scholarly journals Effect of the Mechanical Load on the Carbonation of Concrete: A Review of the Underlying Mechanisms, Test Methods, and Results

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4407
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Liu ◽  
Philip Van den Heede ◽  
Nele De Belie
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Sustained Load ◽  
Load Compensation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Concrete Deterioration ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Loading Devices

As one of the major causes of concrete deterioration, the carbonation of concrete has been widely investigated over recent decades. In recent years, the effect of mechanical load on carbonation has started to attract more attention. The load-induced variations in crack pattern and pore structure have a significant influence on CO2 transport which determines the carbonation rate. With different types of load, the number, orientation, and position of the induced cracks can be different, which will lead to different carbonation patterns. In this review paper, the carbonation in cracked and stress-damaged concrete is discussed first. Then, literature about the effect of sustained load during carbonation is compared in terms of load type and load level. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of possible test methods for investigating the effect of sustained load on carbonation are discussed with respect to loading devices, load compensation, and specimen size.

Application and Patent of Static Mixer in Plastic Processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihao Zhen ◽  
Jiankang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Development Trend ◽  
Polymer Processing ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Static Mixer ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Static Mixers ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Plastic Processing ◽  
Different Types

Background: With the improvement of the properties of plastic products, people gradually realize that the mixing capacity of extruders cannot meet the requirements of fully mixing materials, especially for nano-composites, colored products. In order to improve the mixing level of materials, static mixers are widely used. Researchers developed different types of static mixers to meet the purpose of homogenizing different materials. The mixed materials can achieve different level of mixing with different types of static mixers, which provided a favorable research condition to study the change of the properties of the mixed materials Objective: The structure, properties and the research progress of different static mixers in plastic processing were reviewed. Objective: This paper reviews the research progress of different types of static mixers in polymer processing, including the improvement of processing equipment, processing methods and static mixers, and expounds the influence of different types of static mixers and different processing methods on polymers Methods: The paper reviews various patents and research developments about the structure of different types of static mixers, and the application of static mixers in plastic processing. It also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of patented technologies from the aspects of internal structure, micro-morphology, test methods, and equipment cost Results: Through the application of static mixer in plastic processing, the current and future development trend of static mixer in plastic processing is put forward to improve the quality and properties of composites Conclusion: Static mixers are widely used to improve the performance of mixtures. In recent years, there are many researches on the application of static mixer to improve the morphology, appearance and mechanical properties of polymer composites, blends as well as foams. The patents and technologies about static mixer provide some good references for improving the properties of multicomponent materials. It is still difficult to improve the properties of some mixtures. In order to further strengthen the properties of composite materials, better methods and equipment about static mixers are needed

scholarly journals Deterioration and Protection of Concrete Elements Embedded in Contaminated Soil: A Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3253
Author(s):  
Ginneth Patricia Millán Ramírez ◽  
Hubert Byliński ◽  
Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Concrete Deterioration ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Concrete Elements

Coating materials are considered one of the most antique materials of human civilization; they have been used for decoration and the protection of surfaces for millennia. Concrete structures—due to their permanent exposure to different types of environments and contaminants—require the use of coatings that contribute to its preservation by reducing the corrosion of its components (steel and aggregates). This article intends to introduce the principal causes of concrete deterioration and the coating materials used to protect concrete structures, including a summary of the coating types, their advantages and disadvantages, and the latest developments and applications. Furthermore, this paper also assesses brief information about the potential challenges in the production of eco-friendly coating materials.

MODERN EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINING TRACTOR-SPEED PROPERTIES OF THE VEHICLE: CHARACTERISTICS’ ANALYSIS IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
N. V. Savenkov ◽  
V. V. Ponyakin ◽  
S. A. Chekulaev ◽  
V. V. Butenko
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Force Transfer ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Loading Devices ◽  
Structural Solutions

Introduction. At present, stands with running drums are widely used for various types of tests. Power stands play a special role. Such stands take the mechanical power from the driving wheels of the car. This simulates the process of movement of the vehicle under operating conditions. Such equipment has various designs, principles of operation and performance. It is also used in tests that are different by purpose, development stages and types: research, control, certification, etc. Therefore, it is necessary in order to determine the traction-speed, fuel-efficient and environmental performance characteristics.Materials and methods. The paper provides the overview of the power stands with running drums, which are widespread on the domestic market. The authors carried out the analysis of the main structural solutions: schemes of force transfer between the wheel and the drum; types of loading devices; transmission layout schemes and features of the control and measuring complex. The authors also considered corresponding advantages and disadvantages, recommended spheres of application, demonstrated parameters and characteristics of the units’ workflow, presented components and equipment.Discussion and conclusions. The authors critically evaluate existing models of stands with running drums. Such information is useful for choosing serial models of stands and for developing technical tasks for designing or upgrading the equipment.

