Acquisitions, thus finding the divergence of foreign and the Russian approaches. We provide our own definition of the concept and analyzed the dynamics of the overall M&A market and the innovation and technological sector. The article describes operational distinctions of innovative and technological companies and compares them with conventional sectors. The article determined the specifics of synergy, process, finance, valuation of M&A deals in innovation and technology. Conclusions and Relevance. The innovation and technology sector saw M&A deals become more frequent for the recent five years. What distinguishes them is the number of startups and infant businesses, large M&A deals in order to develop their ecosystems, involve digital technology companies. Traditional approaches should be adapted for structuring M&A deals, their arrangement, financing and valuation of target companies. The findings can lay the groundwork for further studies into the specifics of the innovation and technology sector, M&A deals, and set up the methodological framework for the valuation of innovative and technological companies. The findings can also immediately support parties of M&A deals from theoretical perspectives.

Developing capital accounting practices in the integrated reporting system of agricultural organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 906-921
Author(s):  
R.A. Alborov ◽  
S.M. Kontsevaya ◽  
S.V. Kozmenkova
Keyword(s):  
Original Method ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Agricultural Organizations ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Agricultural Organization

Subject. This article deals with the theory-and practice-relevant issues of classification and content definition of different types of capital used as sources of operations financing, and recommendations for developing their accounting in agricultural organizations. Objectives. The article aims to substantiate the organizational and methodological aspects of capital accounting development to generate information on value reserve and creation of value as new in the organization's integrated reporting. The article also aims to define the classification and content of capital types as sources of financing for the organization's activities and develop recommendations for developing the accounting of the availability, increase, reduction or transformation of the relevant types of capital in the organization's business activities. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy, and comparison. The scientific works of domestic specialists and regulations, including the International Standard on Integrated Reporting (IR) are the methodological basis of this work. Results. The article defines conceptual provisions and offers practical recommendations on the set-up and development of capital flow accounting in the corporate governance system of the agricultural organization. It clarifies the classification and economic content of capital as a source of funding for the organization's reproduction activities. The article also offers an original method of accounting for the value reserve (balances) and capital changes. Conclusions and Relevance. The practical application of the developed recommendations for value accounting and capital changes will help generate all the necessary information in the integrated reporting of the agricultural organization to assess its reserves of value, create value as new, economic, environmental, and social efficiency of the organization's activities. The results of the study can be used to develop the theory, methodology and techniques of accounting of capital types as sources of financing of value creation as a result of the agricultural organization's business activities.

M. V. Nadkarni. Farmer's Movements in India. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1987.237 pp.,Price: (hardbound edition) Rupees (Indian) 100.00.

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-335
Author(s):  
Khwaja Sarmad
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Agricultural Price

This book is a comprehensive analysis of farmers' movements in India with a focus on the movements in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Punjab and Karnatka. It examines the economic, social and political aspects of the farmers' struggle for a better deal within regional and national perspectives and evaluates the potential impact of these struggles on economic development in general, and on rural development, in particular. In a most competent way the author has presented the current state of the debate on the subject. He deals exhaustively with the subject of agricultural price policy and argues against the proposition that favourable price-setting for farm products is adequate to alleviate rural poverty. A better way to tackle this problem is to improve the per capita output in the rural sector, since the root cause of the problem is not unfavourable terms of trade but the increasing proportion of land holdings, which are economically not viable. Agricultural price policy is analyzed within the context of class relations, which enables to establish a link between the economic and political demands of the farmers. This analysis leads the author to conclude, that in contrast with the peasants' movements in India, which helped to break up the feudal agrarian set-up, the recent farmers' movements, with a few exceptions, have little revolutionary content. Their leadership has been appropriated by the rich landowners, who have transformed the movements into a lobby for advancing their own interests, within the existing power structure, to the neglect of the poorer peasantry.

scholarly journals Do we need to improve the reporting of evidence in tendinopathy management? A critical appraisal of systematic reviews with recommendations on strength of evidence assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000920
Author(s):  
Dimitris Challoumas ◽  
Neal L Millar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Cochrane Collaboration ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Strength Of Evidence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Cochrane Collaboration

ObjectiveTo critically appraise the quality of published systematic reviews (SRs) of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in tendinopathy with regard to handling and reporting of results with special emphasis on strength of evidence assessment.Data sourcesMedline from inception to June 2020.Study eligibilityAll SRs of RCTs assessing the effectiveness of any intervention(s) on any location of tendinopathy.Data extraction and synthesisIncluded SRs were appraised with the use of a 12-item tool devised by the authors arising from the Preferred Reporting Items in Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and other relevant guidance. Subgroup analyses were performed based on impact factor (IF) of publishing journals and date of publication.ResultsA total of 57 SRs were included published in 38 journals between 2006 and 2020. The most commonly used risk-of-bias (RoB) assessment tool and strength of evidence assessment tool were the Cochrane Collaboration RoB tool and the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group tool, respectively. The mean score on the appraisal tool was 46.5% (range 0%–100%). SRs published in higher IF journals (>4.7) were associated with a higher mean score than those in lower IF journals (mean difference 26.4%±8.8%, p=0.004). The mean score of the 10 most recently published SRs was similar to that of the first 10 published SRs (mean difference 8.3%±13.7%, p=0.54). Only 23 SRs (40%) used the results of their RoB assessment in data synthesis and more than half (n=30; 50%) did not assess the strength of evidence of their results. Only 12 SRs (21%) assessed their strength of evidence appropriately.ConclusionsIn light of the poor presentation of evidence identified by our review, we provide recommendations to increase transparency and reproducibility in future SRs.

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