scholarly journals Studies on the Content of Selected Technology Critical Elements (Germanium, Tellurium and Thallium) in Electronic Waste

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3722
Author(s):  
Joanna Willner ◽  
Agnieszka Fornalczyk ◽  
Magdalena Jablonska-Czapla ◽  
Katarzyna Grygoyc ◽  
Marzena Rachwal
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Weee Recycling ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
And Migration

The article draws attention to the problem of the presence of metals: germanium (Ge), tellurium (Te), thallium (Tl), and others (Cd, Ba, Co, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn) in selected waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). As a result of the growing demand for new technologies, the global consumption of TECs has also been increasing. Thus, the amount of metals in circulation, of which the impacts on the environment have not yet been fully understood, is constantly increasing. Due to the low content of these metals in WEEE, they are usually ignored during e-waste analyses. The main aim of this study was to determine the distribution of Ge, Te, and Tl (and other elements) in ground sieve fractions (1.0, 0.5, 0.2, and 0.1 mm) of selected electronic components (solar lamps, solar cell, LED TV screens, LCD screens, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors) and to determine the possible tendency of the concentrations of these metals in fractions. This problem is particularly important because WEEE recycling processes (crushing, grinding, and even collection and transport operations) can lead to dispersion and migration of TCE pollutants into the environment. The quantitative composition of e-waste was identified and confirmed by ICP-MS, ICP-OES and SEM-EDS, and XRD analyses. It was found that Ge, Te, and Tl are concentrated in the finest fractions of ground e-waste, together with Cd and Cr, which may favor the migration of these pollutants in the form of dust during storage and processing of e-waste.

AI and Migration Management

2020 ◽  
pp. 768-787
Author(s):  
Petra Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Privacy Rights ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Development Technology ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Right

This chapter focuses on how technologies used in the management of migration—such as automated decision-making in immigration and refugee applications and artificial intelligence (AI) lie detectors—impinge on human rights with little international regulation, arguing that this lack of regulation is deliberate, as states single out the migrant population as a viable testing ground for new technologies. Making migrants more trackable and intelligible justifies the use of more technology and data collection under the guide of national security, or even under tropes of humanitarianism and development. Technology is not inherently democratic, and human rights impacts are particularly important to consider in humanitarian and forced migration contexts. An international human rights law framework is particularly useful for codifying and recognizing potential harms, because technology and its development are inherently global and transnational. Ultimately, more oversight and issue specific accountability mechanisms are needed to safeguard fundamental rights of migrants, such as freedom from discrimination, privacy rights, and procedural justice safeguards, such as the right to a fair decision maker and the rights of appeal.

scholarly journals Comparison of Serum, Plasma, and Liver Zinc Measurements by AAS, ICP-OES, and ICP-MS in Diverse Laboratory Settings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G. Hall ◽  
Janet C. King ◽  
Christine M. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Plasma Zinc ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Percent Error ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Standardized Method

AbstractProgress improving zinc nutrition globally is slowed by limited understanding of population zinc status. This challenge is compounded when small differences in measurement can bias the determination of zinc deficiency rates. Our objective was to evaluate zinc analytical accuracy and precision among different instrument types and sample matrices using a standardized method. Participating laboratories analyzed zinc content of plasma, serum, liver samples, and controls, using a standardized method based on current practice. Instrument calibration and drift were evaluated using a zinc standard. Accuracy was evaluated by percent error vs. reference, and precision by coefficient of variation (CV). Seven laboratories in 4 countries running 9 instruments completed the exercise: 4 atomic absorbance spectrometers (AAS), 1 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), and 4 ICP mass spectrometers (ICP-MS). Calibration differed between individual instruments up to 18.9% (p < 0.001). Geometric mean (95% CI) percent error was 3.5% (2.3%, 5.2%) and CV was 2.1% (1.7%, 2.5%) overall. There were no significant differences in percent error or CV among instrument types (p = 0.91, p = 0.15, respectively). Among sample matrices, serum and plasma zinc measures had the highest CV: 4.8% (3.0%, 7.7%) and 3.9% (2.9%, 5.4%), respectively (p < 0.05). When using standardized materials and methods, similar zinc concentration values, accuracy, and precision were achieved using AAS, ICP-OES, or ICP-MS. However, method development is needed for improvement in serum and plasma zinc measurement precision. Differences in calibration among instruments demonstrate a need for harmonization among laboratories.

scholarly journals Arsenic quantification techniques and ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (14) ◽  
pp. 803-817
Author(s):  
Jefferson Luiz Antunes Santos ◽  
Jader Galba Busato ◽  
Rodrigo de Almeida Heringer ◽  
Juscimar da Silva ◽  
Leonardo Barros Dobbss
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Hydride Generation ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms

The importance of arsenic (As) quantification in environmental compartments is due to its risks to ecosystems and public health. There are reports of high concentrations of this metalloid in Brazil and technological differences between states are observed. The objective of this work was to present and discuss current scenarios of accreditation and compare the limit of quantification (LOQ) of As by analytical technique in Brazil. Data from accredited laboratories were collected on Inmetro website and in state metrological networks and then grouped and analyzed by state, matrix and analytical technique. There are large discrepancies between the number of laboratories per state and a good correlation with gross domestic product (GDP). Almost all laboratories have a LOQ less than the environmental limits. The observed list of techniques sorted from lowest to highest LOQ values is: for liquid samples ICP MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ET AAS (electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry), HG AAS (hydride generation combined with atomic absorption spectrometry) or HG ICP OES (hydride generation combined with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) and UV VIS (visible ultraviolet spectroscopy); for solids samples HG ICP OES, ICP MS, HG AAS, ET AAS and FAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometry); and for bioindicators ICP MS, HG ICP OES. Analysis of As species is accredited in only one laboratory, but does not include all species.

scholarly journals Methodological study of extraction procedures applied to urban particulate matter

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jirina Sysalova ◽  
Jirina Szakova ◽  
Walter Goessler ◽  
Jana Tremlova
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Methodological Study ◽  
Species Occurrence ◽  
Air Filters ◽  
Extraction Procedures ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure has been applied to two different samples of urban particulate matters (PM). The distribution of selected trace elements As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn was investigated and, in a comparative study, the presence of common organic air filters in extraction procedures was evaluated. Analytes in separate fractions were determined by ICP-OES and GFAAS, respectively, depending on concentration levels. While, due to air filters, a significant increase of some analytes mobility in individual fractions has been observed in case of the jet-milled PM (tunnel Letna), but in case of the PKC sample such effect was not found. The analyte impurities built in some filters has been tested, and the impact on the reliability of analyte results has been discussed. The arsenic species occurrence and their stability in presence of air filters (size 47 mm) were investigated in both urban PM samples as well, using HPLC-ICP-MS technique. Water soluble and by three-step BCR procedure extractable arsenic forms are shown in chromatograms

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