Studies on Chemical Methods to Expose Gate/Tunnel Oxide and Identification of Gate/Tunnel Oxide Defects in Wafer Fabrication

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. N. Hua ◽  
G. B. Ang ◽  
S. Redkar ◽  
Yogaspari ◽  
Wilma Richter
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Wafer Fabrication ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Capacitor Structure ◽  
Oxide Defects ◽  
Buffer Oxide Etchant ◽  
Etch Time

Abstract In failure analysis of wafer fabrication, currently, three different types of chemical methods including 6:6:1 (Acetic Acid/HNO3/HF), NaOH and Choline are used in removing polysilicon (poly) layer and exposing the gate/tunnel oxide underneath. However, usage is limited due to their disadvantages. For example, 6:6:1 is a relatively fast etchant, but it is difficult to control the etch time and keep the oxide layer intact. Also, while using NaOH to remove poly and expose the silicon oxide, the solution needs to be heated. It is also difficult to etch a poly layer with a WSix or a CoSix silicide using NaOH. In this paper, we will discuss these 3 etchants in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. We will then introduce a new poly etchant, called HB91. HB91 is useful for removing poly to expose the gate/tunnel oxide for identification of related defects. HB91 is actually a mixture of two chemicals namely nitric acid (HNO3) and buffer oxide etchant (BOE) in a 9:1 ratio. The experimental results show that it is highly selective in poly removal with respect to the gate/tunnel oxide and is a suitable poly etchant especially for removing polysilicon with/without WSix and CoSix in the large capacitor structure. Application results of this poly etchant (HB91) will be presented.

scholarly journals Antitumor Activity of Protons and Molecular Hydrogen: Underlying Mechanisms

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
Luc Rochette ◽  
Marianne Zeller ◽  
Yves Cottin ◽  
Catherine Vergely
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Particle Therapy ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Proton Beam Radiotherapy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Understanding the structure and dynamics of the various hydrogen forms has been a subject of numerous studies. Protons (H+) and molecular hydrogen (H2) in the cell are critical in a wide variety of processes. A new cancer treatment uses H2, a biologically inactive gas. Due to its small molecular weight, H2 can rapidly penetrate cell membranes and reach subcellular components to protect nuclear DNA and mitochondria. H2 reduces oxidative stress, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and acts as a modulator of apoptosis. Exogenous H2, administered by inhalation, drinking H2-rich water, or injecting H2-rich saline solution, is a protective therapy that can be used in multiple diseases, including cancer. In particle therapy, cyclotrons and synchrotrons are the accelerators currently used to produce protons. Proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) offers great promise for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers due to the sharp decrease in the dose of radiation at a defined point. In these conditions, H2 and different types of H2 donors may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment.

Analysis of the Test Method of Quartz Glass Optical Homogeneity

2017 ◽  
Vol 726 ◽  
pp. 414-418
Author(s):  
Bo Fu ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Zhu Feng Shao
Keyword(s):  
Quartz Glass ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Wavefront Aberration ◽  
Optical Homogeneity ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Interference Measurement ◽  
Optical Quartz Glass

The optical quartz glass is widely applied in optical system , photo communications，inertial navigation，etc.It must have high optical homogeneity. Optical homogeneity of the optical quartz glass directly affects the wavefront quality of the optical transmission system, and changes the wavefront aberration of the system. How to accurately determine the optical homogeneity of the quartz glass is especially important. Currently，the method of test for optical homogeneity mainly used by interference principle. This paper analyzes various existing interference measurement method and test equipment. Summarized the advantages and disadvantages of various test methods，using range and measurement accuracy.

