Larch Bark as a Formaldehyde Scavenger in Thermal Insulation Panels

The aim of this study is to investigate the formaldehyde content and emissions of bark-based insulation panels bonded with three types of adhesives: urea formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and tannin-based adhesives. These panels were produced at two levels of density—300 and 500 kg/m3—and a thickness of 20 mm, and the influence of the adhesive amount and type on the formaldehyde emissions and content was measured. Other mechanical and physical properties such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, and dimensional stability were also scrutinized. With one exception, all the panels belonged to the super E0 classification for free formaldehyde content (perforator value ≤1.5 mg/100 g oven dry mass of panels). The measurements using the desiccator method for formaldehyde emissions assigned all the testing specimens in the F **** category for low-emission panels according to the Japanese International Standards.

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SIFAT PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI SERAT TANDAN KOSONG SAWIT DAN SERBUK KAYU DENGAN PEREKAT UREA FORMALDEHIDA (The Properties of Particle Board from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Fiber Sawdust with Urea Formaldehyde Resin)

Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan ◽

10.24111/jrihh.v8i1.2062 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Djoko Purwanto

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Internal Bond Strength ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Particle Board ◽

Palm Fiber ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Screw Withdrawal

A palm oil mill with a capacity of hundred thousand tons of fresh fruit bunches per year will produce palm fiber waste about 12,000 tons. Recently, the use of palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fiber is as fuel for electricity generation in the industry. Palm fiber waste contains lignocellulose materials as a feedstock to particle board manufacture. The aim of this research is to evaluate the properties of particle board from a mixture of OPEFB fiber and sawdust. The ratio of OPEFB fiber and sawdust are 100% : 0%; 75% : 25%; 50% : 50%; 25% : 75% and 0% : 100%, plus urea formaldehyde adhesive in a concentration of 11%. The boards were pressed using a clamp pressure of 16 kg/cm2 for 15 minutes at a temperature of 110 – 120 0C. The testing methods and standards of physical properties (moisture contents, thickness swelling, density) and mechanical (modulus of elasticity/MOE, modulus of rupture/MOR, screw withdrawal and internal bond strengths) refers to the SNI. 03 – 2105 - 2006. The results showed that the particle board made from 100% OPEFB fiber produces modulus of elasticity/MOE 1594.88 kg/cm2; modulus of rupture/MOR 18.08 kg/cm2; screw withdrawal 31.34 kg/cm2 and internal bond strength 0.86 kg/cm2. The addition of sawdust for 50% can improve modulus of elasticity/MOE, modulus of rupture/MOR and internal bond strength.

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Sifat Fisis dan Mekanis Papan Partikel Limbah Kulit Buah Kakao Berpenguat Batang Kayu Jabon

PRISMA FISIKA ◽

10.26418/pf.v8i1.40163 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Tiwuk Wulandari ◽

Asifa Asri ◽

Irfana Diah Faryuni

Keyword(s):

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Modulus Of Rupture

Penelitian ini memanfaatkan limbah kulit buah kakao sebagai bahan baku pembuatan papan partikel. Untuk memperbaiki sifat fisis dan mekanis dari papan partikel ini, ditambahkan batang kayu jabon yang berperan sebagai penguat. Pabrikasi papan partikel berukuran 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm diawali dengan pencampuran bahan baku, urea formaldehyde (UF), parafin, dan katalis. Kemudian bahan-bahan tersebut di kempa dengan tekanan 30 N/cm2 pada suhu 150°C selama 8 menit. Dilakukan 7 variasi komposisi massa antara kulit buah kakao dan batang kayu jabon secara berturut-turut adalah 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, dan 0:100. Papan partikel diuji melalui uji fisis yaitu kerapatan, kadar air, pengembangan tebal dan uji mekanis yaitu modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond (IB), kuat pegang sekrup. Hasil pengujian papan partikel mengacu pada standar JIS A 5908:2003. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, nilai kerapatan sudah memenuhi standar dengan interval nilai 0,760 g/cm3 sampai 0,855 g/cm3. Setelah penambahan batang kayu jabon, sifat fisis dan mekanis mengalami peningkatan kualitas dibandingkan dengan papan partikel tanpa batang kayu jabon. Nilai kadar air dan pengembangan tebal menurun seiring dengan penambahan penguat. Begitu juga dengan nilai MOE, MOR, IB, dan kuat pegang sekrup semakin meningkat saat kuantitas penguat semakin banyak.Kata Kunci : batang kayu jabon, kulit buah kakao, papan partikel, dan penguat.

