scholarly journals Is There Any Difference in the Effect of Different R and D Sources on Carbon Intensity in China?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Feng ◽  
Linlin Peng
Keyword(s):  
Critical Issue ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Threshold Regression ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
R And D ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Great Pressure ◽  
The Government ◽  
Threshold Regression Model

In recent decades, climate change, mostly caused by CO2 emissions, has become a critical issue of concern to people worldwide. It is necessary for countries all around the world to reduce carbon emissions. China, as the world’s largest carbon emitter, is under great pressure to implement carbon-reduction strategies. Technological progress plays a crucial role in balancing environmental and economic development. The main objective of this work is to empirically compare the effects of government and enterprise research and development (R and D) on carbon-emission reduction using the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2009 to 2016. The effects of both government and enterprise R and D investment on carbon intensity are compared in detail through a linear model and a threshold-regression model. Linear-regression results shows that both government and enterprise R and D decrease carbon intensity, while enterprise investment tends to be more instant. Further threshold-regression results indicate that the effects of government and enterprise R and D on carbon intensity are different in different urbanization stages. Guiding enterprises to invest in R and D in medium-developing areas, and increasing government support and subsidies for R and D activities in underdeveloped areas should be an important goal of the government policies.

scholarly journals A Vector Map of Carbon Emission Based on Point-Line-Area Carbon Emission Classified Allocation Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 10058
Author(s):  
Hongjiang Liu ◽  
Fengying Yan ◽  
Hua Tian
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Central City ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Allocation Method ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Point Line

An explicit spatial carbon emission map is of great significance for reducing carbon emissions through urban planning. Previous studies have proved that, at the city scale, the vector carbon emission maps can provide more accurate spatial carbon emission estimates than gridded maps. To draw a vector carbon emission map, the spatial allocation of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory is crucial. However, the previous methods did not consider different carbon sources and their influencing factors. This study proposes a point-line-area (P-L-A) classified allocation method for drawing a vector carbon emission map. The method has been applied in Changxing, a representative small city in China. The results show that the carbon emission map can help identify the key carbon reduction regions. The emission map of Changxing shows that high-intensity areas are concentrated in four industrial towns (accounting for about 80%) and the central city. The results also reflect the different carbon emission intensity of detailed land-use types. By comparison with other research methods, the accuracy of this method was proved. The method establishes the relationship between the GHG inventory and the basic spatial objects to conduct a vector carbon emission map, which can better serve the government to formulate carbon reduction strategies and provide support for low-carbon planning.

Energy Supply Measures to Reduce Regional Carbon Intensity: Opportunities and Constraints

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mcevoy ◽  
D.C. Gibbs ◽  
J.W.S. Longhurst
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
City Region ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Mitigation Action ◽  
Informed Opinion

The perceived threat of 'enhanced' global warming has become a widespread public concern since the late 1980s, with the balance of informed opinion urging world-wide collaboration on combating the causes of global warming. The increasingly globalised status of the majority of late twentieth century economies ensures that remedial action will ultimately require a degree of international cooperation. Although the formulation of environmentally friendly energy policies, including carbon reduction strategies, can be framed at international and national levels, recent trends are for CO2 reduction measures to be instigated by regional, or local, authorities.This paper focuses on the city-region of Greater Manchester, U.K., and reviews both existing and potential energy supply options for reducing regional CO2 emissions, highlighting the benefits and obstacles facing carbon reduction measures implemented at a 'local' scale1. Mitigation action at this level is considered desirable as remedial measures have most chance of success when accompanied by the supportive involvement of local people.

scholarly journals Forecasting China’s CO2 Emissions for Energy Consumption Based on Cointegration Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangmei Li ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Zhishuang Yao ◽  
Renbin Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Great Pressure

Forecasting CO2 emissions is important for climate policy decision making. The paper attempts to implement empirically the long-term forecast of CO2 emissions based on cointegration theory under the business-as-usual scenario, by using statistical data from China over the period 1953 to 2016. We focus on the relationships between CO2 emissions for energy consumption and influential factors: per capita GDP, urbanization level, energy intensity, and total energy consumption. The empirical results are presented as follows: (1) continuous increase of carbon pollution resulting from energy consumption (1953-2016) indicates that China has beard great pressure of carbon reduction. (2) Though reduction of carbon intensity in 2020 would account for 50.14% that of 2005, which meets the requirements announced by Chinese government in 2009, China would bear carbon emissions for energy consumption of 14.4853 billion tCO2 by 2030, which is nearly 1.59 times that of 2016 and nearly 105 times that of 1953. The results suggest that the policymakers in China may take more effective measures such as reducing energy intensities and formulating stricter environmental regulations in order to mitigate the CO2 emissions and realize the win-win of economic and ecological benefits.

Urban Sustainability: Problems Facing the ‘Local’ Approach to Carbon-Reduction Strategies

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
D McEvoy ◽  
D C Gibbs ◽  
J W S Longhurst
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Urban Sustainability ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
City Region ◽  
Local Approach ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Local Problems ◽  
Sustainability Problems

Urban policies which include energy and environmental objectives are seen as potentially effective instruments in the quest for urban sustainability. Recent consensus is that the modern city region forms an important focal point for assessment and implementation of energy strategies, facilitating practical solutions to local problems as well as providing beneficial additions to national policies. Reducing the carbon intensity of economies both prevents environmental degradation and supports the regional economy in the medium to long term. The authors look at the construction of a CO2 inventory for the Greater Manchester region, an urban conurbation set for economic growth after recent restructuring and diversification. The authors argue that, by providing an indication of the localised carbon flows specific to the region, it is possible to target problem areas, prioritise carbon-reduction strategies, and recommend policies that will case the transition to a more sustainable urban settlement. The increased focus on finding ‘local’ solutions to the reduction of carbon intensity has coincided with privatisation of much of the energy industry. The newly competitive energy market conflicts with the shift to local-scale evaluations and has resulted in energy details at the regional level becoming increasingly harder to obtain. The problems experienced in the construction of this inventory will be common to other cities in the United Kingdom and will have to be addressed if the ‘local’ approach is to be as effective as is hoped.