Lexical-Grammatical Status and Lexicographic Presentation of Two-Component Stable Prepositional Combinations

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Elena V. Generalova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Summary Table ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Dictionary Entry ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Unresolved Question ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Theoretical Issues

The aim of the article is to review the ways of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations and the factors essential for their lexical-grammatical status and the type of optimal lexicographic description. The object of the study is twocomponent prepositional combinations with stable meanings and the “preposition+noun” structure. The material of the article is data of different dictionaries of Russian presenting stable prepositional combinations. In the course of the study, the following questions were answered: why the definition and interpretation of the lexical-grammatical nature of stable prepositional combinations are so difficult and ambiguous; what lexicographic interpretation these units have in dictionaries of different types; what the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of dictionary interpretation of such language material are. The following methods were used: introspective (observation, generalization, classification), systematic lexicographic description according to dictionary parameters, dictionary definition analysis. The summary table of the lexicographic presentation of stable combinations allows seeing both the unresolved question of dictionary interpretation of such units and the patterns of their interpretation depending on the type of a dictionary. As a result of the analysis the following conclusions were drawn. 1) In modern Russian there is a rather large (about 2,000 units) class of language units (prepositional combinations), the lexical-grammatical status of which is not defined, and there is no term for their definition; this class is historically formed and continues to replenish. 2) The type of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations is determined by the dictionary concept, grammatical and syntactic properties, presence of figurative meaning and possibility of component variation of such combinations. 3) The unresolved theoretical issues have as a result the lexicographic discrepancy in the presentation of these language units. Extreme lexicographic solutions are a separate dictionary entry for each combination and the presentation of such units only as stable combinations in the entry of a noun (presented in academic explanatory dictionaries). 4) Taking into account only the factor of presence/absence of a gap seems to formalize the dictionary presentation of adverbs with both conjoined and split spelling, really existing in Russian, and the position of recognition of these units with independent words and their isolate presentation is not impeccable for dictionary users. 5) In the author’s opinion, the presentation of stable prepositional combinations exclusively as independent vocabules is inferior to the traditional lexicographic approach because the isolated presentation of this material breaks the semantic connections of these complex lexical units; the most complex issue is the differentiation of adverbs with split spelling and stable combinations.

Udziały jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w podatkach państwowych

Studia BAS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (65) ◽  
pp. 147-169
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wójtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Final Section ◽  
National Income ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Local Revenue ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fiscal Efficiency ◽  
Tax Sharing ◽  
Basic Features

The aim of this paper is to explore the rationale for the reform of the shares of local government units (LGUs) in national income taxes in Poland as well as to evaluate the selected proposals for changes in this area. The paper begins by outlining the definition and the basic features of tax sharing in the context of fiscal federalism. The next section provides an overview of the tax shares operating in some OECD countries. The main part of the article focuses on the key principles of the tax sharing system in Poland. The author briefly examines the fiscal efficiency of this source of local revenue in different types of Polish LGUs and the most significant dysfunctions of Polish local tax shares. The final section investigates the most important proposals for the reform of tax sharing and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.

Introduction of FECs and its Applications on Internet & Wireless Communications

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 1776-1780
Author(s):  
Yan Ma ◽  
Chun Lan Ma
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Error Correction Coding ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Coding Method ◽  
Different Types

This article focuses on FECs which is an error correction coding method and its applications in Internet and wireless communications. First, this article begins with the principles and the types of FECs. Then some typical applications n Internet and Wireless communications for each type of FECs are outlined. The next step is a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages between different types of FECs.

Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Pastes

2011 ◽  
Vol 338 ◽  
pp. 396-400
Author(s):  
Bao Guo Ma ◽  
Hui Xian Wang ◽  
Jian Huang ◽  
Liu Qing Song
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Cement Paste ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
General Study ◽  
Self Compacting Concrete ◽  
Cement Pastes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Over Time

This paper provides a general study on cement paste flow which derived from self- compacting concretes. Rheometer, Marsh cone and mini-slump cone were used to evaluate fluidity of cement pastes containing superplasticizers of different types and dosages and loss of fluidity over time. There is a superplasticizer saturation dosage beyond which no significant fluidity increase can be found. This paper evaluated the effect of these three methods using rheometer as control and the optimum superplasticizer type for the preparation of self-compacting concrete was suggested.

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