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The influence of defibration pressure and fibres drying parameters on the properties of HDF made with recovered fibres

Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.7354 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 143-159

Author(s):

Conrad M. Sala ◽

Grzegorz Kowaluk

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Temperature Influence ◽

Drying Process ◽

Formaldehyde Content ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

High Level

Defibration pressure and fibres drying parameters influence on the HDF properties made with recovered fibres. The objective of this study was to investigate the defibration pressure and fibres drying process parameters (influence on the mechanical, physical properties and on formaldehyde content (FC) of ultrathin (2.5 mm) industrial high-density fibreboards (HDF) produced with 5% of recovered HDF (rHDF) addition. For this investigation the fibres were produced in industrial defibrator under four different set points: 0.65 MPa (V1), 0.90 MPa (V2), 1.00 MPa (V3) and 1.06 MPa (V4), dried in industrial two stage dryer with four different dryer inlet temperatures set points: 100°C (V00), 111°C (V11), 122°C (V22) and 133°C (V33). The results indicated that pressure is a significant factor and affects for all HDF properties. Too low defibrator pressure negatively influences HDF mechanical and physical properties as well as FC (high level). Regarding fibre drying temperature influence on HDF properties, no straight correlation was found. Linear negative correlation was found for modulus of rupture – 10% decrease comparing V00 to V33, internal bond – 23% decrease comparing V00 to V22 and surface soundness – also 23% decrease comparing V00 to V33.

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PENGARUH KOMPOSISI FACE-CORE TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIS ORIENTED STRAND BOARD DARI BAMBU DAN ECENG GONDOK

PERENNIAL ◽

10.24259/perennial.v8i2.218 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Sahriyanti Saad ◽

. Hilal

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bond Strength ◽

Dimensional Stability ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Water Hyacinth ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Oriented Strand Board ◽

Core Layer ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Modulus Of Rupture

The effect of particle composition made of bamboo and water hyacinth on the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of resulted oriented strand boards (OSB) were investigated. Three layered boards were made from bamboo and water hyacinth in which bamboo strand was used as face/back layer and water hyacinth strand was used as core layer. The boards were manufactured using three levels of bamboo and water hyacinth compositions (50:50, 60:40 and 70:30) with 6 % isocyanate based on the strand oven dry weight. The results showed that dimensional stability of the OSB decreased with the increase of composition of water hyacinth strand on core layer. A higher composition of bamboo strand as face/back layer compared to water hyacinth strand resulted in increased modulus of elasticity and internal bond strength, but decreased the modulus of rupture. The bamboo and water hyacinth composition of 70:30 compositions showed better properties than other compositions. Key words: Bamboo, water hyacinth, composition, OSB

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Investigation of the use of old railroad ties (Fagus orientalis) and citrus branches (orange tree) in the particleboard industry

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.4.6984-6992 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 6984-6992

Author(s):

Ali Hassanpoor Tichi

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Aspen Wood ◽

Fire Retardancy ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

Four Levels

Effects of two widely available and underutilized lignocellulosic materials on the mechanical and physical properties of particleboards were investigated in this work. The ratio of mixtures lignocellulosic flakes at four levels (100% aspen wood), (50% aspen wood: 25% citrus: 25% old railroad ties), (50% aspen wood: 50% citrus), and (50% aspen wood: 50% old railroad ties), and the percentage of resin in two levels (8 and 12%) were considered as variable factors. The 100% aspen wood (Populus tremula) was mixed as a control board (100% aspen wood). Then the mechanical and physical properties of the samples including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, water absorption, and thickness swelling after 2 h and 24 h of immersion (EN 310-319) and fire resistance (ISO 11925-2) were measured. The results showed that with increasing poplar wood in mixtures, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond increased, while water absorption and thickness swelling decreased. Also, in comparison with the control boards, the boards that were made by mixing 50% poplar and 50% citrus branches with 12% glue had the highest mechanical strength. The results also showed that increasing the amount of old railroad ties chips in mixing caused a significant decrease in the fire retardancy of the boards.

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Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain as a Potential Replacement of Wood in pMDI, UF or MUF Bonded Particleboard

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13030319 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 319

Author(s):

Marius Cătălin Barbu ◽

Zeno Montecuccoli ◽

Jakob Förg ◽

Ulrike Barbeck ◽

Petr Klímek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Bond ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Brewer’S Spent Grain ◽

Beer Brewing ◽

Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Spent Grain

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the richest by-product (85%) of the beer-brewing industry, that can be upcycled in a plentiful of applications, from animal feed, bioethanol production or for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The aim of this research is to investigate the mechanical, physical and structural properties of particleboard manufactured with a mixture of wood particles and BSG gradually added/replacement in 10%, 30% and 50%, glued with polymeric diisocyanate (pMDI), urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine urea-formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives. The density, internal bond, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, screw withdrawal resistance, thickness swelling and water absorption were tested. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy anaylsis was carried out to analyze the structure of the panels after the internal bond test. Overall, it was shown that the adding of BSG decreases the mechanical performance of particleboard, due to reduction of the bonding between wood and BSG particles. This decrease has been associated with the structural differences proven by SEM inspection. Interaction of particles with the adhesive is different for boards containing BSG compared to those made from wood. Nevertheless, decrease in the mechanical properties was not critical for particleboards produced with 10% BSG which could be potentially classified as a P2 type, this means application in non-load-bearing panel for interior use in dry conditions, with high dimensional stability and stiffness.