Assessing Carbon Flow at The Local Scale.

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mcevoy ◽  
D.C. Gibbs ◽  
J.W.S. Longhurst
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The City

Greater Manchester, an urban conurbation in the UK, was the birthplace of the industrial revolution. Recent restructuring and the potential for increases in economic growth place a requirement on the city to consider its future energy strategies if it is to keep its CO2 emissions to responsible levels. Reducing the carbon intensity of economies is an essential element of combating the threat of global warming, and although the problem is global in nature, effective remedial action has to be instigated at a variety of spatial scales. Inventories that are based at the city level allow the intensity and distribution of local carbon flows to be calculated and therefore have considerable potential in many planning and decision making processes. The CO2 inventory constructed for this paper is the first stage of prioritising carbon reduction strategies for Greater Manchester, providing an indication of carbon flows specific to the region. The inventory has been developed from the knowledge and experience of other city-scale energy studies which have taken place to date, and although the methodology has been developed for application to the Greater Manchester region the approach can be replicated for other urban areas. (Research project funded by the EPSRC - 'Towards Sustainable Cities' program, GR/K61647).

The Systemic Effects of Prudential Regulation Toughening:The Results of a Stress-test for Russian Banks

2012 ◽  
pp. 4-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mamonov ◽  
A. Pestova ◽  
O. Solntsev
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
Prudential Regulation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability

The stability of Russian banking sector is threatened by three negative tendencies - overheating of the credit market, significant decrease of banks capital adequacy ratios, and growing problems associated with banks lending to affiliated non-financial corporations. The co-existence of these processes reflects the crisis of the model of private investments in Russian banking sector, which was observed during the last 20 years. This paper analyzes the measures of the Bank of Russia undertaken to maintain the stability of the banking sector using the methodology of credit risk stress-testing. Based on this methodology we conclude that the Bank of Russias actions can prevent the overheating of the credit market, but they can also lead to undesirable effects: further expansion of the government ownership in Russian banking sector and substitution of domestic credit supply by cross-border corporate borrowings. The later weakens the competitive positions of Russian banks. We propose a set of measures to harmonize the prudential regulation of banks. Our suggestions rely on design and further implementation of the programs aimed at developing new markets for financial services provided by Russian banks to their corporate and retail customers. The estimated effects of proposed policy measures are both the increase in profitability and capitalization of Russian banks and the decrease of banks demand for government support.

The role of graining in ensuring food security

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
R. M. Gambarova
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Grain Farms

Relevance. Grain is the key to strategic products to ensure food security. From this point of view, the creation of large grain farms is a matter for the country's selfsufficiency and it leading to a decrease in financial expense for import. Creation of such farms creates an abundance of productivity from the area and leads to obtaining increased reproductive seeds. The main policy of the government is to minimize dependency from import, create abundance of food and create favorable conditions for export potential.The purpose of the study: the development of grain production in order to ensure food security of the country and strengthen government support for this industry.Methods: comparative analysis, systems approach.Results. As shown in the research, if we pay attention to the activities of private entrepreneurship in the country, we can see result of the implementation of agrarian reforms after which various types of farms have been created in republic.The role of privateentrepreneurshipinthedevelopmentofproduction is great. Тhe article outlines the sowing area, production, productivity, import, export of grain and the level of selfsufficiency in this country from 2015 till 2017.

STATE SUPPORT FOR «GREEN» INVESTMENTS AND MARKET «GREEN» FINANCING: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
L.S. Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
State Support ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
Green Investments

The present study reveals the trends and features of the current state of financing the foreign countries’ transition to a new «green» economic growth model. To summarize the contemporary experience of countries’ integration into public administration practice the approaches and standards in the field of «green» investments financing.The subject of the study is the set of measures implemented by countries to develop sources of finance for «green» economy projects.Tasks: 1) to consider the principal directions of the «green» investments state policy support, its purpose, and the tools used; 2) to identify the market’s role in the «green» economy financing; 3) to clarify the main issues constraining private investments in «green» projects. The countries’ approach to «green» economic growth financing is examined in the present paper by means of common methods of scientific knowledge.There reviewed the arguments justifying the government support for «green» investments. There revealed the problems constraining the market «green» financing development and speculations about their origins. The study concludes that the countries’ economic policies are aimed at improving the existing model’s efficiency, not at the transition to the new «green» economy model. Thus, through the state support tools, there being generated strong signals signifying the creation of favorable market conditions for the functioning of a new economy sector – the sector of «green» technologies.

Do expectations for post-retirement family and government support crowd out pre-retirement savings? Insights from the working-age population in Thailand

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Nopphol Witvorapong ◽  
Yong Yoon ◽  
Wiraporn Pothisiri
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Family Transfers ◽  
Retirement Expectations ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Government

Abstract Based on nationally representative data (N = 8,901), this study investigates the extent to which expectations for intra-family transfers and government assistance in old age impact the probability of saving for retirement among working-age individuals in Thailand. Results show that expectations for financial non-self-reliance and expectations that family support would constitute the most important source of old-age financial security reduce the probability that working-age individuals would save for retirement. Expectations for government support have no impact on average. Given that filial piety is weakening in Thailand, this study suggests that the government encourage pre-retirement savings more strongly.

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