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Mechanical Properties of Commercial Particleboard from Rubberwood (Hevea Brasiliensis) and Recycle Mix-Tropical Wood with Different Board Density

Science Proceedings Series ◽

10.31580/sps.v3i1.1941 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 41-44

Author(s):

Nur Wafa Amalina Amali ◽

Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus ◽

Wan Mohd Nazri Wan Abdul Rahman

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Wood Particle ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Internal Bonding ◽

Board Density ◽

Tropical Wood ◽

Minimum Requirements

In this study, mechanical properties of commercially manufactured hybrid particleboard from mix-tropical wood and rubberwood with four different densities at 25mm thickness have been investigated. The particleboard sample cutting and testing was in accordance to EN312:2013. The density of particleboard is identified with interval of 10kg/m3 for different densities which include 660kg/m3, 670kg/m3, 680kg/m3 and 690kg/m3. Particleboards were made with the ratio of 40:60 for mix-tropical wood particle and rubberwood particle respectively. The particleboards were prepared with urea formaldehyde (UF) with E1 formulation with addition of wax and hardener. Increment of 10kg/m3 density for each particleboard led to increase in internal bonding (IB), bending testing include modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), surface soundness (SS) and screw edge (SE) withdrawal. It was found that with board increment of 10kg/m3, the improvement was not statically significant except that for MOR. All panels met the minimum requirements of standard.

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Development and evaluation of new curing agents derived from glycerol for formaldehyde-free soy-based adhesives in wood composites

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2012-0102 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (6) ◽

pp. 659-665 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jian Huang ◽

Kai Gu ◽

Kaichang Li

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Water Resistance ◽

Ammonium Hydroxide ◽

Soy Flour ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Wood Composites ◽

Curing Agents ◽

Resistance Tests

Abstract Three novel curing agents (I, II, and III) were synthesized from epichlorohydrin and ammonium hydroxide. The combinations of soy flour (SF) with one of the curing agents (SF-I, SF-II, and SF-III) were investigated as adhesives for making interior plywood. Water resistance tests showed that plywood panels bonded with SF-I and SF-III adhesives met the requirements of interior plywood, whereas those bonded with SF-II did not. The modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength of particleboard panels bonded with the SF-II adhesive all exceeded the corresponding minimum industrial requirements for M-2 grade particleboard.

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Effect of Particle Size on Some Properties of Rice Husk Particleboard

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.18-19.43 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 18-19 ◽

pp. 43-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

J.O. Osarenmwinda ◽

J.C. Nwachukwu

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Internal Bond ◽

Elasticity Modulus ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Effect Of Particle Size

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of particle size on the mechanical properties (Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, and Internal Bond) and physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) of rice husk particleboard. The particle sizes used were 1.0mm, 1.18mm, 2mm, 2.36mm and 2.80mm. Each was mixed with a constant resin (urea formaldehyde) concentration of 20% of oven dry weight of rice husk particles. The results showed that as the particle size increased, the particleboard’s mechanical and physical properties decreased. For example, the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bond, thickness swelling and water absorption for 1.0mm particle size particleboard were 1590N/mm2, 11.11N/mm2, 0.28N/mm2,10.90% and 38.53% respectively, while for 2.8mm particle size they were 1958N/mm2,14.2N/mm2, 0.44N/mm2, 11.51% and 47.21% respectively. Overall results showed that particleboard made from rice husk exceed the EN standard for modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bond. However, thickness swelling values were poor. Hence, the smaller the particle size the better the properties of the particleboard.

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KARAKTERISTIK SIFAT FISIKA DAN MEKANIKA KAYU LAMINA KOMBINASI JENIS KAYU SENGON (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nilsen) DAN JENIS KAYU MERBAU (Intsia spp.)

ULIN Jurnal Hutan Tropis ◽

10.32522/ujht.v2i2.1640 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kusno Yuli Widiati

Keyword(s):

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Class Ii ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Test Results ◽

Paraserianthes Falcataria ◽

Testing Method ◽

Physical And Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Adhesive Shear Strength

This study aims to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics of wood lamina combination of sengon wood and merbau with Melamine Urea Formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive. The testing method used is based on the DIN standard. The test results of the average lamina density of 0.58-0.73 g / cm3 at oven drying moisture content. Modulus of Elasticity (MoE), Modulus of Rupture (MoR) and value of compression parallel to grain highest found in the combination of merbau-sengon-merbau-sengon-merbau and the lowest in the combination of sengon-merbau-sengon. While the adhesive shear strength is the highest value in the combination treatment of merbau-merbau and the lowest in the combination of sengon-sengon. Based on the modulus of elasticity (MoE) of sengon treatment as face / back and merbau as core (3 and 5 layers) can be classified into strong class IV-V, merbau as face / back and sengon as core (3 and 5 layers) can be classified into strong class II-III. Modulus of Rupture (MoR) can be classified into strong class II-III and compression parallel to grain into strong class II.

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